Speculations on performance models

1968 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria Fromkin
Keyword(s):  
Speech Act ◽  
Linguistic Competence ◽  
Performance Models ◽  
Syntactic Structures ◽  
Mechanistic Approach ◽  
Speech Performance ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Recurrent Patterns ◽  
The Relationship

The publication of Syntactic Structures in 1957 stimulated a much-needed re-evaluation among linguists as to the goals of linguistic theory and the nature of language. Part of the discussion which has ensued has centred around the question of linguistic competence versus performance. Competence has been related to performance as ‘langue’ is to ‘parole’. ‘Competence’ thus refers to the ‘underlying system of rules that has been mastered by the speaker-hearer’ (Chomsky, 1965) and ‘performance’ to the way the speaker-hearer utilizes this ‘internalized grammar’ when he actually produces and understands utterances. Despite the continued controversy about this distinction, little can be added to the justifications for it put forth over many decades (cf. Chomsky, 1957, 1964, 1965; Katz, 1964, 1966; Postal, 1966; Sapir, 1933; Levin, 1965; de Saussure, 1916; etc.). Yet there remains much vagueness as to the limits of each and the relationship between the two. For many years the confusion was due to the influence of Bloomfield who centred his attention on the speech act; his aim was the classification of the OUTPUT of performance, i.e. the utterances, and led to no theory about the dynamic process of performance itself (Bloomfield, 1924, 1926, 1927, 1933). While giving lip service to a concern for ‘langue’, his own mechanistic approach negated any possibility for the rules of ‘langue’ to be anything more than lists of recurrent patterns found in ‘parole’. And since he was of the opinion that ‘the physiologic and acoustic description of acts of speech belongs to other sciences than ours’ (Bloomfield, 1926: 153) he did not direct himself to those aspects of ‘parole’ which could explain speech performance.

Relation between capacity and performance in paediatric upper limb prosthesis users

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Lindner ◽  
Ayako Hiyoshi ◽  
Liselotte Hermansson
Keyword(s):  
Real Life ◽  
Myoelectric Control ◽  
International Classification Of Functioning ◽  
Upper Limb Prosthesis ◽  
Unit Increase ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Adjusted Model ◽  
The Relationship

Background: The International Classification of functioning, disability and health refers capacity to what an individual can do in a standardised environment and describes performance as what an individual really does and whether the individual encounters any difficulty in the real-life environment. Measures of capacity and performance can help to determine if there is any gap between them that may restrict participation. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between capacity scores obtained in a standardised clinical setting and proportional ease of performance obtained from a real-life environment. Methods: The Assessment of Capacity for Myoelectric Control and the Prosthetic Upper Extremity Functional Index were used to assess capacity and performance in 62 prosthetic users (age 3–17). Spearman coefficient and generalised linear model were used to examine the association between these measures. Results: A strong correlation (Spearman = 0.75) was found between the capacity scores and the ease of performance. In both unadjusted and adjusted models, capacity was significantly associated with proportional ease of performance. The adjusted model showed that, by 1 unit increase in the Assessment of Capacity for Myoelectric Control score, the ratio of proportional ease of performance increases by 45%. Conclusion: This implies that Assessment of Capacity for Myoelectric Control can be a predictor for ease of performance in real-life environment. Clinical relevance The ACMC scores may serve as an indicator to predict the difficulties that the children may encounter in their home environment. This prediction can help the clinician to make decisions, such that if the child requires more control training or is ready to move on to learn more complex tasks.

Acts and the relationship between discourse and grammar

2005 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike Hannay ◽  
Caroline Kroon
Keyword(s):  
Considerable Extent ◽  
Central Question ◽  
Grammatical Structure ◽  
Syntactic Structures ◽  
Intonation Units ◽  
The Status ◽  
Discourse Grammar ◽  
Discourse Organization ◽  
The Relationship

In modelling the discourse–grammar interface, a central question concerns the status of discourse act as the minimal unit of discourse organization and its relation to units of grammatical structure. This paper seeks to clarify the notion of act by defining it as a strategic rather than a conceptual unit, and by setting out a classification of strategic acts. Illustration is then offered for the position that discourse acts are to a very considerable extent realized in English by intonation units and punctuation units. This is done by considering how punctuational variation and cases of intonation/syntax mismatch can be explained in terms of the specific discourse contribution of the units concerned. Although the correlation between discourse acts and intonation/punctuation units remains problematic, in that there may not be a 1 : 1 correspondence, it is still attractive — at least for English — to see the linguistic correlate of acts in intonation and punctuation units rather than in syntactic structures. The paper finishes by considering the implications for the formalizing of relations between discourse, semantics and syntax in Functional Discourse Grammar.

scholarly journals FUNGSI TINDAK TUTUR DIREKTIF PERAWAT TERHADAP PASIEN DI RUANG FISIOTERAPI RSU HAJI MEDAN–SUMATRA UTARA

