scholarly journals Koodinvaihdot ja prosodia

Virittäjä ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 125 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mari Wiklund ◽  
Salla Kurhila
Keyword(s):  
Code Switching ◽  
Prosodic Features ◽  
Reported Speech ◽  
Telephone Conversation ◽  
Language Varieties ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Quality Of Voice ◽  
The Relationship

Koodinvaihdolla tarkoitetaan kielen tai kielimuodon vaihtumista toiseksi samassa puhetilanteessa tai tekstissä. Koodinvaihtoja on tutkittu paljon, mutta niiden prosodisten piirteiden käsittely on jäänyt lähinnä maininnan tasolle. Tämä artikkeli tarkastelee lähemmin koodinvaihtojen prosodiaa. Tavoitteena on koodinvaihtoja sisältävää keskusteluaineistoa analysoimalla valottaa prosodian osuutta koodinvaihtojen merkitysten tulkinnassa. Tutkimuksen aineistona on puolen tunnin puhelinkeskustelu, jossa Suomessa syntynyt mutta pitkään Kanadassa asunut nainen keskustelee Suomessa asuvan siskonpoikansa kanssa. Aineistossa on yhteensä 73 koodinvaihtoesiintymää, joissa keskustelun kieli vaihtuu hetkellisesti suomesta englanniksi. Menetelmällisesti tutkimus nojautuu keskustelunanalyysiin. Tutkimuksen tulokset osoittavat, että useimmiten koodinvaihtoihin liittyy sävelkorkeuden ja intensiteetin nousu. Tyypillisiä koodinvaihtotapauksia, joissa sävelkorkeus ja intensiteetti nousevat, ovat lainasanat ja referointi. Lainasanoissa nousulla ohjataan vastaanottajan huomiota ja haetaan hänen reaktiotaan sanoihin, jotka ovat olennaisia vuoron sisällön tai kertomuksen kannalta mutta joiden tunnistamisessa saattaisi olla ongelmia. Referoinnissa sen sijaan prosodiset muutokset auttavat luomaan ”toisen äänen”. Tällöin sävelkorkeuden ja intensiteetin nousemiseen voi liittyä myös värittynyt äänenlaatu. Molemmissa tapauksissa prosodinen kohosteisuus koodinvaihdossa kutsuu vastaanottajaa terästämään huomiotaan kyseisiin sanoihin tai ilmauksiin. Nousevan sävelkorkeuden lisäksi aineistossa esiintyy myös jonkin verran ympäristöä matalammalta sävelkorkeudelta ja hiljaisemmalla äänellä lausuttuja koodinvaihtoilmauksia. Tällöin koodinvaihdot ovat pikemmin vuorovaikutusta jäsentäviä ilmauksia kuin kertomuksen kannalta olennaisia sisältösanoja ja enemmän puhujalle itselleen kuin vastaanottajalle suunnattua puhetta. Prosodian vaihtelulla voidaan siis säädellä vastaanottajuuden astetta ja merkitä käytössä olevien kielten suhdetta toisiinsa.   Code-switching and prosody: A case study of the speech of an expatriate Finn living in Canada Code-switching occurs when a speaker alternates between two or more languages or language varieties in the same conversation or text. As a phenomenon, code-switching has been investigated fairly extensively, but the prosodic features that characterise many of the switches have not gained much attention in previous studies. This article examines the prosody of code-switching instances in more detail. By analysing naturally occurring conversational data, the article sheds light on the role that prosody plays in the interpretation of code-switching instances. The data consists of a 30-minute telephone conversation in which a lady, who was born in Finland but has lived in Canada for a long time, talks with her nephew, who lives in Finland. The conversation features 73 occurrences of code-switching in which the language of the conversation changes momentarily from Finnish to English. The method of our study is that of Conversation Analysis. The results of the study show that the instances of code-switching are usually produced with raised levels of pitch and intensity. Speakers typically use higher pitch and intensity when uttering loanwords or reported speech. As for loanwords, such prosodic marking invites the recipient to pay attention to the word that carries the rise in order to elicit a reaction to words whose recognition might be problematic. In the case of reported speech, however, prosodic features help to create a “second voice”. In addition to changes of pitch and intensity, the quality of voice can be marked in reported speech. In both these cases the prosodic marking carried by the code-switching invites the recipient to pay attention to the words or expressions in question. In addition to raised pitch and intensity, the data also includes several instances in which the code-switching is marked with lowered levels of pitch and intensity. In these cases, the code-switching typically consists of expressions that structure the interaction rather than constitute important content words as regards the ongoing narration. Furthermore, these instances are also more directed towards the speaker herself than to the recipient. Thus, prosodic changes can be used to regulate the degree of recipiency and to indicate the relationship between the languages being used.  

