scholarly journals ИСТОРИЧЕСКОЕ РАЗВИТИЕ И СЕМАНТИКА ЦВЕТООБОЗНАЧЕНИЯ АQ ‘БЕЛЫЙ’ В БАШКИРСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ (НА ОБЩЕТЮРКСКОМ ФОНЕ)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rimma Muratova
Keyword(s):  
Historical Study ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Historical Aspect ◽  
Origin And Evolution ◽  
Color Term ◽  
Turkic Languages ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Western Side

Статья посвящена изучению формирования, развития и описанию семантических особенностей цветообозначения aq ‘белый’ в башкирском языке, которое в силу своей архаичности обладает рядом номинативных и денотативных значений. При изучении происхождения и эволюции слова обращались к трудам по истории языка и этимологии. Источниками примероя для выявления значений слова послужили словари башкирского языка и данные корпуса башкирской прозы и фольклора. Сравнительно-историческое исследование значений слов на общетюркском фоне проводилось опираясь на данные, извлеченные из словарей по тюркским языкам. Актуальность исследования обусловлена необходимостью изучения лексемы как в сравнительно-историческом аспекте, так и в плане синхронии с выявлением общих тенденций и специфических особенностей в развитии и семантике слова. В ходе исследования выявлено, что цветообозначение аq представляет собой рефлекс пратюркской формы *āk ‘светлый’, которая, в свою очередь, восходит к праалтайскому *iāk’V ‘светлый, белый’. Лексема аq появляется уже в самых ранних письменных источниках – древнетюркских памятниках. В них аq, в основном, употребляется относительно масти лошади, а для цветообозначения ‘белый’ встречается слово ürüŋ. Считается, что аq было словом, характерным для западной ветви тюркских языков и со временем оно получило широкое распространение во всех тюркских языках после отделения от них чувашского и якутского. Большинство значений слова аq, выявленных в башкирском языке, имеют общетюркский характер: цвет и масть (белый, светлый, сивый, седой), вторичные значения (чистый, святой, безгрешный, святой, добрый, счастливый, радостный, благородный, гостевой); субстантиваты (молоко, белок, бельмо). Предполагается значение, имеющее ареальный характер: старый, мудрый (у тюрков Кавказа и Средней Азии). В башкирском языке имеется отличающееся от общетюркского значение белого цвета – ‘южный’, в то время у тюрков в древности белым обозначался запад, западная сторона.The article is devoted to the study of the formation, development, and description of the semantic features of the color term aq ‘white’ in the Bashkir language, which, due to its archaic nature, has a number of nominative and denotative meanings. When studying the origin and evolution of the word, we turned to works on the history of language and etymology. Dictionaries of the Bashkir language and the corpus of Bashkir prose and folklore served as sources of examples for identifying the meanings of a word. A comparative historical study of the meanings of words on a common Türkic background was carried out based on data extracted from the Turkic languages dictionaries. The relevance of the study is due to the need to study the lexeme both in the comparative historical aspect and in terms of synchrony with the identification of general trends and specific features in the development and semantics of the word. The study revealed that the color designation aq is a reflex of the Pre-Turkic form *āk ‘light’, which, in turn, goes back to the Pre-Altai *iāk’V ‘light, white’. The lexeme aq appears already in the earliest written sources - ancient Turkic monuments. In them, aq is mainly used with respect to the suit of a horse, and for the color designation “white” there is the word ürüŋ. It is believed that aq was a word characteristic of the western branch of the Turkic languages and, over time, it became widespread in all Turkic languages after the Chuvash and Yakut branches were separated from them. Most of the meanings of the word aq, identified in the Bashkir language, have a common Türkic character: color and color shades (white, light, gray, gray), secondary meanings (pure, holy, sinless, holy, kind, happy, joyful, noble); substantives (milk, protein, thorn). It assumes the significance of an areal character: old, wise (among the Turks of the Caucasus and Central Asia). In the Bashkir language, there is a white color different from the general Türkic language – ‘southern’, while in ancient times among the Türks it was the west, the western side connotation in white.

scholarly journals FROM PROMETHEUS TO AMRAN: ON THE CHAINED HERO IN THE OSSETIAN EPIC

Kavkaz-forum ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Р.Н. АБИСАЛОВА
Keyword(s):  
Greek Mythology ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
National Myths ◽  
The People ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The Difference

