The Emporion and the Markets

2018 ◽  
pp. 306-338
Author(s):  
Alain Bresson
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Greek City ◽  
Price Controls ◽  
Port Area ◽  
City States ◽  
The City ◽  
Commercial Courts

This chapter examines how the emporion served as an important tool for Greek city-states to regulate the markets. It first provides an overview of the emporion, defined as a “trading port” or “the port area,” and thus also the “business area,” along with its constraints and advantages. It then considers how foreign trade was supervised in cities and goes on to describe the function of the deigma, the place where business was transacted. It also discusses the rules of the emporion and the role of commercial courts in handling legal matters relating to international trade, citing trials concerning large-scale trade. In particular, it looks at “commercial suits,” which gives anyone the opportunity to obtain quick and impartial justice in the Athenian courts. Finally, it analyzes the ways in which the city intervened directly in the negotiation of prices in the emporion as part of a policy of supplying the domestic market, with particular emphasis on the regulation of grain sales in the form of purchase funds and price controls.

The Polis and the Economy

2018 ◽  
pp. 96-117
Author(s):  
Alain Bresson
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Land Ownership ◽  
Eighth Century ◽  
Greek City ◽  
The Status ◽  
City States ◽  
Taxation System ◽  
The City ◽  
The Bronze Age

This chapter examines the process that allowed the Greek city-states to achieve an impressive level of economic growth. It begins with a short historical overview of the development that took place in Greece from the end of the Bronze Age until the Archaic period, when the “eighth-century revolution” enabled Greece to experience a first phase of significant growth, including population growth. It then considers the taxation system of the city-states, focusing on the fundamental question of tribute and its replacement by comparatively modest levels of communal taxes and private rents in the framework of the polis. It also discusses the role of dignitaries, temples, and the king in the way in which local markets were supplied, as well as status of property and land ownership within the framework of the city. Finally, it compares the status of what the Greeks called “civic land” and “royal land”.

scholarly journals The role of factoring in international trade financing

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 36-41
Author(s):  
Tural Alasgarli ◽  
Keyword(s):  
International Economic ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Economic System ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Trade Finance ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Trade Financing

As 20th century ends, international economic system has gained new characteristics, international trade and its finance has reached at a different aspect. Parallel to the increasing trade relations, new technics of foreign trade finance has been widely available. Among them, factoring was evaluated in this study.

Strategies of International Trade

2018 ◽  
pp. 381-414
Author(s):  
Alain Bresson
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
International Market ◽  
Institutional Logics ◽  
Mutual Trade ◽  
Grain Trade ◽  
Trade Partners

This chapter examines the strategies employed in international trade in ancient Greece. It explains how the rules of trade and the distribution of “natural advantages” played the role of a system of constraints within which genuine strategies of foreign trade could be constructed. To better understand the specificity of these trade strategies, the chapter first considers the two institutional logics that prevailed in the international market: the first consisted in setting up a “surpluses for surpluses” trade strategy; the second allowed trade partners to act freely. The notions of mutual trade and nondirectional trade are discussed, along with the case of grain. The chapter also looks at the strategies used by cities to control grain trade, such as laws prohibiting grain exports, before concluding with an analysis of the grain policy of Athens as well as food production and supply in Aegean cities.

City-States, Taxes, and Trade

2018 ◽  
pp. 286-305
Author(s):  
Alain Bresson
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Economic Rent ◽  
Economic Information ◽  
Tax Exemptions ◽  
Maritime Shipping ◽  
City States ◽  
The Right ◽  
Taxation System

This chapter examines the taxation system for trade and commerce in ancient Greece. It first considers how foreign trade and customs duties were supervised before discussing the system of taxation for maritime trade. Citing documents concerning tax exemptions, the chapter shows that traders were constantly seeking privileges in an effort to avoid paying taxes. Maritime shipping was the quickest and least expensive way to move goods, and ports were levied the highest amount of taxes. Cities situated on the coastline benefited from an economic rent related to their location, and they exploited their natural advantage to the maximum. A city had the right to levy transit fees on its own territory, but not if these fees were levied on a maritime channel. The chapter also emphasizes the importance of economic information in maritime commerce, especially with regard to ensuring the security of international trade.

