Energy, Economy, and Transport Cost

2018 ◽  
pp. 71-95
Author(s):  
Alain Bresson
Keyword(s):  
Maritime Transportation ◽  
Transport Cost ◽  
Transport Costs ◽  
Greek City ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Energy Economy ◽  
City States ◽  
The Cost

This chapter examines the role of energy in the economic growth of ancient Greece, with particular emphasis on the impact of the cost of transportation. It first considers the different sources of energy in the Greek city-states, including heat generated by the sun, wood, and charcoal, before discussing the question regarding the cost of energy and the economic conditions for using steam engines during the period. It then explains how wind energy contributed to economic development in the ancient Mediterranean world, and especially in the Greek city-states, by dramatically lowering transport costs and transportation cycles. It also explores how connectivity emerged between Mediterranean countries and concludes with an analysis of overland transportation via roads, the role of ships and ports in maritime transportation, navigational techniques and the construction of artificial ports, and projects aimed at digging canals and building portage routes.

Role of computers in the design of energy-responsive buildings

1989 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-61
Author(s):  
Radu Zmeureanu ◽  
Paul Fazio
Keyword(s):  
Structural Engineering ◽  
Building Design ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Interactive Software ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Hollow Core Slab ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Closer collaboration of the traditional disciplines of architecture, structural engineering, and mechanical engineering is required at the design stage to better deal with the complexity of modern buildings, and to maintain the cost of energy low while providing a suitable indoor environment during the life of the building.The availability of personal computers and the development of interactive software provide more opportunities for an integrated approach to building design. This approach is useful in determining the impact of one subsystem on the performance of another subsystem and on the overall performance of the building. An example of such an integrated approach is presented in this paper, which determines the impact of a structural system (hollow core slab) and its mass on the energy consumption of the building. Key words: building design, computers, energy.

scholarly journals Transport component in the price of goods

2020 ◽  
Vol 217 ◽  
pp. 07018
Author(s):  
Vera Baginova ◽  
Lev Fedorov
Keyword(s):  
Cost Structure ◽  
Transport Costs ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Transport Component ◽  
General Transport ◽  
The Cost

The main aspects of the transport component in the price of goods are considered. The analysis of cost and statistical general transport in-kind indicators characterizing the role of transport in economic relations is carried out. Disadvantages of these indicators are identified. The suggestions on their elimination and improvement of accounting for transport costs in the cost structure of the transport component are presented. It is indicated that the implementation of the proposals will make it possible to more correctly determine the transport component and identify the dynamics of proportions in the development of transport and other sectors of the country’s economy.

The Emporion and the Markets

2018 ◽  
pp. 306-338
Author(s):  
Alain Bresson
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Greek City ◽  
Price Controls ◽  
Port Area ◽  
City States ◽  
The City ◽  
Commercial Courts

This chapter examines how the emporion served as an important tool for Greek city-states to regulate the markets. It first provides an overview of the emporion, defined as a “trading port” or “the port area,” and thus also the “business area,” along with its constraints and advantages. It then considers how foreign trade was supervised in cities and goes on to describe the function of the deigma, the place where business was transacted. It also discusses the rules of the emporion and the role of commercial courts in handling legal matters relating to international trade, citing trials concerning large-scale trade. In particular, it looks at “commercial suits,” which gives anyone the opportunity to obtain quick and impartial justice in the Athenian courts. Finally, it analyzes the ways in which the city intervened directly in the negotiation of prices in the emporion as part of a policy of supplying the domestic market, with particular emphasis on the regulation of grain sales in the form of purchase funds and price controls.

The Polis and the Economy

2018 ◽  
pp. 96-117
Author(s):  
Alain Bresson
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Land Ownership ◽  
Eighth Century ◽  
Greek City ◽  
The Status ◽  
City States ◽  
Taxation System ◽  
The City ◽  
The Bronze Age

This chapter examines the process that allowed the Greek city-states to achieve an impressive level of economic growth. It begins with a short historical overview of the development that took place in Greece from the end of the Bronze Age until the Archaic period, when the “eighth-century revolution” enabled Greece to experience a first phase of significant growth, including population growth. It then considers the taxation system of the city-states, focusing on the fundamental question of tribute and its replacement by comparatively modest levels of communal taxes and private rents in the framework of the polis. It also discusses the role of dignitaries, temples, and the king in the way in which local markets were supplied, as well as status of property and land ownership within the framework of the city. Finally, it compares the status of what the Greeks called “civic land” and “royal land”.

