A Mobility Based Pdorp Routing Protocol Based Upon Gradient Matrix

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 272
Author(s):  
Mandeep Singh ◽  
Rekha Bhatia
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Course Development ◽  
Single Node ◽  
Water Drops ◽  
Demand Routing ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Route Request

PDORP is one of the heuristic enhancement technique and a subset subject of swarm knowledge. PDORP depends on recreating the idea of how water drops consolidate to shape waterways and streams thusly join to join the Sea by choosing the most limited way in light of heights of the land through which they stream. The basic approach of this protocol (and all other on-demand routing protocols) amid the course development stage is to set up a course by flooding Route Request parcels in the system. The objective center point, on tolerating a Route Request distribute, by sending a Route Reply package back to the source, which passes on the course explored by the Route Request package got. In the proposal an approach is defined for energy efficiency and reduction in data dropped in the WSN network. In PDORP algorithm a subset is defined, in which if a single node in that subset is died out then the whole subset have to be replaced.  A modification in the PDORP algorithm is made to achieve the objectives of the research in which an energy threshold set for each node. In case of the proposed approach with the low energy in the subset of network the neighbor nodes of the subset can cover the area of the died node. The proposed approach is defined on the basis of Ant Colony Optimization using which the algorithm become more energy efficient. In this way the data dropped due to the replacement of the subset may be reduced so there is a reduction in the energy dissipation.

A Survey on Hierarchical Cluster Based Secure Routing Protocols and Key Management Schemes in Wireless Sensor Networks

2018 ◽  
pp. 18-26
Author(s):  
Yugashree Bhadane ◽  
Pooja Kadam
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Key Management ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Secure Routing ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Management Schemes ◽  
Cluster Based Routing

Now days, wireless technology is one of the center of attention for users and researchers. Wireless network is a network having large number of sensor nodes and hence called as “Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)”. WSN monitors and senses the environment of targeted area. The sensor nodes in WSN transmit data to the base station depending on the application. These sensor nodes communicate with each other and routing is selected on the basis of routing protocols which are application specific. Based on network structure, routing protocols in WSN can be divided into two categories: flat routing, hierarchical or cluster based routing, location based routing. Out of these, hierarchical or cluster based routing is becoming an active branch of routing technology in WSN. To allow base station to receive unaltered or original data, routing protocol should be energy-efficient and secure. To fulfill this, Hierarchical or Cluster base routing protocol for WSN is the most energy-efficient among other routing protocols. Hence, in this paper, we present a survey on different hierarchical clustered routing techniques for WSN. We also present the key management schemes to provide security in WSN. Further we study and compare secure hierarchical routing protocols based on various criteria.

Performance Analysis of TBC-ACO Routing Protocol with Existing Routing Protocols of Wireless Sensor Networks

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 169
Author(s):  
A. Radhika ◽  
D. Haritha
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Swarm Intelligence ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Congestion Aware

Wireless Sensor Networks, have witnessed significant amount of improvement in research across various areas like Routing, Security, Localization, Deployment and above all Energy Efficiency. Congestion is a problem of  importance in resource constrained Wireless Sensor Networks, especially for large networks, where the traffic loads exceed the available capacity of the resources . Sensor nodes are prone to failure and the misbehaviour of these faulty nodes creates further congestion. The resulting effect is a degradation in network performance, additional computation and increased energy consumption, which in turn decreases network lifetime. Hence, the data packet routing algorithm should consider congestion as one of the parameters, in addition to the role of the faulty nodes and not merely energy efficient protocols .Nowadays, the main central point of attraction is the concept of Swarm Intelligence based techniques integration in WSN.  Swarm Intelligence based Computational Swarm Intelligence Techniques have improvised WSN in terms of efficiency, Performance, robustness and scalability. The main objective of this research paper is to propose congestion aware , energy efficient, routing approach that utilizes Ant Colony Optimization, in which faulty nodes are isolated by means of the concept of trust further we compare the performance of various existing routing protocols like AODV, DSDV and DSR routing protocols, ACO Based Routing Protocol  with Trust Based Congestion aware ACO Based Routing in terms of End to End Delay, Packet Delivery Rate, Routing Overhead, Throughput and Energy Efficiency. Simulation based results and data analysis shows that overall TBC-ACO is 150% more efficient in terms of overall performance as compared to other existing routing protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks.

