scholarly journals Piru se on tuo, ei se ole karhu olemassakhan

Virittäjä ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 123 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jari Sivonen
Keyword(s):  
Speech Act ◽  
Sentence Type ◽  
Syntactic Analysis ◽  
Standard Language ◽  
Syntactic Structures ◽  
Colloquial Language ◽  
Syntactic Description ◽  
Digital Morphology ◽  
The Devil

Artikkeli käsittelee olemassa-adverbiaalin esiintymistä ja merkitystä suomen vanhoissa kansanmurteissa. Niin yleiskielessä kuin murteissa olemassa toimii adverbiaali-täydennyksenä sellaisessa kopulalauseessa, jossa ei ole paikan adverbiaalia (esim. radio oli olemassa). Tällaisten rakenteiden lisäksi olemassa esiintyy vanhoissa kansan-murteissa adverbiaalimääritteenä muissa lausetyypeissä. Digitaalisesta muoto-opin arkistosta, Lauseopin arkistosta sekä Suomen kielen näytteitä -kokoelmasta poimitun 275 esimerkin aineiston analyysi osoittaa, että olemassa esiintyy vanhoissa kansan-murteissa määritteenä kopula-, predikatiivi-, omistus-, kvanttori-, intransitiivi- ja transitiivi-lauseessa. Määritteenä toimivan olemassa-adverbiaalin merkitys ei kuitenkaan ole aina ilmeinen. Artikkelissa tarkastellaan olemassa-adverbiaalin määritekäytön semantiikkaa kognitiivisessa kehyksessä. Analyysi osoittaa, että adverbiaalin merkitys riippuu paljolti siitä lausekonstruktiosta, jossa sana esiintyy. Esimerkiksi kopulalauseen adverbiaalimääritteenä toimiva olemassa ilmaisee subjektin tarkoitteen eksistenssiä puhehetkeä laajemmin mutta myös asumista määräpaikassa. Omanlaisensa merkitys olemassa-määritteellä on transitiivi- ja intransitiivilauseissa, joissa se toimii kvantifioivana määritteenä tai episteemisenä kiellonvahvistajana. Vanhojen kansanmurteiden olemassa-sana puoltaa näkemystä, että lauserakennetta on hyvä tarkastella yksittäisiä lauseenjäseniä laajemmista konstruktioista käsin ja hakea syntaktisen kuvauksen pohjaksi aineistoa yleiskielen lisäksi murteista ja muusta puhekielestä.   It’s the devil, definitely not a bear: A semantic and syntactic analysis of the adverbial olemassa in old Finnish dialects This article addresses the usage and meaning of olemassa ‘in being / existence’ as an adverbial modifier in old Finnish folk dialects. In the standard language as well as in dialects, olemassa is used as a compulsory adverbial in copula clauses that lack a locative adverbial (e.g. radio oli olemassa ‘radio existed’). In addition to these, olemassa is used in old dialects as an optional modifier in other sentence types. The data – compiled from the materials of Digital Morphology Archives for Finnish Dialects, The Finnish Dialect Syntax Archive, and Samples of Spoken Finnish – consists of 275 examples and demonstrates that olemassa is used in old dialects in copula, predicative, possessive, quantifier, intransitive and transitive clauses. However, when used as an optional adverbial, the meaning of olemassa is not always obvious. The analysis illustrates that the meaning of olemassa depends greatly on the sentence type in which it is used. For example, in a copula sentence, the word olemassa, as an optional adverbial, expresses the existence of the subject’s referent in a broader sense than merely in the current speech-act situation, or living in some particular residence. The olemassa adverbial also has its own type of meanings in transitive and intransitive sentences where it can be understood as a quantitative modifier or epistemic reinforcer of negation. The olemassa adverbial modifier of old Finnish folk dialects supports the view that syntactic structures should be analysed as constructions larger than mere lexeme constituents. In addition, syntactic description would benefit from more data regarding dialects and other colloquial language.

scholarly journals A Graph-based Lattice Dependency Parser for Joint Morphological Segmentation and Syntactic Analysis

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 359-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Seeker ◽  
Özlem Çetinoğlu
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Analysis ◽  
Syntactic Analysis ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Syntactic Structures ◽  
Morphological Segmentation ◽  
Joint Task ◽  
Dependency Tree ◽  
First Results ◽  
Input Sentence ◽  
Dependency Parser

Space-delimited words in Turkish and Hebrew text can be further segmented into meaningful units, but syntactic and semantic context is necessary to predict segmentation. At the same time, predicting correct syntactic structures relies on correct segmentation. We present a graph-based lattice dependency parser that operates on morphological lattices to represent different segmentations and morphological analyses for a given input sentence. The lattice parser predicts a dependency tree over a path in the lattice and thus solves the joint task of segmentation, morphological analysis, and syntactic parsing. We conduct experiments on the Turkish and the Hebrew treebank and show that the joint model outperforms three state-of-the-art pipeline systems on both data sets. Our work corroborates findings from constituency lattice parsing for Hebrew and presents the first results for full lattice parsing on Turkish.

