scholarly journals Reasons for Migration Reverse in Estonia

2005 ◽  
pp. 139-149
Author(s):  
Mare Ainsaar
Keyword(s):  
Internal Migration ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Case Analysis ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Practical Reasons ◽  
Population Changes ◽  
The Past

During the past 30 years migration trends in most European countries have revealed some signs of deconcentration. The aim of this paper is to analyse the reasons of such deconcentration. For that purpose we will give an overview of literature on reasons of migration turnaround and provide a deeper case analysis of one country - Estonia. In Estonia internal migration ? rst turned in favour of rural areas in 1983. The trends of deconcentration continued and rural population increased at the expense of urban population at least until the end of the 1990s. The Retrospective Estonian Living Conditions Survey of 1999 is used to analyze the possible changes in reasons for migration turnaround. That survey provides a unique opportunity for comparing reasons of migration during periods of concentration and deconcentration. In the empirical part of this paper deconcentration will be de? ned as an out? ow of population from administrative town borders into rural areas. We will not distinguish between particular types of deconcentration for practical reasons of data limitation. We are particularly interested in migration because migration seems to be the most important factor contributing to quick population changes.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Government Policies in Controlling COVID-19 in India

2020 ◽  
pp. 002073142098374
Author(s):  
Ashutosh Pandey ◽  
Nitin Kishore Saxena
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Demographic Factors ◽  
Poverty Rate ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
Cumulative Number ◽  
Population Number

The purpose of this study is to find the demographic factors associated with the spread of COVID-19 and to suggest a measure for identifying the effectiveness of government policies in controlling COVID-19. The study hypothesizes that the cumulative number of confirmed COVID-19 patients depends on the urban population, rural population, number of persons older than 50, population density, and poverty rate. A log-linear model is used to test the stated hypothesis, with the cumulative number of confirmed COVID-19 patients up to period [Formula: see text] as a dependent variable and demographic factors as an independent variable. The policy effectiveness indicator is calculated by taking the difference of the COVID rank of the [Formula: see text]th state based on the predicted model and the actual COVID rank of the [Formula: see text]th state[Formula: see text]Our study finds that the urban population significantly impacts the spread of COVID-19. On the other hand, demographic factors such as rural population, density, and age structure do not impact the spread of COVID-19 significantly. Thus, people residing in urban areas face a significant threat of COVID-19 as compared to people in rural areas.

MO759COMPERATIVE STUDY OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM IN PATIENTS WITH CKD ON HEMODIALYSIS IN URBAN AND RURAL POPULATIONS OF UZBEKISTAN

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olimkhon Sharapov ◽  
Botir Daminov
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Women Patients ◽  
Urban Group ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Ckd Stage ◽  
Rural Group