People in Their Environment

2018 ◽  
pp. 31-70
Author(s):  
Alain Bresson
Keyword(s):  
Birth Control ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Ecological Environment ◽  
Demographic Model ◽  
Greek City ◽  
The World ◽  
City States ◽  
Sex Ratio Imbalance ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter examines the demography of ancient Greece from the Archaic to the Hellenistic periods, focusing on the role of people in the development of the ecological environment. It first considers the ecological framework, taking into account the constraints imposed by topography and soils as well as the variability of the climate and vegetation. It then describes the demographic model of the world of the Greek city-states before taking up the question of the size of the population and its evolution, fertility and mortality rates, demographic structures and the potential for expansion, and sex ratio imbalance, birth control, and infanticide. It also discusses the population dynamics of the Greek city-states and concludes with an analysis of the relationship between the ecological environment and population, with emphasis on the variability of climate and whether ancient Greece experienced demographic crises and famine.

scholarly journals Calculation of freight externality costs for South Africa

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefaan Swarts ◽  
David King ◽  
Zane Simpson ◽  
Jan Havenga ◽  
Leila Goedhals-Gerber
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Cost Model ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Freight Transport ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Transport Cost ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Demand Model ◽  
Transport Costs ◽  
The Cost

The purpose of this study is to quantify the marginal external costs associated with freight transport in South Africa. Six cost elements are included as externality cost items, namely, costs related to accidents, emissions, roadway land availability, policing, noise and congestion. Inputs in the calculations were a gravity-oriented freight flow model, a road transport cost model, actual transport costs for other modes, a warehousing cost survey, an inventory delay calculation and various national sources of information such as accident statistics and government budgets. Estimation techniques resulted in advances for externality cost measurement in South Africa. The quantification of the cost elements will be used to update the South African Freight Demand Model. The results show that the cost of transportation would have been 20% more if external factors were taken into account. The marginal rates of externalities can be used to develop scenarios based on alternative choices for South Africa's freight transport infrastructure configuration.

scholarly journals Clay buildings in modern energy efficient construction

2019 ◽  
Vol 91 ◽  
pp. 02023
Author(s):  
Adham Giyasov ◽  
Unusjon Barotov ◽  
Firdavs Naimov
Keyword(s):  
Architectural Design ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Industrial Building ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Efficient Construction ◽  
Structural Parts ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Clay Materials

The best practices of using low-tech traditional materials are summarized, and the role of clay in modern architectural design and construction is revealed. The cost of energy for the construction of buildings with the use of ecological clay technology is much lower than with the use of industrial building construction technologies. Thermophysical and bioclimatic studies have allowed determining the thermal properties of walls made of clay, clay materials and their role in the formation of a comfortable microclimate of the premises. When examining the carrying capacity of the structural system of buildings, vulnerable buildings were identified, on the basis of which research and development constructive methods for strengthening clay walls were developed and proposed for use in the practice of designing and building buildings. They ensure high reliability and comfort of living of people in the standard and special climatic conditions of the territories. The developed methods of strengthening the structural parts and the technology of construction made of clay with high reliability will expand the construction in normal and special climatic conditions of the territories.

An Equilibrium Model of Office Location and Contact Patterns

1983 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. 1311-1326 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Tauchen ◽  
A D Witte
Keyword(s):  
Equilibrium Model ◽  
Central Business District ◽  
Agglomeration Economies ◽  
Transport Cost ◽  
Transport Costs ◽  
Contact Patterns ◽  
Relative Attractiveness ◽  
Business District ◽  
Office Location

In this paper, we develop an equilibrium model of office location, which explicitly considers the source of agglomeration economies and which sees firm location and contact patterns as jointly and endogenously determined. We solve the model explicitly for contact-benefit, facility-cost, and transport-cost functions representative of medium-sized US cities. The resulting rent functions are concave rather than convex as they are in most models of industrial and residential location. The source of the concavity is that firms make contacts throughout the central business district (CBD). To determine the role of agglomeration economies associated with interfirm contacts, we alter the contact-benefit function, the transport-cost function and the size of the CBD. We find that agglomeration economies have a strong effect on location and, indeed, are often sufficiently strong to produce counterintuitive results. For example, an increase in transport costs causes a decrease rather than an increase in transport expenses, because in the city, which is now smaller, a firm decreases the number of contacts. Further, the increase in transport costs does not increase the relative attractiveness of the center.

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