Speculations on performance models

1968 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria Fromkin
Keyword(s):  
Speech Act ◽  
Linguistic Competence ◽  
Performance Models ◽  
Syntactic Structures ◽  
Mechanistic Approach ◽  
Speech Performance ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Recurrent Patterns ◽  
The Relationship

The publication of Syntactic Structures in 1957 stimulated a much-needed re-evaluation among linguists as to the goals of linguistic theory and the nature of language. Part of the discussion which has ensued has centred around the question of linguistic competence versus performance. Competence has been related to performance as ‘langue’ is to ‘parole’. ‘Competence’ thus refers to the ‘underlying system of rules that has been mastered by the speaker-hearer’ (Chomsky, 1965) and ‘performance’ to the way the speaker-hearer utilizes this ‘internalized grammar’ when he actually produces and understands utterances. Despite the continued controversy about this distinction, little can be added to the justifications for it put forth over many decades (cf. Chomsky, 1957, 1964, 1965; Katz, 1964, 1966; Postal, 1966; Sapir, 1933; Levin, 1965; de Saussure, 1916; etc.). Yet there remains much vagueness as to the limits of each and the relationship between the two. For many years the confusion was due to the influence of Bloomfield who centred his attention on the speech act; his aim was the classification of the OUTPUT of performance, i.e. the utterances, and led to no theory about the dynamic process of performance itself (Bloomfield, 1924, 1926, 1927, 1933). While giving lip service to a concern for ‘langue’, his own mechanistic approach negated any possibility for the rules of ‘langue’ to be anything more than lists of recurrent patterns found in ‘parole’. And since he was of the opinion that ‘the physiologic and acoustic description of acts of speech belongs to other sciences than ours’ (Bloomfield, 1926: 153) he did not direct himself to those aspects of ‘parole’ which could explain speech performance.

scholarly journals Metalinguistic Activity of Wordplay Creator in Classroom Bilungual Dialogs

2021 ◽  
pp. 71-88
Author(s):  
M. O. Kunshchikova
Keyword(s):  
Open Access ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
Classroom Environment ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
English Proficiency ◽  
Standard Language ◽  
The Creation ◽  
High Level ◽  
Metalinguistic Activity

The article introduces the reader to the phenomenon of wordplay in the dialogues of classroom bilinguals with a high level of the English proficiency, who practice this foreign language either in classroom environment, or in real communication. It is emphasized that the dialogues around the facts of wordplay become the locus of metalinguistic utterances of the participants in this speech act. The purpose of this article is to identify the metalanguage utterances of the wordplay creator which open access to the creator’s metalanguage consciousness through the identification of his speech strategies. The novelty of the research is that a foreign language speech is used as the wordplay source, and the wordplay is equated with the phenomenon of the metalanguage nature. The author presents the concept of normema as a standard language unit of the target foreign language, which turns out to be a trigger for the creation of non-standard language units or igremas. It is noted that the wordplay creator uses both the purely formal and meaningful wordplay, and the non-standard language units created by him function as socially directed at a specific addressee. A detailed systematization of the creator’s metalanguage comments accompanying the wordplay input is given, namely, the linguistic and communicative comments, which demonstrates the metalanguage logic of constructing a speech act.

scholarly journals Is “limpa” a verb or an adjective?

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-30
Author(s):  
Carolina Garcia de Carvalho Silva ◽  
Maria Cristina Name
Keyword(s):  
Sentence Type ◽  
Ambiguous Word ◽  
Syntactic Analysis ◽  
Phrase Boundary ◽  
Lexical Categories ◽  
Prosodic Cues ◽  
Ambiguous Words ◽  
Prosodic Structures ◽  
The Right ◽  
Phonological Phrase