Clustering-based Energy Efficient Multipath Adaptive Routing Protocols for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. EC-54-EC-62
Author(s):  
Edy Victor Haryanto ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Adaptive Routing ◽  
Maximum Energy ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Energy Usage ◽  
Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

In an underwater wireless sensor network (UWSN), research challenges occur in the availability of new connectivity protocols, sensors, and utilization of energy. One of the issues is to enhance the lifespan of the network without increasing the supply, cost, and level of resources. This paper proposes a conceptual routing protocol for UWSN, known as Energy-Efficient Multipath Adaptive Routing (E2MAR) protocols, which is primarily intended for long-term control with greater energy efficiency and transmission rate. Key development conditions were set by the E2MR and forward nodes are chosen based on the performance index. Different tests are carried out by evaluating E2MR in terms of the number of live nodes, end-to-end latency, packet delivery rate, and maximum energy usage efficiently compared to some other Routing protocols. The lifespan of the network has also been greatly enhanced.

scholarly journals Abstract ACO-EEAODR: An Ant-Swarm Inspired Energy-Efficient Ad Hoc On-Demand Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Waqas Shah
Keyword(s):  
Network Lifetime ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Minimum Energy ◽  
Sustainable Growth ◽  
Energy Aware ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Demand Routing

As the world’s economic activities are expanding, the energy comes to the fore to the question of the sustainable growth in all technological areas, including wireless mobile networking. Energyaware routing schemes for wireless networks have spurred a great deal of recent research towards achieving this goal. Recently, an energy-aware routing protocol for MANETs (so-called energy-efficient ad hoc on-demand routing protocol (EEAODR) for MANETs was proposed, in which the energy load among nodes is balanced so that a minimum energy level is maintained and the resulting network lifetime is increased. In this paper, an Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) inspired approach to EEAODR (ACO-EEAODR) is proposed. To the best of our knowledge, no attempts have been made so far in this direction. Simulation results are provided, demonstrating that the ACO-EEAODR outperforms the EEAODR scheme in terms of energy consumed and network lifetime, chosen as performance metrics.

scholarly journals Energy Efficient TABU Optimization Routing Protocol for WSN

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-31
Author(s):  
Varsha Shani ◽  
Manju Bala ◽  
Manoj Kumar ◽  
Neeraj Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Network Lifetime ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Hybrid Technique ◽  
Energy Efficient Routing ◽  
Search Mechanism ◽  
Average Residual ◽  
Heuristic Technique ◽  
The Impact

Introduction: This article is the result of the research “Energy efficient routing protocols in wireless sensor network: Examine the impact of M-SEEC routing protocols on the lifetime of WSN with an energy efficient TABU optimization routing protocol”developed in the IKG, Punjab Technical University, India in 2019.Problem: The task of finding and maintaining routes in WSNs is non-trivialsince energy restrictions and sudden changes in node status cause frequent and unpredictable changes.Objective: The objective of this paper is to propose an energy efficient heterogeneous protocolwith the help of a hybrid meta-heuristic technique.Methodology: In the hybrid meta-heuristic technique, the shortest route has been selected and the data forwarded to the sink in a minimal time span,savingenergy and making the network more stable. To evaluate the technique, a new hybrid technique has been created where the data transmission is implemented from the beginning under MATLAB 2013a.Results: The proposed technique is better than the existing ones since the remaining energy in the network is increased by 62% compared to normal nodes in MSEEC, 65% compared to advanced nodes in MSEEC and 70% compared to super nodes in MSEEC. The network lifetime was also enhanced by 70.8% compared to MSEEC.Conclusion: The proposed protocol was found to be superior based on the average residual energy.This paper proposes an efficient routing mechanism towards the energy efficient network.Originality: Through this research, a novel version of MSEEC protocol is carried out using the TABU search mechanism to generate the functions of two neighbourhoods to detect the optimum path with the aim of maximizing the network lifetime in an area of 200×200m2.Limitations: The lack of other routing techniques falls under swarm intelligence.