scholarly journals Does Tenure Security Reduce Disaster Risk? A Comparative Study of the Nairobi Settlements of Kibera and Kawangware

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rónán McDermott ◽  
Pat Gibbons ◽  
Dalmas Ochieng ◽  
Charles Owuor Olungah ◽  
Desire Mpanje
Keyword(s):  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Disaster Risk ◽  
Comparative Case Study ◽  
Complex Relationship ◽  
Tenure Security ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Urban Informal Settlements ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractWhile scholarship suggests that improving tenure security and housing significantly reduces disaster risk at the household level within urban settings, this assertion has not been adequately tested. Tenure security can be conceived as being composed of three interrelated and overlapping forms: tenure security as determined by legal systems; de facto tenure security; and tenure security as perceived by residents. This article traces the relationship between tenure security, the quality of housing, and disaster risk on the basis of a mixed methods comparative case study of the settlements of Kawangware and Kibera in Nairobi. Although the findings suggest that owner-occupancy is associated with the structural integrity of dwellings to a greater extent than tenantship, no association was found between the length of occupancy by households and the structural integrity of the dwelling. Moreover, tenantship is not found to be closely associated with fires and flooding affecting the dwelling as extant scholarship would suggest. Formal ownership is linked with greater investment and upgrading of property with significant implications for disaster risk. Our findings highlight the complex relationship between tenure security and disaster risk in urban informal settlements and provide impetus for further investigation.

AN EXPLORATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE QUALITY OF PUBLIC GOVERNANCE AND INCOME INEQUALITY: A CASE STUDY OF VIETNAM

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
PHUC VAN PHAN
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Local Governance ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Generalized Method Of Moments ◽  
Dynamic Panel Data ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Public Governance ◽  
The Relationship

Public governance and income inequality relationship is complex and debatable. This paper examines the extent to which the quality of local governance affects inequality in Vietnam spanning the 2006–2016 period. I apply a generalized method of moments (GMM) estimators to a dynamic panel data extracted from the Vietnam’s provincial competitiveness index and the Vietnam household living standard surveys. The findings are that there is a positive inequality — corruption link but no statistically significant correlation coefficient between the overall level of governance and income disparity. The study, therefore, suggests that the Vietnamese Government at all levels should consider both more effective legal practices and economic low-cost solutions to mitigate corruption.

scholarly journals Penerapan Standar Operasional Prosedur Pada Klinik Utama Vincentius Kristus Raja Surabaya

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-155
Author(s):  
Jeanne Asteria Wawolangi ◽  
Anita Permatasari
Keyword(s):  
Research Study ◽  
Standard Operating Procedures ◽  
Quality Of Services ◽  
Public Health Services ◽  
Clinic Foundation ◽  
Health Clinics ◽  
Standard Operating ◽  
Long Time

Vincentius Kristus Raja (KR) Main Clinic aims to serve patients effectively and economically in an effort to improve the quality of public health services, especially in Surabaya. This type of research is descriptive qualitative in the form of a case study, to assess the implementation of standard operating procedures at the Vincentius Kristus Raja Main Clinic. Relevant data collection was carried out using questionnaires distributed to personnel related to standard operating procedures. The results of the research study according to the questionnaire indicate that the operational implementation is in accordance with the standard operating procedures that have been set based on the policies of the leadership and the Vincentius Kristus Raja Main Clinic Foundation. Compliance with standard operating procedures is very important because standard operating procedures are guidelines or references for carrying out tasks and work in accordance with their functions. The conclusions and suggestions from this study are that although compliance with standard operating procedures is adequate, the Vincentius Kristus Raja Main Clinic needs to develop and improve the quality of services, especially better communication with patients, both new patients and patients who have been on treatment for a long time at the Vincentius Kristus Raja Main Clinic. Considering that there are now many new health clinics that can be competitors for the Vincentius Kristus Raja Main Clinic, there must be a good response to this phenomenon. The emergence of these new competitors requires the Vincentius Kristus Raja Main Clinic to be able to be competitive in order to face the existing competition by improving the quality and quality of service for patients.

