scholarly journals Wood molasses as a preservative for high moisture barley: 2. Ration digestibility and rumen fermentation in sheep

1984 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 265-274
Author(s):  
Pekka Huhtanen
Keyword(s):  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Degradation Rate ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
The Difference ◽  
In Sacco

The effect of wood molasses ensiled barley on ration digestibility and nitrogen utilization (Exp. 1 and Exp. 2) and on rumen fermentation and degradation rate in sacco (Exp.2) was investigated in two experiments. The ration contained 0.9 kg of DM. The proportion of hay was 30 % in Exp. 1 and 40 % in Exp. 2. In Exp. I the experimental diets were dried barley (DB) and barley ensiled with a level of 8 (WMB8) or 16 % (WMB16) wood molasses of barley DM. In Exp. 2 the diets were dried barley (DB), propionic acid-treated barley (PAB) and barleys ensiled with 0.3 % v/w % of AIV II solution (AIVB) or with wood molasses at a level of 12 % of barley DM (WMB12). The ration digestibility decreased with increasing levels of wood molasses. The difference in DM and organic matter(OM) digestibility was significant (P < 0.05) between DB and WMB16. Wood molasses tended to decrease the apparent digestibility of crude protein and crude fibre and to increase nitrogen retention. The percentages of nitrogen retained of ingested were in Exp. 1 on DB, WMB8 and WMB16 diets 13.1, 17.8 and 15.8 % and in Exp. 2 on DB, PAB, AIV Band WMB12 diets 13.8, 13.2, 10.3and 14.5%, respectively. After feeding, the concentration of total VFA in the rumen was higher when ensiled barleys were fed. The proportion of propionic acid in the total VFA was greater with DB and PAB than with AIVB and WMB12 diets (P < 0.01), and butyric acid was correspondingly lower (P < 0.01 and P > 0.05). The proportion of isovaleric and valeric acids was highest on AIVB diet. On DB and PAB diets the ammonia concentration in the rumen decreased after feeding, but on AIVB and WMB12 diets the highest value was reached 1.5 hours after feeding. The degradation rate of DM and CP as determined by nylon bag method was faster on AIVB and WMB12 than on DB and PAB diets.

scholarly journals Relationships between physical and chemical characteristics and calculated metabolizable energy values in barley and oats with highly variable volume weights

1978 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 276-284
Author(s):  
Maija-Liisa Salo
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Variable Volume ◽  
Physical And Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Volume Weight ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Physical And Chemical

61 samples of barley with a volume weight of 38—75 kg/hl, and 49 oat samples with a volume weight of 40—65kg/hl were analyzed for physical and chemical characteristics. The approximate metabolizable energy (ME) value was calculated from the composition. The physical characteristics varied more, but the starch content less, in barley than in oats. There was also a negative correlation between starch and crude protein, and ether extract level in barley, but not in oats. Therefore the difference between the ME values of the best and the poorest samples was only 12% for barley, but 27 % for oats. Both the starch and the crude protein content predicted the ME value well: R2 of starch was 78—94 %, and that of crude fibre 55—84 %. The volume weight still gave a good indication for barley, but not at all for oats.

The Apparent Digestibility of Nutrients and Energy Value to Pigs of Plantains (Musa Sapientum Var. Paradisiaca Linn)

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-191
Author(s):  
V. A. Oyenuga ◽  
B. L. Fetuga
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Large White ◽  
High Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Free Extract

The proximate and mineral constituents of six plantain forms, raw green plantain (RGP), cooked green plantain (CGP), raw ripe plantain (RRP), cooked ripe plantain (CRP), green plantain meal (GPM) and ripe plantain meal (RPM) were determined by chemical analysis. 24 large white barrows, weighing initially, between 40-45 kg., were used to study the apparent digestibility of nutrients, digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen retention (ME(n) and total digestible nutrients when the plantains served as the only source of nutrients. In a second experiment ME and ME(n) were measured for the plantain forms using 28 Large White barrows, with diets in which the plantains replaced 50% of maize in a basal diet. All the plantain forms had low fat, crude fibre and crude protein content but high in nitrogen-free extract, phosphorus, potassium and Iron. Identically high dry matter (D.M.) and nitrogen-free extract (N.F.E.) digestion coefficients were obtained for all the plantain forms except RPM, which had significantly lower values. Digestion coefficients for crude protein (46.9, 53.6, 51.8, 34.3,-32.7 %), crude fibre, (46.6, 49.5, 58.7, 62.6, 56.9, 39.6 %), ether extract (55.9, 56.6, 66.9, 69.2, 54.7 and 34.6 %) for RGP, CGP, RRP, CRP, GPM and RPM respectively were considerably lower than for D.M. and N.F.E. The DE, ME ME(n) and TDN values were comparable for all plantain forms except RPM, which had significantly lower values in most cases. The fresh green plantains and green plantain meals had slightly higher energy values than the ripe plantains, even though the nutrients in the ripe plantains were better digested than in the green forms. The results are discussed in relation to variations in the relative proportions of the simple and more complex carbohydrates during ripening.