Abstract Background and Aims According to recently published WHO data, kidney disease has been the 10th leading cause of death in the world over the past 20 years. The lethality of dialysis patients with cardiovascular pathology is 3 times higher than that of patients without CVD. This is especially pronounced in developing countries. Uzbekistan is a country with a population of 34 million and has an equal urban and rural population. In this regard, it is of interest to comparatively study the structure of CVD in patients with CKD stage 5D of the rural and urban population of Uzbekistan. Method We examined 165 (90 men and 75 women) patients with CKD stage 5 receiving dialysis in urban and rural areas of Uzbekistan. The patients were divided into 2 groups depending on their permanent place of residence and the medical center where they receive hemodialysis. 104 (51 men and 53 women) patients were included in the Urban group and 61 (39 men and 22 women) patients were included in the Rural group. The average age of the urban population was 49.7 ± 1.38 years, the rural population was 45.5 ± 1.83 years. All patients underwent programmed hemodialysis according to the standard scheme for 4 hours 3 times a day (12 hours/week). The average duration of hemodialysis in the Urban group was 37.0 ± 4.77 months (M ± m) and 16.6 ± 2.4 months in the Rural group. The main causes of CKD 5D in both groups were glomerulonephritis (Urban-36.5%, Rural-62%) and type 2 diabetes (Urban-31.7%, Rural-18%). Results CVD comorbidity occurred in 55,8% (n=92) of all 165 examined patients, of which 52 were men and 40 were women. The most common CVDs in all groups were hypertension (51%, n=84), coronary heart disease, presented as angina (28%, n=47), heart failure (14%, n=23) and various types of arrhythmias (5%, n=8). 77% (n=127) of patients had anemia due ESRD. In the group Urban(n=104), 62.5% (n=65) had CVD. The main CVD was Hypertension. It was found in 92% (n=60) of patients with CVD in this group. Less (65%, n=42) were patients with angina. Heart failure was detected in 31% (n=20) of patients. Arrhythmia was diagnosed in only 5% (n=5). A large number of combined CVD have been identified. 69% (n=45) of all patients with CVD had a combined CVDs in different combinations. The most common combination was hypertension + angina (n = 26). It accounted for almost 58% of all combined cases. Only 28% (n=17) of all cases with hypertension had "isolated" hypertension. The main combination with hypertension was hypertension + angina (43%, n=26), 11% (n=11) of patients had hypertension + angina + heart failure, a combination in the form of hypertension + angina + arrhythmia had 3% (n=3) patients. Relatively fewer (n = 27, 44%) CVD were found in the Rural group. The most frequent CVD was also a hypertension. Patients with hypertension made up 89% (n = 24) of all patients with CVD in this group. The second place is occupied by angina, it was found in 18.5% (n=5) cases among patients with CVD. Combined CVS pathologies were less common in the rural group. A total of 8 patients (29.6% of all CVD cases) had several CVDs. Conclusion Сardiovascular diseases in the urban population (62.5%) occur almost one and a half times more often than in the rural population (44%). Combined CVD pathology occupies a leading place in the structure of CVD in patients with CKD 5D, both urban and rural.

Urban Mental Health (Oxford Cultural Psychiatry series)

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Mental Health Professionals ◽  
Internal Migration ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Help Seeking ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Urban Mental Health ◽  
The Past

The internal migration in countries around the globe as a result of rapid urbanization and related to industrialization as a consequence of globalization has been truly remarkable. The past 50 years have seen a massive rise in the numbers of people moving and creating megapolis in many parts of the world. It is inevitable that with such massive internal migration come stressors such as pollution, lack of space, overcrowding, unemployment, and increased likelihood of infectious diseases, all of which contribute to an increase in psychiatric disorders. Furthermore, such migration can also lead to the splintering of social support and the fraying of social networks, which can further contribute to poor help-seeking and poor therapeutic adherence and poor prognosis. This book highlights challenges in managing mental health and psychiatric disorders in urban areas. The contributors include researchers, clinicians, urban planners, urban designers, and others who are interested in the field. The book will appeal to all mental health professionals, whether they are working in urban areas or rural areas.

scholarly journals Las transferencias intergeneracionales en España y Andalucía. Una primera aproximación al estudio de los factores explicativos en el cuidado de los nietos

2019 ◽  
pp. 125
Author(s):  
Marta Ortega Gaspar ◽  
Mercedes Fernández Alonso
Keyword(s):  
Preliminary Analysis ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Social Phenomenon ◽  
The Past ◽  
Explanatory Factors ◽  
Childhood Care

El apoyo entre generaciones es una conducta presente en todos los países, aunque en España su intensidad o frecuencia es superior a la mayoría de los países europeos. Una de sus prácticas, concretamente el cuidado de menores por parte de la población de mayor edad es un fenómeno social cada vez más relevante (en términos, por ejemplo, de volumen, responsabilidad o ausencia de progenitores). La cantidad de abuelos que cuida nietos en España ha experimentado un crecimiento notable en la última década. Este estudio ofrece un análisis preliminar de este fenómeno en Andalucía y en el resto de España con la intención de saber si hay diferencias y conocer algunos de los factores explicativos subyacentes. Se ha utilizado como base de datos la Encuesta de Condiciones de Vida de las Personas Mayores (IMSERSO-CIS 2006). Los resultados muestran generalmente una similitud de patrones en el conjunto del territorio nacional y que la edad y el nivel de estudios son las variables más influyentes.Intergenerational support is a shared behavior in all countries. Nevertheless, in Spain its intensity or frequency is higher than most European countries. Grandparents playing childhood care activities is a social phenomenon that is increasingly relevant (in terms, for example, of volume, responsibility or absence of parents). The number of grandparents caring grandchildren in Spain has experienced remarkable growth over the past decade. This study focuses on a preliminary analysis of this phenomenon in Andalusia and the rest of Spain in order to establish a comparison and meet some of the underlying explanatory factors. It has been used the “Survey of Living Conditions of the Elderly” (IMSERSO-CIS 2006). The results show that age and education level are the most influential variables.