Relationship between organizational commitments and organizational citizenship behaviour in a sample of private banking employees

2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (1/2) ◽  
pp. 91-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Zayas-Ortiz ◽  
Ernesto Rosario ◽  
Eulalia Marquez ◽  
Pablo Colón Gruñeiro
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Commitment ◽  
Organizational Citizenship ◽  
Civic Virtue ◽  
Measurement Instruments ◽  
Moral Commitment ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Private Banking ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether there was a relationship between commitment and the behaviour of organizational citizenship among bank employees. Design/methodology/approach – This paper is based on the outcomes of a doctoral dissertation, which was a case study combining a mix methodology. The results validated the conceptual model proposed by the researcher and answered the research questions. Measurement instruments used include the organizational citizenship scale and the organizational commitment scale, developed and validated by Rosario et al. (2004). Findings – The paper finds that there is a positive correlation between the organizational commitment and the indicators of organizational citizenship behaviour and civic virtue, courtesy and altruism dimensions shown by the employees. The dimensions of affective and moral commitment had the strongest correlation with the civic virtue dimension of organizational citizenship. Research limitations/implications – Sample consist only of private banking employees. Practical implications – The organizations should support the affective and moral commitment in their personnel in order to develop strong citizenship behaviour. Social implications – The organizational commitment with demonstrations of citizenship behaviour, civic virtue, and courtesy and altruism dimensions may impact the organization and the community creating a good base to improve the quality of life. Originality/value – This is the first attempt to study the relationship between organizational commitments and organizational citizenship behaviour in a sample of private banking employees in Puerto Rico.

Rethinking the Relationship Between Public Regulation and Private Litigation: Evidence from Securities Class Action in China

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 333-361
Author(s):  
Robin Hui Huang
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Class Action ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Securities Law ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Public And Private Enforcement ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The U.S

Abstract China has a civil procedure for collective litigation, which is dubbed Chinese-style class action, as it differs from the U.S.-style class action in some important ways. Using securities class action as a case study, this Article empirically examines both the quantity and quality of reported cases in China. It shows that the number of cases is much lower than expected, but the percentage of recovery is significantly higher than that in the United States. Based on this, the Article casts doubt on the popular belief that China should adopt the U.S.-style class action, and sheds light on the much-debated issue concerning the relationship between public and private enforcement of securities law. The Article also discusses the future prospects of securities class action in China in light of some recent developments which may provide its functional equivalents, including the regulator-brokered compensation fund and public interest group litigation.

Trust relations in a changing health service

2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 97-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Calnan ◽  
Rosemary Rowe
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Context ◽  
Comparative Case Study ◽  
Professional Status ◽  
Working Relationships ◽  
Cultural Changes ◽  
Organizational Settings ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Recent Policy

Objective: Trust in health care is an important policy area although research has tended to focus on interpersonal trust between patient and practitioner and has neglected trust relations at the organizational and institutional levels. Each of these levels of trust may have been influenced by recent policy and organizational changes in the NHS as well as wider cultural changes. Our aim was to explore the relationship between patients, practitioners and managers to identify if there was any evidence of changes in trust relations. Method: A comparative case study design in two different clinical and organizational settings. Results: Trust is still important for effective therapeutic and working relationships but the nature of that trust and how it is lost and won appears to be affected by the organizational context in which health services are delivered. The increasing partnership between patients and clinicians in managing health problems and the greater interdependence of clinicians and managers in providing multidisciplinary shared care have changed how patients, clinicians and managers trust each other. For many informants trust can no longer be assumed, it is conditional and has to be earned. However, the sources of trust are the quality of the patient- clinician interaction, the competence and empathy that is displayed rather than informed trust based on abstract disembodied data. Likewise in inter-practitioner relationships and clinician-manager relations trust no longer appears to be primarily based on professional status and seniority, instead it appears to be conditional and may be earned through a variety of strategies that demonstrate honesty, reliability, competence, accessibility and an indication that colleagues share similar values and have a common agenda. Conclusion: Trust is still important for effective therapeutic and working relationships.