A note on the utilization of urea by Sudan desert sheep

1971 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 201-204
Author(s):  
H. M. Hassan ◽  
A. M. S. Mukhtar
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Nitrogen Free Extract

SUMMARYSixty-four young male Sudan desert lambs were group-fed for 87 days on four diets, all containing approximately 10% crude protein. The four diets contained 0, 1·3, 1·7 and 2·7% urea, respectively.Average daily gains were 0·15, 0·14, 0·14 and 0·13 kg; feed conversion ratios (kg of feed required to produce 1 kg live-weight gain) were 7·26, 8·14, 8·92 and 7·92; dressing percentages were 43·6, 42·1, 44·1 and 42·3.Digestibility trials with lambs fed on diets with 0 or 2·7% urea gave higher digestibility coefficients for crude fibre and nitrogen-free extract for the urea-supplemented lambs. Crude protein digestibility and nitrogen retention values were lower for urea-supplemented lambs.

scholarly journals The effect of the stage of maturity of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) on the chemical composition and in sacco digestibility

2008 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petr Doležal ◽  
Jiří Skládanka
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Fibre Content ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Nitrogenous Substances ◽  
Organic Matter Digestibility ◽  
Crude Fibre Content ◽  
In Sacco

The influence of the stage of maturity of alfalfa on the chemical composition and in sacco digestibility was studied in a laboratory experiment. Alfalfa plants were analysed in 8 vegetation stages harvested in regular intervals before the beginning of bud setting until the fall of blossoms. The contents of nitrogenous substances, fat, crude fibre, ADF, NDF, Ca, P, Na, K and Mg were determined in the samples, and using the in sacco method also the organic matter digestibility in the rumen. Further we assessed the energy content and calculated the N−free extractives (BNLV) value. In some stages the chemical changes were monitored in the whole plant. It was discovered that during vegetation there was a statistically significant increase in the crude fibre content and in the ADF and NDF fractions and a reduction in nitrogenous substances. A strong negative correlation was detected between the stage of maturity of alfalfa and content of crude protein and net energy for lactation (r = −0.97 and r = −0.92, respectively). In the individual stages of vegetation the differences in the content of nitrogenous substances, fibre and fat were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The statistically highest content of crude protein (28.97%) was detected in the first stage before bud setting and the lowest (11.97%) in the stage after the fall of blossoms. Later vegetation also had a stronger depressive effect on the content of fat and NEL. The organic matter digestibility (P < 0.05) was the lowest in alfalfa in the last stage of sampling (62.6%) when it reached a mere 85.99% of the digestibility at the beginning of bud setting. The highest organic matter digestibility (72.80%) was detected in a sample of young alfalfa prior to bud setting. In the experiment we confirmed a strong and negative correlation (r = −0.97) between the crude fibre content and organic matter digestibility. The correlation was also strong between the stage of maturity of alfalfa and the content of magnesium (Mg).

scholarly journals Productive and metabolic increments of the inclusion of Broussonetia papyrifera to replace maize silage in growing goats

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (No. 8) ◽  
pp. 303-310
Author(s):  
Jinling Hua ◽  
Tianfeng Xu ◽  
Quanwen Shen ◽  
Yan Liu ◽  
Guijuan Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Broussonetia Papyrifera ◽  
Final Body Weight ◽  
Daily Gain

The study was conducted to investigate the effects of Broussonetia papyrifera (BP) on growth performance, rumen fermentation, digestion and meat quality in Huanghuai white goats. Diets were developed with increasing doses of BP to replace maize silage [0% (control), 15% (BP15), 30% (BP30) and 45% (BP45)]. The design was completely randomized with 4 groups of 10 animals each, totalizing 40 animals (aged 150 ± 10 days and body weight of 25.32 ± 0.52 kg). Final body weight, average daily gain and average daily feed intake increased (linear and quadratic, P &lt; 0.05) as BP increased in the diet. The highest body weight and average daily gain were seen in the BP30 group. Feed conversion ratio also improved significantly (linear and quadratic, P &lt; 0.05) with the increasing level of BP. Although the concentration of microbial protein (MCP) in a linear (P = 0.0028) and quadratic (P = 0.0035) fashion with increasing level of BP, however, NH<sub>3</sub>-N in a quadratic (P = 0.0841) fashion with increasing level of BP. Crude protein was increased with increasing BP in the diets (linear and quadratic, P &lt; 0.05). Nitrogen intake, urinary excretion nitrogen and nitrogen retention were significantly improved (linear and quadratic, P &lt; 0.05) with dietary BP addition in goats. Dietary BP supplementation increased pH (linear and quadratic, P &lt; 0.05) and tended to reduce L* (lightness) (linear and quadratic, P &lt; 0.05). Additionally, the redness value of meat was significantly improved by BP addition (linear and quadratic, P &lt; 0.05). The inclusion of BP in the goat diet promotes growth and increases the digestibility of crude protein in addition to improving the meat colour and rumen fermentation.