We investigate the role of phonological phrase boundary cues on syntactic parsing by Brazilian Portuguese (henceforth, BP) native adults. It is assumed that speech is organized in a hierarchy of prosodic constituents that may relate to constituents of other components of grammar (Nespor e Vogel, 1986). Although this is not necessarily a one-to-one relationship, a mapping is possible between constituents of each component, such as between phonological phrases and certain syntactic unit. The production of reliable prosodic cues in spontaneous speech is controversial. For instance, Snedeker e Trueswell (2003) propose that only expert speakers produce disambiguating prosodic cues; for Kraljic e Brennan (2005), even naïve speakers produce prosodic cues that are helpful for listeners. Millotte et al. (2007) found that French native speakers produced reliable prosodic cues (phrase-final lengthening and pitch rise) when they read pairs of ambiguous sentences that differed in their prosodic structures. The authors also found that native listeners were able to use these cues to assign the ambiguous words to their correct lexical categories. Then, -boundary cues may help native listeners to correctly analyze ambiguous sentences. Motivated by the French experiment results, we proposed two experiments in order to test the influence of prosody on syntactic analysis by BP adults. In the first experiment, a sentence-reading task, participants produced different prosodic patterns for ambiguous words (verb or adjective) in different syntactic structures. Duration, pitch and energy values of the segments around the-boundaries were measured and revealed that (i)-boundaries were marked by acoustical reliable cues; and (ii) the lexical categories N, V and ADJ have different behaviors in the prosodic structure. Figure A: Example of the Noun + ambiguous word - Adj [garota MUDA] (on the left) and V [garota] [MUDA…] (on the right).In the second experiment, listeners were asked to complete the auditory ambiguous sentences that were just cut after the target words (Eu acho que a menina LIMPA… . I think the clean girl…/the girl cleans…). Participants gave more verb responses in the Verb condition and more adjective responses in the Adjective condition. These results suggest that BP adults are able to use phonological phrase boundary cues to decide if an ambiguous word is a verb or an adjective and, then, to constrain syntactic analysis. We discuss the implication of these results for models of online syntactic analysis and language acquisition.Figure B: Experiment 2- Mean number of adjective and verb responses given to adjective and verb sentences (out of 4 possible responses for each sentence type).

scholarly journals SYNTACTIC ANALYSIS OF SENTENCE PATTERNS AND TYPES OF BBC NEWS ARTICLES

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-34
Author(s):  
Erina Andriani ◽  
Barli Bram
Keyword(s):  
Crucial Role ◽  
Sentence Type ◽  
Data Gathering ◽  
Syntactic Analysis ◽  
Complex Sentence ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Complex Sentences ◽  
Sentence Patterns ◽  
Structured Observation

Sentence patterns and types play a crucial role in helping writers make their articles attractive. However, few studies analyzed the sentence patterns and types used in news articles. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the sentence patterns and types used in shaping news articles. The researchers used a syntactic analysis to examine the sentences. The data were collected from ten BBC news articles published in October 2020. The purposive sampling was used, and the data gathering instrument was structured observation sheets. The gathered data were calculated using percentages. The results showed five sentence patterns used, namely S+V, S+LV+SC, S+V+O, S+V+DO+OC, and S+V+IO+DO. It was also found that four sentence types, namely simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex sentences, were used. Among the used sentence patterns, S+V+O was the most frequent (42%), and the most frequent sentence type was the complex sentence (52.6%).

scholarly journals Utilization Of The Direct And Indirect Speech Act Of Assertion By The Sentence Types

2018 ◽  
Vol 216 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-126
Author(s):  
Samir Jamal Ibraheem
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Sentence Type ◽  
Real Problem ◽  
Direct Speech ◽  
Pragmatic Theory ◽  
Political Speeches ◽  
Communicative Act ◽  
Indirect Speech Act ◽  
Shed Light

   Tackling any text, e.g. political one, without pragmatic theory constitutes a real problem in the communicative act. the need to shed light on distinctive rules concerning the speech act of assertion is crucial. So this study is concerned with how to establish a model of expressing the speech act of assertion, whether direct or indirect, by using the sentence types of declarative, interrogative, or imperative sentences. Since this utilization highly overlaps with other speech acts as command, obligation, permission, ability, etc. Therefore, this research attempts to answer the following questions: 1- Can this study formulate a model for analysing the speech act of assertion, and on which bases it can be established? 2- How to formulate Felicity conditions for the speech act of assertion? 3- Whether speech act of assertion can be successfully applied to political  speeches? 4- Which sentence type can typically express the direct speech act of assertion? 5- Could other sentence types indicate the speech act of assertion?

scholarly journals Deverbal and deadjectival nominalization in Dan: Not as different as one might think. A reply to Baker & Gondo (2020)

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentin Feodosievich Vydrin
Keyword(s):  
Syntactic Analysis ◽  
Syntactic Structures ◽  
Intransitive Verb ◽  
Possessive Constructions