В статье рассмотрен один из мотивов осетинского Даредзановского эпоса – мотив прикованного героя, еще в древности вошедший в мифологию, фольклор, литературу многих народов и получивший название «мотив Прометея». Образ Прометея относится к «вечным образам» мировой художественной культуры. История прикования и освобождения Прометея и в древнегреческой мифологии, и в трагедии Эсхила позиционируется как топонимически привязанная к Кавказу. Именно здесь сюжет о наказанном Богом и прикованном богатыре получил распространение в национальных мифах и эпических преданиях – грузинских, осетинских, кабардинских, абхазских, вайнахских, армянских и др. Эти лаконичные предания об Амиране-Амране, по мнению Вс.Ф. Миллера, – кульминационные во всех источниках, рассказывающих об этом герое. Рассмотрены как древнегреческий Прометей, так и кавказские, в первую очередь осетинские, прикованные герои, представленные в работах Вс.Ф. Миллера, Г.Н. Потанина, Дз. Гатуева, Д.А. Калоевой, З.Г. Тменовой, Ю.А. Дзиццоты, Х.Ф. Цгоева и др. Образ Амирана сравнивается с соответствующими ему героями кавказских эпосов. При всей схожести мотивов богоборчества и наказания героя прикованием к скале или столбу нельзя не отметить отличия осетинского Амирана от остальных. В Даредзановских сказаниях он героическая личность, истинный богатырь, совершающий множество подвигов, побеждающий великанов, помогающий всем нуждающимся. Сын племянницы Бога, герой близок к народу, он побеждает врагов не только ради демонстрации силы, ловкости, хитрости, но и для спасения родных и друзей. В отличие от большинства кавказских прикованных героев, освобождение Амирана не предвещает гибель мира, напротив, осетинский Амиран, в случае освобождения, даст людям свободу и счастье. Многие мотивы в преданиях об Амране соотносятся с мотивами Нартовского эпоса. Амиран-Амран приравнивается к любимым героям осетинской Нартиады – Сослану, Батразу, Урузмагу, Шатане. В работе его образ рассмотрен для подтверждения объективной закономерности подобной репрезентации осетинского героя. The article deals with one of the motives of the Ossetian Daredzanian epic − the motive of the chained hero, which in ancient times entered the mythology, folklore, literature of many peoples and was called the "Prometheus motive". The image of Prometheus belongs to the "eternal images" of world art culture. The history of the chaining and liberation of Prometheus, both in ancient Greek mythology and in the tragedy of Aeschylus, is positioned as toponymically tied to the Caucasus. It was here that the plot about the God-punished and chained hero became widespread in national myths and epic legends − Georgian, Ossetian, Kabardian, Abkhaz, Vainakh, Armenian, etc. These laconic legends about Amiran-Amran, according to Vs.F. Miller, are culminating in all the sources telling about this hero. Both the ancient Greek Prometheus and the Caucasian, primarily Ossetian, chained heroes presented in the works of Vs.F. Miller, G.N. Potanin, Dz. Gatuev, D.A. Kaloeva, Z.G. Tmenova, Yu.A. Dzizzoity, Kh.F. Tsgoev and others. The image of Amiran is compared with the corresponding heroes of the Caucasian epics. With all the similarity of the motives of fighting against God and the punishment of the hero by being chained to a rock or a pillar, one cannot fail to note the difference between the Ossetian Amiran and the others. In Daredzan's legends, he is a heroic person, a true hero who performs many feats, conquers giants, and helps all those in need. The son of the niece of God, the hero is close to the people, he defeats enemies not only for the sake of demonstrating strength, dexterity, cunning, but also to save family and friends. Unlike most of the Caucasian chained heroes, the release of Amiran does not portend the death of the world, on the contrary, the Ossetian Amiran, if liberated, will give people freedom and happiness. Many motives in the legends about Amran correlate with the motives of the Nartov epic. Amiran-Amran is equated with the favorite heroes of the Ossetian Nartiada - Soslan, Batraz, Uruzmag, Shatana. In the work, his image is considered to confirm the objective regularity of such a representation of the Ossetian hero.

scholarly journals COLOR TERMS ALA ‘PIEBALD’ AND SЇBAR ‘MOTTLEY’ IN THE BASHKIR LANGUAGE: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT AND LEXICAL SEMANTICS

2020 ◽  
Vol 6(72) (3) ◽  
pp. 65-84
Author(s):  
R. Т. Мuratova
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
Lexical Semantics ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Historical Aspect ◽  
Color Terms ◽  
Original Meaning ◽  
Turkic Languages ◽  
The Difference