scholarly journals Changes in Lifestyles and living Conditions of the Rural Population of the Russian Central Federal District as a Factor in the Dynamics of Human Capital

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 264-280
Author(s):  
Valentina Shilova
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Federal District ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
Decent Work ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Central Federal District ◽  
High Level

The article raises the issue of the dynamics of human capital of rural Russia of the Central Federal District with the example of the Yaroslavl area in conditions of depopulation and growth of return migration. On the basis of the results of the empirical research, using the methods of in-depth interviews and the search survey according to the structured questionnaire, the author examines the way of life and living conditions of the rural population from the perspective of the past, present and future. The article identifies key problems that are acutely felt and reflected by the inhabitants of the village: lack of jobs, opportunities for decent work in the countryside, poor roads and medical services, a low level of amenities and recreational activities. Also, based on the reasoning of the respondents, the author points out some positive aspects of life in rural areas: good ecology, availability and operation of kindergartens and schools, a relatively high level of development of digital technologies, a moderate, peaceful life. In conclusion, the author highlights the key factors influencing the lifestyle and quality of life of rural residents and concludes that, in the light of this situation, without State policy intervention in the development and preservation of human capital, Depopulation and atrophy of rural areas will continue.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Government Policies in Controlling COVID-19 in India

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
ASHUTOSH PANDEY ◽  
Nitin Saxena
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Demographic Factors ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
Cumulative Number ◽  
Indian States ◽  
The People

<p>The purpose of this study is to find the demographic factors which are responsible for the spread of COVID-19 and to suggest a measure to identify the effectiveness of government policies in controlling COVID-19. The study hypothesises that the cumulative number of confirmed COVID-19 patients depends on the urban population, rural population, number of persons aged more than fifty, the population density and poverty rate in the state. A log-linear model is used to test the stated hypothesis, with the cumulative number of confirmed COVID-19 patients up to period as a dependent variable and demographic factors as an independent variable. The regression result shows that out of the selected variables, only the urban population significantly impacts the total number of patients tested positive for COVID-19. Our study finds that the urban population significantly impacts the spread of COVID-19. On the other had the demographic factors like rural population, density, and age structure do not impact the spread of COVID-19 significantly. Thus the people residing in the urban areas face a more significant threat of COVID-19 as compared to the people in rural areas. The study identifies the Indian states which need greater effectiveness in the implementation of pandemic control policies. Our study finds that the urban population significantly impacts the spread of COVID-19. On the other had the demographic factors like rural population, density, and age structure do not impact the spread of COVID-19 significantly. Thus the people residing in the urban areas face a more significant threat of COVID-19 as compared to the people in rural areas. The study identifies the Indian states which need greater effectiveness in the implementation of pandemic control policies.</p>

Economic Impact and Current Results of Urbanization

2018 ◽  
pp. 996-1013
Author(s):  
Raeni Dwi Santy ◽  
Refi Mayasari Buhari
Keyword(s):  
Internal Migration ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Migration Policy ◽  
International Experience ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Urbanization Development ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
And Control

The growth of the urban population in Indonesia is commonly fast due to permanently inclinig urbanization flows. This chapter considers the most important factors of Indonesian urbanization and its positive and negative effects in current conditions to discover directions for modernization of the governmental role in regulation and control of urbanization processes. Special issues of this chapter are concentrated around the problem of urbanization's role in development of Indonesia (national and regional level), national labor and internal migration policy, and niveling disbalance between urban and rural areas. Finally, this chapter includes special conclusions and reccommendations for modernization of national and regonal programs oriented to optimise internal conditions of urbanization development in Indonesia that are based on the best achievements of international experience and use local Indonesian features of urbanization.