scholarly journals It’s All in the Reading

Arts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Déirdre Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Contemporary Art ◽  
Mass Production ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Book Production ◽  
Art Practice ◽  
The Arts ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time ◽  
The City

It seems inherent in the nature of contemporary artist’s book production to continue to question the context for the genre in contemporary art practice, notwithstanding the medium’s potential for dissemination via mass production and an unquestionable advantage of portability for distribution. Artists, curators and editors operating in this sector look to create contexts for books in a variety of imaginative ways, through exhibition, commission, installations, performance and, of course as documentation. Broadening the discussion of the idea of the book within contemporary art practice, this paper examines the presence and role of book works within the context of the art biennale, in particular the Venice Art Biennale of which the 58th iteration (2019) is entitled ‘May You Live In Interesting Times’ and curated by Ralph Rugoff, with an overview of the independent International cultural offerings and the function of the ‘Book Pavilion’. Venetian museums and institutions continue to present vibrant diverse works within the arena of large-scale exhibitions, recognising the position that the book occupies in the history of the city. This year, the appearance for the first time, of ‘Book Biennale’, opens up a new and interesting dialogue, taking the measure of how the book is being promoted and its particular function for visual communication within the arts in Venice and beyond.

Topography of Athens

Classics ◽  
2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey M. Hurwit ◽  
Ioannis Mitsios
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Plain ◽  
Aegean Sea ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Greek City ◽  
Urban Core ◽  
Ancient City ◽  
History Of ◽  
City States ◽  
City State ◽  
The City

The ancient city-state (or polis) of Athens was contiguous with the region known as Attica, a large, triangular peninsula extending southeastward from the Greek mainland into the Aegean Sea. In the western angle of Attica, on a coastal plain surrounded by four mountains (Hymettos, Pentelikon, Parnes, and Aigaleos), lay the city itself. Although the modern city has thickly spread up the slopes of the mountains as well as to the sea, the study of Athenian topography concentrates on the monuments, buildings, and spaces of the ancient urban core, an area roughly 3 square kilometers surrounding the Acropolis and defended in the Classical period by a wall some 6.5 kilometers in length. Athens is the ancient Greek city that we know best, and it is unquestionably the Greek city whose art, architecture, literature, philosophy, and political history have had the greatest impact on the Western tradition and imagination. As a result, “Athenian” is sometimes considered synonymous with “Greek.” It is not. In many respects, Athens was exceptional among Greek city-states, not typical: it was a very different place from, say, Thebes or Sparta. Still, the study of Athens, its monuments, and its culture needs no defense, and the charge of “Athenocentrism” is a hollow indictment when one stands before the Parthenon or holds a copy of Sophocles’ Antigone. This article will refer to the following periods in the history of Athens and Greece (the dates are conventional): late Bronze, or Mycenaean, Age (1550–1100 bce); Dark Age (1100–760 bce); Archaic (760–480 bce); Classical (480–323 bce); Hellenistic (323 –31 bce); and Roman (31 BCE–c. 475 ce).

scholarly journals The Role of The Community in Handling The Covid-19 Pandemic in Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 803-810
Author(s):  
Abdul Rohim
Keyword(s):  
Community Participation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
Social Restriction ◽  
The City ◽  
Analyze Data

Coronavirus disease is also known as Covid-19 (Corona Virus Disease 2019) and was discovered in the city of Wuhan, China at the end of December 2019. This virus spreads rapidly and has reached almost every country, including Indonesia, in just a few months. As a result, numerous countries have implemented regulations imposing lockdowns to prevent the spread of the Coronavirus. To control the spread of this virus, Indonesia implemented a Large-Scale Social Restriction (PSBB) policy. The method employed in this study is to analyze data from various reading sources. By comparing journals or articles, references are obtained from online publications with diverse studies. This study utilized five journals as references, all of which demonstrated that community participation in preventing the spread of Covid-19 was in a good category. According to the journals reviewed, information regarding the handling of Covid-19 necessitated the participation of all parties to prevent its spread. From the five journals obtained, all of these journals indicate that the role of the community is required in preventing the spread of the Covid-19 virus.