scholarly journals Impact of Direction Parameter in Performance of Modified AODV in VANET

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Afsana Ahamed ◽  
Hamid Vakilzadian
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Packet Loss ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
End To End Delay ◽  
Distance Vector ◽  
End To End ◽  
Route Request ◽  
The Impact

A vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is a technology in which moving cars are used as routers (nodes) to establish a reliable mobile communication network among the vehicles. Some of the drawbacks of the routing protocol, Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), associated with VANETs are the end-to-end delay and packet loss. We modified the AODV routing protocols to reduce the number of route request (RREQ) and route reply (RREP) messages by adding direction parameters and two-step filtering. The two-step filtering process reduces the number of RREQ and RREP packets, reduces the packet overhead, and helps to select the stable route. In this study, we show the impact of the direction parameter in reducing the end-to-end delay and the packet loss in AODV. The simulation results show a 1.4% reduction in packet loss, an 11% reduction in the end-to-end delay, and an increase in throughput.

Combined Design of Localization and Routing

2011 ◽  
Vol 403-408 ◽  
pp. 1696-1699
Author(s):  
Cai Xia Li ◽  
Nai Bo Wang ◽  
Qi Ying Cao ◽  
Hong Gang Liu ◽  
Xin Hua Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Energy Efficient Routing ◽  
Research Issues ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Network Localization ◽  
Location Algorithm

Nodes self-localization and routing are two main research issues in wireless sensor networks. There are quite a few publications about sensor network localization or routing protocols, but seldom person combines them in their research work. In this paper, we combine a novel TOA location technique and a new centralized energy-efficient routing protocol. The performance of the combination is then simulated by software. Simulation results show that the routing based on the positions got by our location algorithm is as good as the routing based on true positions and can afford most application demands.

Research of Secure Scheme against Data Flooding Attack in Ad Hoc Networks

2011 ◽  
Vol 204-210 ◽  
pp. 395-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Cui Zhang ◽  
Zhi Gang Wang ◽  
Tao Wang ◽  
Yong Shi Sun ◽  
Xiao Fei Xu
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Average Delay ◽  
Flooding Attack ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Demand Routing ◽  
Hoc Networks

DATA flooding attack is a serious menace for the security of on-demand routing protocol in Ad Hoc networks. In the paper, on the basis of three typical on-demand routing protocols AODV, DSR and TORA, we present a special security scheme against data flooding attack. Then we simulate the scheme on NS2 platform and compare two performance parameters before and after using the scheme: average delay and packet delivery rate. The results indicate that this project is comparatively effective to resist the DATA flooding attack.

scholarly journals FCERP: A Novel WSNs Fuzzy Clustering and Energy Efficient Routing Protocol

2022 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-42
Author(s):  
Zainab Alansari ◽  
Mohammed Siddique ◽  
Mohammed Waleed Ashour
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Clustering ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Residual Energy ◽  
Routing Algorithms ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Energy Efficient Routing ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
Energy Consuming

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are set of sensor nodes to monitor and detect transmitted data to the sink. WSNs face significant challenges in terms of node energy availability, which may impact network sustainability. As a result, developing protocols and algorithms that make the best use of limited resources, particularly energy resources, is critical issues for designing WSNs. Routing algorithms, for example, are unique algorithms as they have a direct and effective relationship with lifetime of network and energy. The available routing protocols employ single-hop data transmission to the sink and clustering per round. In this paper, a Fuzzy Clustering and Energy Efficient Routing Protocol (FCERP) that lower the WSNs energy consuming and increase the lifetime of network is proposed. FCERP introduces a new cluster-based fuzzy routing protocol capable of utilizing clustering and multiple hop routing features concurrently using a threshold limit. A novel aspect of this research is that it avoids clustering per round while considering using fixed threshold and adapts multi-hop routing by predicting the best intermediary node for clustering and the sink. Some Fuzzy factors such as residual energy, neighbors amount, and distance to sink considered when deciding which intermediary node to use.

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