Assessment of the attractiveness of rural areas in terms of internal migration in Russia and the EU countries

2021 ◽  
pp. 40-47
Author(s):  
N.V. Vorontsova ◽  
◽  
A.V. Merzlov ◽  
R.R. Mukhametzyanov ◽  
N.G. Platonovskiy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Migration ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Reverse Flow ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
Innovative Capabilities ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Those born in rural areas move to urban areas for both temporary and permanent residence. In general, urbanization is expanding in the world, as evidenced by the increase in the proportion of the urban population. However, recently, in parallel with urbanization, especially in the developed countries of Europe, there has been a reverse flow - the resettlement of a certain part of the urban population to the countryside. It attracts city dwellers with a comparatively better ecological situation, the presence of wide spaces and a sense of freedom. All of this is also supported by modern innovative capabilities. Information and digital technologies are increasingly blurring the boundaries between urban and rural areas. However, the attractiveness of rural areas for permanent habitation in a number of cases, including in our country, is reduced due to the lack of adequate urban living conditions for life and urban-centric state policy. This primarily affects rural areas remote from cities. At the same time, the suburbs, especially megacities, are the most attractive in terms of internal migration. It accommodates the conditions of urban life and the advantage of rural areas. The article touches upon the issues of internal migration of the urban population to the countryside in Russia and a number of European countries (on the example of France and Germany). In this regard, it was noted that this tendency exists, and with an increase in dynamics. As a result of the study, the factors that influence the decision-making by the townspeople to move to settlements located in agricultural areas were identified, and a set of criteria was proposed to assess their attractiveness from the point of view of internal migration of the population.

scholarly journals Comparison of the specific mortality rates in town and country districts of Scotland since 1871

1940 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 423-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Barclay ◽  
W. O. Kermack ◽  
A. G. McKendrick
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Specific Mortality ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
The Town

1. An analysis by the “generation mortality” method of the specific mortality rates of the urban and rural areas of Scotland for various calendar periods from 1871 onwards shows that the “diagonal law” previously demonstrated for the population of Scotland as a whole, as well as for certain other European countries, holds for these two subdivisions of the community.2. Reasons are given for the assumption that the normalized “generation mortality coefficients” (α values) may be taken as a rough measure of the “healthiness” of the environmental conditions which obtained during the childhood of the generation to which they refer. This affords a basis for the comparison of the “healthiness” of the environment of town and country at different periods in the past.3. Whereas in the earlier half of the nineteenth century the ratio of the α values of country to town was in the neighbourhood of 0·6, indicating that the health conditions in the country might be said to be almost twice as good as in the towns, in 1931 it had risen to almost unity, showing that by that time the town had almost if not quite made up on the country. During this period both town and country conditions showed remarkable improvements, which are reflected in falls of the respective α (× 1000) values in the country from about 12 and in the town from over 20 in 1841, to a common level of about 4·7 in 1931.4. The essential vagueness of the conception of the “healthiness” of an environment is emphasized. It is consequently necessary not to attach too great importance to the estimate of the date, but the figures given in Table 5 confirm the conclusion that, as regards “healthiness”, between 1930 and 1935 conditions in town and country had become nearly equal.

scholarly journals Counter-urbanization and “return” to rurality? Implications of COVID-19 pandemic in Bulgaria

2021 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 543-560
Author(s):  
Desislava Pileva ◽  
Ivaylo Markov
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Southeastern Europe ◽  
Mobility Patterns ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
The Past ◽  
Internal Mobility ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
The Village ◽  
The City

The studies of the movements between the city and the village generally (especially in Southeastern Europe) refer to analyses of the processes of urbanization, and rarely focus on the so-called counter-urbanization. However, over the past decade, the increasing environmental sensitivity of a part of the urban population in active age, as well as the emergence of social movements that promote a slow and environmentally friendly lifestyle have intensified the anti-urban trends. The COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and the measures introduced to limit its spread have created a new social reality in which people continue their lives in ways that for many differ from the previous routine, influencing also the mobility patterns. Hence, the article aims at analyzing the urban-rural migration in Bulgaria within the context of the current coronavirus crises. Our thesis is that the pandemic enhances internal mobility in the medium term, since the physical distancing motivates people to spend more time outdoors and away from the urban environment. At the same time, some of them are able to seek spatial freedom in rural areas due to the opportunity to work and study from distance. In this respect, the ethnographic case studies presented in the text show the peculiar impact the constantly alternating imposition and lifting of certain restrictions has on the mobility decision-making and lifestyle of individuals and entire families.

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