scholarly journals legislation (nomothesia)

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirko Canevaro
Keyword(s):  
Legal System ◽  
Judicial Review ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Greek City ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
The Government ◽  
City States ◽  
Legislative Changes ◽  
The City

From the earliest stages, the Greeks understood the distinction between legislation and day-to-day administration. They gave laws a special status and often created specific, separate procedures to enact them. In the Archaic period, specially appointed lawgivers were normally in charge of giving laws to the polis; these laws were intended to be immutable, and their stability secured through entrenchment clauses. Making laws was not considered to be among the normal tasks of the government of the polis, and there were no standard procedures to change the laws once these had been given. Assemblies in Greek city-states often enacted rules that had the force of law, but the legislative changes were not institutionally acknowledged, and the laws enacted by the lawgivers could not be changed. This gave rise to significant problems of legitimacy, and it introduced inconsistencies in the legal system of the polis, a problem that we can observe in 5th-century bce Athens. At the end of the 5th century, the Athenians introduced judicial review to vet new legislation and avoid the introduction of inconsistencies, performed a revision of the laws of the city, and finally institutionalised a distinction between nomoi (“laws,” general permanent norms) and psephismata (“decrees,” ad hoc enactments). They also created a complex new procedure, involving a board of nomothetai, to allow the demos to make new laws and change the existing ones. Similar yet not identical procedures are attested also outside Athens: Hellenistic kings often ordered the appointment of nomothetai or nomographoi to enact rules about political institutions, and nomographoi or nomothetic lawcourts are attested in various cities, with the task of “upgrading” decrees of the demos into laws, and entering them among the laws of the city.

scholarly journals International trade and transnational companies: Substitutes or complements

2008 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Stojadinovic-Jovanovic
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Foreign Direct Investments ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
Transnational Companies ◽  
Key Drivers ◽  
The Relationship

Transnational companies are the key drivers of foreign direct investments and major actors in international trade. They are involved in more than two-third of international trade and determine its direction, composition and volume. The relationship between transnational companies and international trade is complex and interwoven, raising the following question: are transnational companies substitutes or complements of international trade? The author explores this relationship. She studies the role of these companies in international trade as a whole and in foreign trade of domestic and host countries.

scholarly journals Reinventing Rio de Janeiro’s old port: territorial stigmatization, symbolic re-signification, and planned repopulation in Porto Maravilha | A reinvenção da zona portuária do Rio de Janeiro: estigmatização territorial, ressignificação simbólica e repovoamento planejado no projeto Porto Maravilha

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne-Marie Broudehoux ◽  
João Carlos Carvalhaes dos Santos Monteiro
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Urban Redevelopment ◽  
Population Groups ◽  
Port Area ◽  
New Gateway ◽  
The City ◽  
Intense Process

Rio de Janeiro’s former port has undergone an intense process of transformation driven by investor expectations and real estate profitability objectives. However, in this depressed area, long marked by various territorial stigmas, the rise in land value largely depends upon symbolic revaluation. One of the main objectives of the large-scale urban redevelopment project known as Porto Maravilha is to reverse existing perceptions of the port area, moving away from representations as an abandoned, decadent, dangerous space, towards a more positive image as a showcase for Rio de Janeiro and a new gateway to the city. This article describes the triple process through which this reversal is achieved: territorial stigmatization, symbolic re-signification and planned repopulation. It documents various strategies used by project proponents to radically transform the symbolic, material and social make-up of the area in order to promote its revaluation. It also aims to document diverse modes of resistance developed by local population groups to denounce the invisibility, silencing and symbolic erasure they have suffered, showing, in the process, that in Porto Maravilha, culture serves both as an instrument of gentrification and as a tool of resistance.

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