The purpose of the article is to study the origin of names for piebald and mottley colors in the Bashkir language, to trace their development on the general Turkic background and to reveal the semantic features of these color designations.The relevance of the research is due to the need to study lexemes both in the comparative-historical aspect and in terms of synchronicity with the identification of denotative and connotative components in their semantics. It is revealed that the difference in the semantics of the lexemes ala ‘piebald’ and sїbar ‘mottley’ is that the word ala denotes a combination of colors with large spots, the lexeme sїbar is a color consisting of small mixed colored areas. Both lexemes are of ancient origin: аlа goes back to the Pre-Turk *ala and Pre- Altaic *ā́ lV ‘mottley’; the Pre-Turk form of the color designation sїbar is reconstructed in the form of čоpur, čаp- ‘mottley, pock-marked’ ‘unkempt, untidy’, ‘pour out (about rashes, teals)’, which is derived from the Pre- Altaic *šop`é ‘freckles, spots’. The semantic load of the lexemes ala and sїbar is stable, since in Bashkir, as well as in all other Turkic languages, they retained their original meaning. In all Turkic languages, including Bashkir, they have additional connotative semantics, which characterizes the antiquity of these meanings. Аlа, in addition to the designation of piebald color, is an epithet of fierce eyes and spring blackened snow, pigment spots on the skin, the word is used in the meanings ‘multi-colored’, ‘prominent’; sїbar is used in the meanings ‘mottled’, ‘pock-marked’, ‘flea-bitten’, ‘diverse’, ‘multicolored’, ‘variegated’, ‘changeable’, ‘freckled’. The same meanings are noted in other Turkic languages.

scholarly journals Function of Ethnonyms in the Work Baburnama

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 550-556
Author(s):  
S. Abdykadyrova
Keyword(s):  
Cultural History ◽  
Archaeological Heritage ◽  
Language And Culture ◽  
Turkic Languages ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Oriental Studies ◽  
Spiritual Phenomena ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Unique Individual

This article deals with ethnonyms and their role in the famous work Baburnamа, written by the Turkic writer, poet and ruler Zakhiriddin Muhammad Babur. The text of a work of art reflects a unique, individual author’s picture of the world of the writer, his conceptual sphere, filled with a special artistic worldview. The relevance of referring to the study of ethnonyms in the text Baburnama is due to their insufficient research. Since ancient times, they have reflected various important social and spiritual phenomena in the life of the peoples of Central Asia. The study of ethnonyms will help the reader to imagine the history of that time, the genetic makeup of Babur’s empire; will tell about the relationship between peoples, about their language and culture. In addition to all this, ethnonymy can tell a lot about the author himself, about his socio-cultural and ethnicity. This work shows that the ethnonymic layer of the vocabulary of any language is especially valuable for research in the field of cultural history. The study of ethnonyms opens up ample opportunities for the study of individual linguistic characteristics that characterize a particular ethnos. Scientific works of V. V. Radlov and V. V. Bartold laid the foundation for various oriental studies, including the study of the Turkic languages, ethnography, folklore and archaeological heritage. Based on their works, we tried to reflect the interweaving of various cultural, ethnic and linguistic traditions in the studied material.

scholarly journals Историческое и лексико-семантическое развитие цветообозначения al ‘алый, розовый’ в тюркских языках

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 714-727
Author(s):  
Rimma T. Muratova ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Coat Color ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Development Trends ◽  
Color Term ◽  
Turkic Languages ◽  
Colour Term ◽  
Red Bay ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Written Sources ◽  
Comprehensive Study

Introduction. The article examines the color term al ‘pink; scarlet’ in Turkic languages. Goals. The study aims at considering the lexeme in comparative historical and lexical-semantic perspectives. This involves a number of objectives, such as to review and analyze hypotheses on etymology of the word, identify the functioning of the lexeme in ancient and modern languages, determine characteristics of use of the word’s meanings in certain Turkic languages, delineate common Turkic and specific (belonging to a separate subgroup) development trends of the lexeme al. Materials and Methods. To facilitate the latter, an extensive theoretical and source base on Turkic languages is employed: when it comes to origins of the word, special attention is paid to fundamental scientific works on Turkic and Altai etymologies; ancient Turkic, medieval written monuments, lexicographic works on particular Turkic languages are examined to reveal semantic features of the word in ancient and modern languages. In general, the work proves topical due to the absence of any comprehensive study dealing with etymology, development and functioning of the token in Turkic languages. Results. The study reveals that the al lexeme is essentially ancient: scholars have restored its Pre-Turkic (*Āl) and Pre-Altaic (*ŋiōle) forms, with its Nostratic origin identified. The word is frequently traced in written sources of the Turks from earliest monuments. The token al is integral to most Turkic languages, except for the Chuvash, Altai, Tuva, Karachay-Balkar, and Karakalpak ones. In Yakut and Khakass, the lexeme ālaj is perceived as a loanword. Thus, the gloss al was widely used mainly in Western Turkic languages. In ancient and modern Turkic languages, the word al has meanings as follows: ‘scarlet, pink, ruddy’, ‘orange’, ‘brown’, ‘red, bay (horse coat color)’, ‘young’, ‘yellow’, ‘noble’, ‘magical’, ‘bright, motley’, and some substantives ― ‘seal, credential issued by Khans’, ‘rouge’, ‘woman’s headwear’. Conclusions. The ancient Turkic colour term al is (was) not universally distributed in all Turkic languages. The wide (though uneven) use of the word and further development of its semantics occurs in the Kipchak and Oghuz languages where the gloss al has a number of additional connotative and metaphorical meanings.

