scholarly journals Fixed ammonium in some Finnish soils

1966 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-58
Author(s):  
Armi Kaila
Keyword(s):  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Heterogeneous Material ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Total Ammonium

The nonexchangeable or fixed NH4-N was determined by the method of SCHACHTSCHABEL in 130 samples of Finnish mineral soils. In this relatively heterogeneous material consisting of 44 samples from the surface layer down to 20 cm and 86 samples from the deeper layers, the pH values ranged from 3.3 to 7.5, the contents of clay from 0 to 96 per cent, organic C from 0.03 to 6.6 per cent, and Kjeldahl-N from 0.13 to 4.53 mg/g. In the 46 finesand, loam and silt soil samples, the content of nonexchangeable NH4-N was, on the average, 90 ± 30 ppm ranging from 0 to 190 ppm. In the 84 clay soil samples it ranged from 40 to 620 ppm, with an average of 290 ± 30 ppm. The heavy clay soils of the deeper layers were particularly rich in fixed NH4-N containing it averagely 400 ± 40 ppm. Because of these soils the mean value in the samples of the deeper layers was as high as 260 ± 30 ppm and thus significantly higher than the corresponding figure in the surface soils, 140 ± 40 ppm. In the clay soils the amount of nonexchangeable ammonium was correlated with the clay fraction less than 0.6 μ (r = 0.74***), but not at all with the coarser clay. In the finesand, loam, and silt soils no correlation between the contents of fixed ammonium and clay was detected. No close relationship existed between the indigenous fixed ammonium and the capacity of the soil to fix applied ammonium. If the sum of these quantities would represent the total ammonium fixing capacity of the soil, about one half of this capacity would be saturated by the native fixed ammonium in the topsoil. In the subsoils the rate of saturation would be much lower. In the topsoil samples the amount of nonexchangeable NH4-N corresponded in the non-clay soils to 4 ± 2 per cent and in the clay soils to 9 ± 3 per cent of the Kjeldahl-N. In the subsoil samples the corresponding average percentage was 52 ± 5. The rather low ratios of organic C to Kjeldahl-N in the clay soils of the deeper layers may be taken to indicate that a part of the Kjeldahl-N was not in organic compounds. The C/N-ratios obtained when the amount of nonexchangeable NH4-N is subtracted from the Kjeldahl-N may be too high to characterize the soil organic matter, since it is likely that all the fixed NH4-N was not determined by the Kjeldahl-procedure.

scholarly journals Base-neutralizing capacity of Finnish mineral soils

1986 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 43-46
Author(s):  
Helinä Hartikainen
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Neutralizing Capacity ◽  
Heavy Clay ◽  
Mineral Soils

The base-neutralizing capacity, BMC7 (OH- as meq kg-1 needed to raise soil pH to 7), was determined graphically from curves obtained in KOH titration (at a constant ionic strength of I = 0.1). In 84 soil samples, BMC7 amounted to 0—316 meq kg-1, being highest in the heavy clay soils and lowest in the non-clay soils. In different textural groups, BMC7 seemed most markedly to be dependent on the initial soil pH, followed by organic C or oxalate soluble Al, in the coarser clays also on clay content. The results evidence that in determination of lime requirement, attention should be paid to the capacity of soil acidity. In routine soil testing, detailed lime recommendations for various soil types are needed.

scholarly journals Sulphur status in Finnish cultivated soils

1973 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-215
Author(s):  
Johan Korkman
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Induction Furnace ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Total Sulphur ◽  
Sulphate Sulphur ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Sulphur Uptake ◽  
Cultivated Soils

A method for determining total sulphur in plant material and soil samples using the induction furnace technique and subsequent turbidimetric determination of sulphate sulphur was discussed. A procedure for extracting sulphur from soil samples with ammonium acetate (pH 4.65), the interference of the organic matter being reduced by oxidation of the extract with H2O2, was proposed. Sulphur balance in Finnish cultivated soils was estimated by taking into account the average amounts of emitted (8 kg S/ha/yr.), precipitated (8 kg S/ha/yr.) and leached (8 kg S/ha/yr.) sulphur. The actual situation in the cultivated soils seems thus to be depending, on an average, on the uptake by plants and the sulphur applied (12 kg S/ha/yr. in the early 1970s). In 104 samples of cultivated soil, the content of total sulphur showed a slight correlation with the content of organic carbon. The amounts of sulphur extracted in various ways were not predictable by means of the soil characteristics used (pHCaCl2, org. C and texture). Extracted sulphur did not correlate sufficiently with the development and sulphur uptake of plants. Under field conditions in northern Finland, sulphur application produced a relatively distinct result in respect both to the ley yields on Carex peat, and their sulphur content. On mineral soils in southern Finland the yields were unaffected by supplementary fertilization with sulphur. In the pot experiments performed a fairly close relationship between sulphur and nitrogen was demonstrated.