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Arni Chairul
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Directive Speech

In communicating activities certainly can not be separated from the theory of speech acts. Speech acts as a form of communication event is not an event that happens by itself, but has a function, contains a specific purpose can cause influence or effect on the said partner. The speech acts is a theory that tries to study the meaning of language based on the relationship of speech with the actions performed by the speaker.Language is used by speakers to convey specific intentions to speech partners such as ordering, begging, asking, and etc.Such speech acts as speech acts are grouped into speech acts directive. Speech from a (speaker) is of course not merely the origin of speech, but it contains certain intentions.The classification of speech acting speech function are : competitive,convivial, collaborative, conflictive.The purpose of this study was to identify the function of speech acts of the nurse directive to the patient in the physiotherapy room at RSU. Haji Medan - North Sumatera.This research is a qualitative research using descriptive and comparative method. From the data analysis found the function of speech act directive, competitive 'compete' with its subfunctions to govern and ask; and collaborative functions 'in collaboration' with its subfunctions stating, teaching, reporting and announcing. From the discussion it is suggested that nurses use speech act directive that has indicators of politeness in Indonesian language so that the function of acting speech directive can be achieved in conveying the intent and purpose to the patient.

scholarly journals Musical Shaping Gestures: Considerations about Terminology and Methodology

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elaine King
Keyword(s):  
Observational Research ◽  
Hearing Impairments ◽  
Gesture Studies ◽  
Research In Education ◽  
Physical Gestures ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Opening Up ◽  
Consistent Application

Fulford and Ginsborg’s investigation into non-verbal communication during music rehearsal-talk between performers with and without hearing impairments extends existing research in the field of gesture studies by contributing significantly to our understanding of musicians’ physical gestures as well as opening up discussion about the relationship between speech, sign and gesture in discourse about music. Importantly, the authors weigh up the possibility of an emerging sign language about music. This commentary focuses on three key considerations in response to their paper: first, use of terminology in the study of gesture, specifically about ‘musical shaping gestures’ (MSGs); second, methodological issues about capturing physical gestures; and third, evaluation of the application of gesture research beyond the rehearsal context. While the difficulties of categorising gestures in observational research are acknowledged, I indicate that the consistent application of terminology from outside and within the study is paramount. I also suggest that the classification of MSGs might be based upon a set of observed physical characteristics within a single gesture, including size, duration, speed, plane and handedness, leading towards an alternative taxonomy for interpreting these data. Finally, evaluation of the application of gesture research in education and performance arenas is provided.

Supply chain integration and performance relationship: a moderating effects review

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 1243-1271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Tarifa-Fernandez ◽  
Jerónimo De Burgos-Jiménez
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Supply Chain Integration ◽  
Moderating Effects ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Moderating Factors ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Positive Results

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to interpret the relationship between supply chain integration (SCI) and performance and to find empirical evidence of the moderating factors that affects said relationship, as well as to describe, classify, and discuss the empirical evidence. Design/methodology/approach A systematic review of 72 studies published during the period 2001-2015 is offered. A multi-criteria approach is used to sort, structure and classify papers with the purpose of contributing to the discussion. Findings The direct relationship between SCI and performance shows mostly positive results; however, the moderating effects analyzed show a clear lack of consistency since their effect and significance vary depending on the measures used, both in SCI and performance. Research limitations/implications The use of specific keywords of SCI to select an initial sample of papers may lead to a narrow perspective, although snowballing was used to include relevant papers initially excluded. Originality/value The analysis and classification of moderating factors as well as the measure of their tendency help to better understand the questions that remain unsolved regarding SCI and performance. Propositions for further research are suggested.

scholarly journals A Socio-pragmatic Analysis of Selected Covid-19-related Utterances

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Acheoah John Emike ◽  
Garba Azika Jega ◽  
Okoh Gloria Onyemariechi
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Linguistic Competence ◽  
Shared Knowledge ◽  
Situational Context ◽  
Pragmatic Analysis ◽  
Linguistic Structures

This study is a socio-pragmatic analysis of selected utterances of interlocutors whose discourse subject is “Covid-19”. In using language, it is not enough to be grammatical; language use should be underpinned by contextual nuances because this is a good way of using language as actions that produce results or effects. Therefore, the analysis of the selected linguistic structures in this study is an investigation of linguistic competence demonstrated through lexical choices and speech act sequencing. The approach explored in the study is discursive and integrative; for example, instead of strictly listing the speech acts performed in each utterance, they are mentioned in terms of how they impinge on the on-going interaction. The study underscores who says “what?”, “how?” and “why?”. Although this study is mainly hinged on the Pragma-crafting Theory, Bach and Harnish’s [1] speech act taxonomy is explored in the classification of the speech acts performed in the utterances. On the whole, the study concludes that the socio-pragmatic use of language is underpinned by the psychological and situational context(s), and produces expected results due to speaker-hearer shared knowledge.