scholarly journals Integration of equestrian terms into dialects of Turkish languages

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 27-34
Author(s):  
M. Huseynova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Features ◽  
Phonetic Variation ◽  
Horse Breeding ◽  
Turkic Languages ◽  
Ancient Times

It is known that the Turkic peoples have been engaged in horse breeding since ancient times. A huge layer of horse-breeding lexemes was passed down from generation to generation, from people to people, and preserved in the language and dialects of the Turkic peoples. This article examines phonetic variation horse tokens, considers the semantic features and transformation of equestrian dialects, reveals the integration of horse-breeding vocabulary in the culture of the turkic peoples. Despite the study of the comparative historical vocabulary of the turkic languages, the research of their dialectological connections, the development of passive and active dialectological dictionaries in the historical and etymological aspect has not yet been sufficiently studied. In the context of the above, the article reveals horse-breeding lexemes in the dialects of the oghuz and kipchak languages as the basic basis for the development of dialectological dictionaries of the oghuz and kipchak languages.

scholarly journals Common Turkic Vocabulary of the Yakut Language: Words Denoting Animal Body Parts (Comparative Historical Analysis)

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 1123-1130
Author(s):  
N. V. Malysheva ◽  
I. A. Danilov
Keyword(s):  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Historical Aspect ◽  
Continuous Sampling ◽  
Animal Body ◽  
Lexical Semantic ◽  
Turkic Languages ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Stable Categories

The article discusses linguistic contacts of the Turkic languages. The research was based on the common Turkic vocabulary of the Yakut language, namely words denoting animal body parts. The paper focuses on the comparative-historical aspect of the ancient Turkic and modern Turkic languages. The authors described the lexical-semantic and phonostructural features of Yakut words denoting animal body parts that have a common Turkic origin. The methods included continuous sampling method from lexicographic sources, as well as descriptive and comparative methods. The semantic transitions of Turkic lexical reflexes from the Praturk system to the modern form revealed that words denoting animal body parts represent the most ancient layer of the Yakut vocabulary. It consists of vocabulary common for most Turkic languages and belongs to stable categories. As part of the phonological analysis, the authors determined phonostructural types and characteristics of the phonological system of lexical reflexes, the nature of the stability and variability of lexemes, and the main causes of the instability of the phonostructures of the word stems of other Turkic languages in the Yakut language. An analysis of the lexical-semantic features of the Yakut words for animal body parts in comparison with their lexical parallels in other Turkic languages revealed the nature of stability and variability of the lexical meanings of the stems for specific Turkic language.

Migration and Modernities

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Native Americans ◽  
Literary History ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
Racial Categories ◽  
Geographic Boundaries ◽  
The Us ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries

Migration and Modernities recovers a comparative literary history of migration by bringing together scholars from the US and Europe to explore the connections between migrant experiences and the uneven emergence of modernity. The collection initiates transnational, transcultural and interdisciplinary conversations about migration in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, demonstrating how mobility unsettles the geographic boundaries, temporal periodization, and racial categories we often use to organize literary and historical study. Migrants are by definition liminal, and many have existed historically in the spaces between nations, regions or ethnicities. In exploring these spaces, Migration and Modernities also investigates the origins of current debates about belonging, rights, and citizenship. Its chapters traverse the globe, revealing the experiences — real or imagined — of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century migrants, from dispossessed Native Americans to soldiers in South America, Turkish refugees to Scottish settlers. They explore the aesthetic and rhetorical frameworks used to represent migrant experiences during a time when imperial expansion and technological developments made the fortunes of some migrants and made exiles out of others. These frameworks continue to influence the narratives we tell ourselves about migration today and were crucial in producing a distinctively modern subjectivity in which mobility and rootlessness have become normative.

History of thyroid surgery

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (11) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Technique ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Thyroid Surgery ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Times

The authors present an outline of the development of thyroid surgery from the ancient times to the beginning of the 20th century, when the definitive surgical technique have been developed and the physiologic and pathopfysiologic consequences of thyroid resections have been described. The key representatives, as well as the contribution of the most influential czech surgeons are mentioned.

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