scholarly journals Fixation of potassium by soil samples under various conditions

1965 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 195-206
Author(s):  
Armi Kaila
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Soil Reaction ◽  
Soil Drying ◽  
Exchangeable Potassium ◽  
Heavy Clay ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Total Potassium

The fixation of added potassium under various conditions was studied using soil samples collected from three layers of ten mineral soils. The type of soil ranged from finesand to heavy clay, the soil reaction from pH 3.3 to pH 6.4 (in 0.01 M CaCl2), and the total potassium content from 1.99 to 3.41 per cent. The fixation against an extraction with neutral ammonium acetate distinctly depended on the conditions used for the application of potassium: on the average, without drying the samples fixed during one hour somewhat more than 80 per cent of the amount fixed during 18 hours, when the samples were treated with KCI-solutions corresponding to 2.5 me K/100 g soil. Drying the suspension at 80°C resulted in a fixation 1.2 to 4.1 times as high as that under the »wet» conditions within one hour. The results of these two methods were not particularly closely correlated (r = 0.73***). The results of the »dry» method were found to be of the same order as the fixation of potassium in samples incubated for three months at room temperature. The results of the »dry» fixation were positively correlated with the pH (r = 0.75***) and negatively correlated with the contents of organic carbon (r = —0.63***) and exchangeable potassium (r = —0.40*), but they were not correlated with the contents of clay or the acid soluble potassium. Under the »wet» conditions the relative fixation generally decreased with an increase in the application of potassium, but there were samples which fixed a rather low but almost equal portion of all the applications from 0.625 to 40 me K/100 g soil. The fixation from the highest addition was correlated with the clay fraction

scholarly journals Acid-neutralizing capacity of Finnish mineral soils

1985 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 279-283
Author(s):  
Helinä Hartikainen
Keyword(s):  
Clay Soils ◽  
Acid Neutralizing Capacity ◽  
Significant Variable ◽  
Exchange Reactions ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Neutralizing Capacity ◽  
Heavy Clay ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Soil Groups

The acid-neutralizing capacity (ANC) was determined graphically from curves obtained in HCI titration (at a constant ionic strength I = 0.1) and was expressed as a quantity of acid (meq kg-1) needed to reduce the soil pH to 3.8. The relationship between ANC3.8 g and soil characteristics was studied statistically. In 84 soil samples, ANC3.8 ranged from 12 to 184 meq kg-1. The average ANC3.8 was highest in the heavy clay soils and lowest in the non-clay soils, but the differences between the various textural soil groups were not significant. In all soil groups the initial pHCaCl2 was relatively the most important factor explaining the variation in ANC3.8. Organic C was also a significant variable; this was considered to indicate the importance of cation exchange reactions of organic matter in acid-buffering. With the exception of heavy clay soils, oxalate-soluble Al significantly explained the variation in ANC3.8, suggesting that dissolution of Al hydroxides acted as a sink for H+ ions and contributed to the neutralizing capacity at the reference pH of 3.8.

scholarly journals Dampak Kebakaran Hutan Terhadap Flora Dan Sifat Tanah Mineral Di Kawasan Hutan Kabupaten Pelalawan Provinsi Riau

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-44
Author(s):  
Basuki Wasis ◽  
Bambang Hero Saharjo ◽  
Robi Deslia Waldi
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Respiration ◽  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
Forest Biomass ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Total Fungi ◽  
Research Show

Forest fires cause the death of flora, soil damage and smoke disasters. The research was corected at the productivity forest and soil samples were taken through purposive sampling. The result of research show that forest fires cause the death of flora by 100% and erosion occurring at the dept of 5-10 cm. Forest fires cause a significant increase in pH, Ca and Mg mineral soils, and reduce organic C, total microorganisms, total fungi and soil respiration significantly. Forest fires increase soil pH and soil fertility due to ash remaining combustion. The residual combustion ash comes from organic material (natural forest biomass and organic matter) which is burned was which of nutrient needed fan the growth of the vegetation in the forest.Keywords: forest fires, mineral soils, soil fertility, soil properties

scholarly journals Aluminium and acidity in Finnish soils

1971 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-19
Author(s):  
Armi Kaila
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Exchange Acidity ◽  
Soil Groups