The paper (Baker & Gondo 2020) studies several issues in Dan morphosyntax: the formal differences between verbs, nouns and adjectives; two types of possessive constructions (with alienable and inalienable head nouns) and their syntactic structures; the derivation of nouns from verbs and adjectives; low and high nominalization; and possessive constructions with deverbal and deadjectival nouns. As it turns out, Baker & Gondo’s analyses are incorrect in some major points: the key formal differences between verbs, adjectives and nouns have been left unnoticed due to disregard for Dan tonal morphology, and for the same reason, the tonal marking of the high nominalization has also been ignored. Baker & Gondo’s syntactic analysis of the possessive construction with alienable nouns as analogous to the Saxon genitive (king’s house) cannot be accepted; in fact, it can be compared with the genitive construction seen in English the house of the king. Possessive constructions with deverbal and deadjectival nouns are not as radically opposed as one may think after reading Baker & Gondo’s paper; in fact, a noun derived from an intransitive verb can sometimes appear as an alienable noun with respect to its theme, and, conversely, a deadjectival noun can appear as a relational noun with respect to the modified noun.

scholarly journals Language Variation in Minang Colloquial Language Spoken in Kabun region: Sociolinguistic Study on Millennial Citizens

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 92
Author(s):  
Condra Antoni ◽  
Irham Irham ◽  
Gusna Ronsi
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Language Variation ◽  
Standard Language ◽  
Colloquial Language ◽  
New Meanings ◽  
Data Source

Despite the endless discussion on standard and non-standard language, Minangkabau and its dialect have less attention from scholars to study. This paper, therefore, aims to elaborate and compare the variation of Minang colloquial language and Sijunjung dialect spoken in Kabun region. Sociolinguistic theory on language variation and contact were employed to reveal such differences. In terms of data collection, we make use of Buffalo Trophy" as the data source and transcribe some potential words that fit the criteria. Afterward, we ask Sijunjung speakers to respond to those words. This process is recorded in a way to get sufficient interpretation of the possible variation among speakers. This study revealed that Minang and Sijunjung have several prominent dissimilarities in terms of phonological aspects. The changes occur from alveolar /r/ to voiced velar fricative /gh/, from /r/-/w/, from /a/-/o/, and /a/- /aw/. The findings confirmed that Minang as a standard language has phonological variations in Sijunjung dialect. Some of them may carry out new meanings, but the rest may not.

Relics of Some Old Russian Linguistics Features in Modern Russian

2018 ◽  
Vol 79 (8) ◽  
pp. 59-65
Author(s):  
E. A. Galinskaya
Keyword(s):  
Russian Language ◽  
Russian Linguistics ◽  
Standard Language ◽  
Old Russian ◽  
Colloquial Language ◽  
Linguistic System ◽  
Russian Linguistic ◽  
The Russian Language ◽  
Modern Russian ◽  
Indefinite Pronouns

This paper‘s aim is to identy some Old Russian lingustic relics in present-day Russian. For this purpose, the method of comparison of synchronous linguistic levels is used. Most elements of the Old Russian linguistic system have undergone some kind of evolution; some of them disappeared completely (e.g., relativizers to and že), or stayed unchanged (e.g., the declension in singular of feminine *ĭ-stem nouns), or survived only in some dialects (e.g., infinitive r’uti), or are absent from the standard language, but exist in the colloquial language and dialects (e.g., indefinite pronouns identical to interrogative pronouns). Some features are present in the Russian language as unique relics only. Such relics are manifold and sometimes not easily recognizable.

Culture-Specific Communicative Styles as a Framework for Interpreting Linguistic and Cultural Idiosyncrasies

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiana Larina
Keyword(s):  
Intercultural Communication ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Speech Act Theory ◽  
Interpersonal Interaction ◽  
Politeness Theory ◽  
Standard Language ◽  
Cultural Scripts ◽  
Typical User

This paper attempts to define a culture-specific communicative style which I call communicative ethno-style and determine the factors which lead to its formation. While defining communicative ethno-style some generalizations are unavoidable and reference is made to a typical user of standard language and his/her communicative behaviour in interpersonal interaction in everyday situations. At the same time it is not possible to take a dichotomous approach in describing the communicative styles as they form a continuum and need to be viewed in comparison. In this paper I demarcate the dominant features of Russian communicative style as opposed to British and emphasize the importance of a systemized description of culture specific communicative differences through communicative ethno-styles. This is important for developing pragmatic and discourse competence necessary for intercultural communication. The study is based on empirical data obtained through questionnaires, interviews and observations and follows contextual, pragmatic, discourse analyses. The theoretical framework is based on Politeness Theory (Brown and Levinson, 1987; Leech, 1983, 2005; Watts, 2003), Speech Act Theory (Austin, 1962; Searle, 1969) and the Theory of Cultural Scripts (Wierzbicka, 1991/2003, 2002, 2006).

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