scholarly journals Komunitas Pedesaan di Malaysia : Masalah Dan Tantangan

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 1406-1414
Author(s):  
Teuku Afrizal
Keyword(s):  
Community Development ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Village ◽  
Depth Interviews

Community development is an effort to improve the standard of living and quality of life of the community. The Wawasan Village Movement Program is a program that focuses on the development of rural human development towards a village that is more advanced, attractive and profitable. Even though in its implementation, community development is running smoothly and successfully. However, post-success needs to be maintained and sustainable. This article focuses on problems and challenges in the context of rural community development through the Wawasan Village Movement program. This article takes a case study in the Village of Shadow Keningau, Sabah Malaysia. Data collection was carried out through in-depth interviews, focus group discussions and observations. As well as documentation of published and unpublished materials. The article found several important facilitators who became problems and challenges after the successful implementation of the Village Movement Movement program in Keningau Shadow Village. This includes; (i) no further action from the government after the success; (ii) difficulty maintaining existing committees; (iii) idle and using assets for a long time; (iv loosening of social ties. In short, after the success of the government, it is necessary to give encouragement and encouragement to the Desa Bayangan community by making this village a model village. In addition, taking community members as facilitators in fostering other Wawasan Village Movement villages that are being fostered.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Bacteriological Quality of Dug-Wells & Pit Latrine Siting in an Unplanned Peri-Urban Settlement: A Case Study of Langas – Eldoret Municipality, Western Kenya

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 32-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Muruka ◽  
Francis Adeniyi Fagbamigbe ◽  
Andrew Muruka ◽  
John Njuguna ◽  
David Odhiambo Otieno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Settlement ◽  
Western Kenya ◽  
Bacteriological Quality ◽  
Dug Wells ◽  
Pit Latrine ◽  
The Relationship

scholarly journals Assessing the habitability of single-family houses in Iraq a case study in Sulaimaniya city

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (43) ◽  
pp. 175-188
Author(s):  
Nahedh Taha Al-Qemaqchi ◽  
Tara Azad Rauof
Keyword(s):  
Open Space ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Area Ratio ◽  
Single Family ◽  
Housing Standards ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Determining Factor ◽  
Key Questions

A residence strongly influences the lifestyle of its occupants and may be a determining factor for the family's quality of life. To maintain the comfort and well-being of its occupants, each dwelling should be adequate for the household. The dwelling should therefore provide a habitable and comfortable environment. Housing space standards in many countries set the conditions for achieving these objectives and generally regulate the overall sizes of individual rooms in addition to the layouts of dwellings. This paper seeks to explore the relationship between habitable area ratios and other component area ratios, such as the structure area, the service area, the circulation area and the open space area, in the context of Iraqi single-family houses. Therefore, this study aims to answer two key questions: Is the habitable area ratio among other ratios compatible with Iraqi housing standards? And does it affect the performance of the units? To this end, the paper adopted a methodology for calculating each area ratio in several newly established complexes in Sulaimaniya City and their relationship to the size of different plot areas for assessing the habitability and efficiency of different house plot areas.

scholarly journals USER’S PERCEPTIONS OF SACREDNESS (Case Study: Catholic Churches in Indonesia)

2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-46
Author(s):  
Nita Dwi Estika ◽  
Hanson E. Kusuma ◽  
Angela Christysonia Tampubolon ◽  
Filipus Bagus Widyawan
Keyword(s):  
Catholic Church ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Text Data ◽  
Church Building ◽  
Sacred Object ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Catholic Churches

Sacredness in Catholic churches has two aspects: sacredness derived from the purpose and activities of worship and sacredness that arises from the physical and spatial aspects of a church building. The purpose of this study was to reveal factors that affect sacredness in Catholic churches from the perspective of the worshiper. The researchers conducted an exploratory qualitative research to collect text data related to the perception of Catholic church sacredness. The data were collected through an online questionnaire. The researchers also conducted an explanatory quantitative research to uncover the relationship between level of church sacredness and physical and nonphysical factors. The results showed that the ‘sacred spirit’ factor tends to be more dominant in affecting church sacredness compared to ‘sacred object’. Worshipers measure church sacredness according to ‘devoted reflection’, ‘relationship with God’, ‘quality of space’, ‘enclosure acculturation’, and ‘building style’.

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