In the present study an attempt was made to study by statistical methods the proportion of Al of the exchange acidity of 298 soil samples of various kind, and to what extent the titratable nonexchangeable acidity in these soils is connected with Al, when Al soluble in Tamm’s acid oxalate was used as its indicator. Unbuffered N KCI replaced Al only from soil samples with a pH less than 5.3 in 0.01 M CaCl2 . In this part of the material, Al corresponded, on the average, to one third of the exchange acidity of mineral soil samples, and to 16 per cent of that of organic soils. The amount of Al was usually the higher the lower the soil pH, but the correlation was close only in the group of clay soils. Titratable nonexchangeable acidity was estimated as the difference of the amount of acidity neutralized at pH 8.2 and the corresponding amount of exchange acidity replaced by unbuffered KCI. In 100 clay soil samples it was, on the average, 12.0 ± 1.3 me/100 g, in 42 samples of silt and loam soils 8.8 ± 1.8 me/100 g, in 99 sandy soils 8.9 ± 1.1 me/100 g and in 57 organic soils 49.1 ± 6.8 me/100 g. There was no correlation between titratable nonexchangeable acidity and the clay content within various soil groups. In the clay soils exalate soluble Al alone explained 78.3 %, in the silt and loam soils 59.8 %, in the sandy soils 6.5 %, and in the organic soils 0.6 % of the variation in titratable nonexchangeable acidity. Taking into account the content of organic C increased the rate of explanation only to 82.1 % in clay soils, to 84.1 % in silt and loam soils, to 83,1 % in sandy soils, and to 63.7 % in the organic soils. Further, adding the soil pH increased the rate of explanation 5.8 to 9.6 per cent units in various soil groups, but considering of oxalate soluble Fe did no more distinctly increase the part of variation explained, except in the organic soils. Regression equations were calculated for the relationship of these variables. According to the partial correlation coefficients and to the β-coefficients, the relative importance of oxalate soluble Al in explaining the variation in titratable nonexchangeable acidity was in the clay soils higher than even that of organic C content, but in the other mineral soil groups it was less important than both C content and pH; in the organic soils even oxalate soluble Fe appeared to be slightly more important.

scholarly journals Trace element contents of plants as a function of readily soluble soil trace elements

1969 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-67
Author(s):  
Mikko Sillanpää ◽  
Esko Lakanen
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Trace Element ◽  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Trace Element Contents ◽  
Element Contents ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Soil Trace Elements ◽  
Soil Groups

The use of acid ammonium acetate (pH 4.65) as an extractant for plant available trace elements (Mg included) was studied on a total of 216 soil samples and of timothy samples from corresponding sites. Significant correlations between the results of soil and plant analyses were obtained for the eight elements studied in following soil groups: (1) Clay soils: Ni, Co, Cu (2) Coarse mineral soils: Ni, Co, Pb, Mg, Mo (3) Mineral soils (Groups 1 + 2): Ni, Co, Pb, Cu, Mo, Zn (4) Organogenic soils: Ni, Co, Pb, Mg, Mn (5) Whole material: Ni, Co, Pb, Cu, Mg, Mn, Mo, Zn.

Characterization of basaltic clay soils (vertisols) from the Oxford land system in central Queensland

Soil Research ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 841 ◽  
Author(s):  
AA Webb ◽  
AJ Dowling
Keyword(s):  
Clay Soils ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Land System ◽  
Group Position ◽  
Dominant Soil ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
General Decline ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Native Pasture

Morphological, chemical and physical properties of basaltic clay soils (Vertisols-Usterts and Torrerts) from the Oxford Land System in central Queensland are described and compared over their geographical range of occurrence and also their position in the landscape. These soils are derived from undifferentiated basic lavas and interbedded pyroclastics of Tertiary age. Black earths are the dominant soil group. Position on slope had the biggest influence on depth of soil, with crest and mid-upper slope positions having more shallow (<0.9 m) soils than mid-lower and footslope positions. Soils have very high CEC and clay contents throughout the profile, are mildly alkaline at the surface and strongly so at depth, are non-saline and non-sodic (except in some footslope positions), and have an exchange complex dominated by calcium and magnesium. In the surface 0.1 m, extractable P and Zn, and total N and S levels are low and crop responses to fertilizer are probable. In comparison of 26 paired sites, where areas of native pasture and cultivation occur in close proximity, cultivated soils have lower organic C and total N, P, K and S levels than native pasture soils. This reflects a general decline in soil fertility under cultivation, and has implications for soil management and long-term soil stability.