scholarly journals Applications of Deep Learning in News Text Classification

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Menghan Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Text Classification ◽  
Recall Rate ◽  
Technological Advancement ◽  
Text Data ◽  
Healthcare Data ◽  
Feature Information ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Relationship

The advancement in technology is taking place with an accelerating pace across the globe. With the increasing expansion and technological advancement, a vast volume of text data are generated everyday, in the form of social media platform, websites, company data, healthcare data, and news. Indeed, it is a difficult task to extract intriguing patterns from the text data, such as opinions, summaries, and facts, having varying length. Because of the problems of the length of text data and the difficulty of feature value extraction in news, this paper proposes a news text classification method based on the combination of deep learning (DL) algorithms. In order to classify the text data, the earlier approaches use a single word vector to express text information and only the information of the relationship between words were considered, but the relationship between words and categories was ignored which indeed is an important factor for the classification of news text. This paper follows the idea of a customized algorithm which is the combination of DL algorithms such as CNN, LSTM, and MLP and proposes a customized DCLSTM-MLP model for the classification of news text data. The proposed model is expressed in parallel with word vector and word dispersion. The relationship among words is represented by the word vector as an input of the CNN module, and the relationship between words and categories is represented by a discrete vector as an input of the MLP module in order to realize comprehensive learning of spatial feature information, time-series feature information, and relationship between words and categories of news text. To check the stability and performance of the proposed method, multiple experiments were performed. The experimental results showed that the proposed method solves the problems of text length, difficulty of feature extraction in the news text, and classification of news text in an effective way and attained better accuracy, recall rate, and comprehensive value as compared to the other models.

Linguistic Competence in Aphasia

2008 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 87-92
Author(s):  
Leonard L. LaPointe
Keyword(s):  
Language Use ◽  
Linguistic Competence ◽  
Careful Study ◽  
Feral Children ◽  
Performance Factors ◽  
Performance Loss ◽  
Linguistic Rules ◽  
Communication Goals ◽  
Aphasia Treatment ◽  
And Performance

Abstract Loss of implicit linguistic competence assumes a loss of linguistic rules, necessary linguistic computations, or representations. In aphasia, the inherent neurological damage is frequently assumed by some to be a loss of implicit linguistic competence that has damaged or wiped out neural centers or pathways that are necessary for maintenance of the language rules and representations needed to communicate. Not everyone agrees with this view of language use in aphasia. The measurement of implicit language competence, although apparently necessary and satisfying for theoretic linguistics, is complexly interwoven with performance factors. Transience, stimulability, and variability in aphasia language use provide evidence for an access deficit model that supports performance loss. Advances in understanding linguistic competence and performance may be informed by careful study of bilingual language acquisition and loss, the language of savants, the language of feral children, and advances in neuroimaging. Social models of aphasia treatment, coupled with an access deficit view of aphasia, can salve our restless minds and allow pursuit of maximum interactive communication goals even without a comfortable explanation of implicit linguistic competence in aphasia.

The Influence of Cognitive and Affective Reactions to Feedback on Subsequent Goals

2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Remus Ilies ◽  
Timothy A. Judge ◽  
David T. Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Performance Feedback ◽  
Business School ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Dispositional Measure ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Reactions To Feedback

This paper focuses on explaining how individuals set goals on multiple performance episodes, in the context of performance feedback comparing their performance on each episode with their respective goal. The proposed model was tested through a longitudinal study of 493 university students’ actual goals and performance on business school exams. Results of a structural equation model supported the proposed conceptual model in which self-efficacy and emotional reactions to feedback mediate the relationship between feedback and subsequent goals. In addition, as expected, participants’ standing on a dispositional measure of behavioral inhibition influenced the strength of their emotional reactions to negative feedback.

Cognitive Factors Mediate the Relation Between Age and Flight Path Maintenance in General Aviation

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen Van Benthem ◽  
Chris M. Herdman
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Functioning ◽  
Flight Path ◽  
General Aviation ◽  
Cognitive Factors ◽  
Pilot Performance ◽  
Pilot Error ◽  
Age Related ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. Identifying pilot attributes associated with risk is important, especially in general aviation where pilot error is implicated in most accidents. This research examined the relationship of pilot age, expertise, and cognitive functioning to deviations from an ideal circuit trajectory. In all, 54 pilots, of varying age, flew a Cessna 172 simulator. Cognitive measures were obtained using the CogScreen-AE ( Kay, 1995 ). Older age and lower levels of expertise and cognitive functioning were associated with significantly greater flight path deviations. The relationship between age and performance was fully mediated by a cluster of cognitive factors: speed and working memory, visual attention, and cognitive flexibility. These findings add to the literature showing that age-related changes in cognition may impact pilot performance.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document