Soil organic carbon stocks under different páramo vegetation covers in Ecuador’s northern Andes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlon Calispa ◽  
Raphaël van Ypersele ◽  
Benoît Pereira ◽  
Sebastián Páez-Bimos ◽  
Veerle Vanacker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Vegetation Type ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Soil C ◽  
C Storage ◽  
Soc Stocks ◽  
Volcanic Ash Soils

&lt;p&gt;The Ecuadorian p&amp;#225;ramo, a neotropical ecosystem located in the upper Andes, acts as a constant source of high-quality water. It also stores significant amounts of C at the regional scale. In this region, volcanic ash soils sustain most of the paramo, and C storage results partly from their propensity to accumulate organic matter. Vegetation type is known to influence the balance between plant C inputs and soil C losses, ultimately affecting the soil organic C (SOC) content and stock. Tussock-forming grass (spp. Calamagrostis Intermedia; TU), cushion-like plants (spp. Azorella pedunculata; CU) and shrubs and trees (Polylepis stands) are commonly found in the p&amp;#225;ramo. Our understanding of SOC stocks and dynamics in the p&amp;#225;ramo remains limited, despite mounting concerns that human activities are increasingly affecting vegetation and potentially, the capacity of these ecosystems to store C.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Here, we compare the organic C content and stock in soils under tussock-forming grass (spp. Calamagrostis Intermedia; TU) and soils under cushion-like plants (spp. Azorella pedunculata; CU). The study took place at Jatunhuayco, a watershed on the western slopes of Antisana volcano in the northern Ecuadorian Andes. Two areas of similar size (~0.35 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) were surveyed. Fourty soil samples were collected randomly in each area to depths varying from 10 to 30 cm (A horizon) and from 30 to 75 cm (2Ab horizon). The soils are Vitric Andosols and the 2Ab horizon corresponds to a soil buried by the tephra fall from the Quilotoa eruption about 800 yr. BP. Sixteen intact soil samples were collected in Kopecky's cylinders for bulk density (BD) determination of each horizon.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The average SOC content in the A horizon of the CU sites (9.4&amp;#177;0.5%) is significantly higher (Mann-Whitney U test, p&lt;0.05) than that of the TU sites (8.0&amp;#177;0.4%), probably reflecting a larger input of root biomass from the cushion-forming plants. The 2Ab horizon contains less organic C (i.e. TU: 4.3&amp;#177;0.3% and CU: 4.0&amp;#177;0.4%) than the A horizon, but the SOC contents are undistinguishable between the two vegetation types. This suggests that the influence of vegetation type on SOC is limited to the A horizon. The average SOC stocks (in the first 30 cm from the soil) for TU and CU are 20.04&amp;#177;1.1 and 18.23&amp;#177;1.0 kg/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;,&lt;sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;respectively. These values are almost two times greater than the global average reported for Vitric Andosols (~8.2 kg/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;#160;), but are lower than the estimates obtained for some wetter Andean p&amp;#225;ramos (22.5&amp;#177;5 kg/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 270% higher rainfall) from Ecuador. Our stock values further indicate that vegetation type has a limited effect on C storage in the young volcanic ash soils found at Jatunhuyaco. Despite a higher SOC content, the CU soils store a stock of organic C similar to that estimated for the TU soils. This likely reflects the comparatively lower BD of the former soils (650&amp;#177;100 vs. 840&amp;#177;30 kg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;). Additional studies are needed in order to establish the vegetation-related factors driving the SOC content and stability in the TU and CU soils.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Water-dispersible clay in soils treated with sewage sludge

2010 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 1527-1534 ◽  
Author(s):  
João Tavares Filho ◽  
Graziela Moraes de Césare Barbosa ◽  
Adriana Aparecida Ribon
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Point Of Zero Charge ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Water Dispersible ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Dispersible Clay

A by-product of Wastewater Treatment Stations is sewage sludge. By treatment and processing, the sludge is made suitable for rational and environmentally safe use in agriculture. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of different doses of limed sewage sludge (50 %) on clay dispersion in soil samples with different textures (clayey and medium). The study was conducted with soil samples collected from native forest, on a Red Latosol (Brazilian classification: Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico) loamy soil in Londrina (PR) and a Red-Yellow Latosol (BC: Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico) medium texture soil in Jaguapitã (PR). Pots were filled with 3 kg of air-dried fine earth and kept in greenhouse. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with six treatments: T1 control, and treatments with limed sewage sludge (50 %) as follows: T2 (3 t ha-1), T3 (6 t ha-1), T4 (12 t ha-1), T5 (24 t ha-1) and T6 (48 t ha-1) and five replications. The incubation time was 180 days. At the end of this period, the pots were opened and two sub-samples per treatment collected to determine pH-H2O, pH KCl (1 mol L-1), organic matter content, water-dispersible clay, ΔpH (pH KCl - pH-H2O) and estimated PZC (point of zero charge): PZC = 2 pH KCl - pH-H2O, as well as the mineralogy of the clay fraction, determined by X ray diffraction. The results showed no significant difference in the average values for water-dispersible clay between the control and the other treatments for the two soil samples studied and ΔpH was the variable that correlated best with water-dispersible clay in both soils.

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