A note on the influence of Avoparcin on apparent digestibility and nitrogen retention in growing pigs

1983 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ellis ◽  
M. Davies ◽  
P. A. Briggs ◽  
D. G. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Food Additive ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Dietary Concentration ◽  
Growing Pig ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
The Difference

ABSTRACTA metabolism trial was carried out to examine the influence of an antibiotic food additive (Avoparcin) on the apparent digestibility of nutrients and nitrogen retention in the growing pig. Two groups of pigs, comprising 12 castrates per group, were fed a barley-based diet (190g crude protein per kg dry matter) with or without the inclusion of the antibiotic (at a dietary concentration of 20 mg/kg). Addition of Avoparcin had no significant effect on the apparent digestibility of dry matter or gross energy but resulted in a small increase in the apparent digestibility of nitrogen (0·012; P < 0·05). There was a corresponding improvement in nitrogen retention (0·051) but the difference was not statistically significant.

scholarly journals Effect of full-fat rapeseed on digestibility and rumen fermentation in cattle

1985 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-73
Author(s):  
Pekka Huhtanen ◽  
Esko Poutiainen
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Blood Constituents ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Negative Effect

The effect of whole crushed rapeseed on ration digestibility was determined with three bulls, average live weight 155 kg, and the effect on rumen fermentation with a heifer fitted with a rumen fistula. The basal diet (B) contained 50 % of grass silage and 50 % of rolled barley of total DM. In experimental diets 30 % of barley was replaced with crushed rapeseed fed either untreated (URS) or treated with 1.2% of Gasol solution (GRS). The feeding level was 80 g DM/kg W0.75 for the bulls and 60 g DM/kg W0.75 for the heifer. The average digestibilities of the diets were 73.9 (B), 71.6 (URS) and 72.7 % (GRS) for organic matter. There were no significant differences in apparent digestibility of crude protein or crude fibre. The digestibility of ether extract was higher (P < 0.05) and that of NFE lower (P < 0.01) on rapeseed diets. Nitrogen retentions were 28.4, 30.9 and 33.7 g/d, respectively, for the three treatments. On rapeseed diets the rumen pH was higher (P < 0.05) and the total VFA and ammonia N concentration lower (P < 0.01, P < 0.05) than on control diet. Rapeseed increased the proportion of propionic acid (P < 0.01) and decreased the proportion of butyric acid (P < 0.01) in rumen VFA. The rate of degradation of DM and CP in the rumen was slower for Gasol-treated rapeseed than for untreated rapeseed. Rapeseeds did not have a negative effect on the rate of degradation of silage or hay in the rumen determined by nylon bag method. But replacement of barley with rapeseed tended to decrease the degradation rate of silage crude protein. There were no significant differences between the treatments in blood constituents.

scholarly journals Wood molasses as a preservative for high moisture barley: 1. Preservation and digestibility in pig

1984 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 255-263
Author(s):  
Pekka Huhtanen
Keyword(s):  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Lactic Acid Content ◽  
Spent Liquor

Wood molasses from sulphate spent liquor was tested as a preservative for high moisture barley. In Exp. 1 wood molasses was applied at levels of 8 and 16 % of barley dry matter (DM). In Exp. 2 an application level of 12 % was compared with AIV II solution used at a level of 3 l/1000 kg. Barley was rolled before ensiling and water was added so that the moisture content was 55 % in Exp. 1 and 55—60 % in Exp. 2. Digestibility and nitrogen retention in growing pigs, liveweight 31—81 kg, were determined for dried barley, propionic acid treated barley and barleys ensiled with AIV II or wood molasses (12 % of barley DM). In Exp. 1 the application level of 8 % unneulralized wood molasses (pH 2) was sufficient to prevent deterioration during storage. The preservative effect was based mainly on the acidity provided by organic acids. With the higher level of application the lactic acid content was lower (P < 0.05). In Exp. 2barley ensiled with neutralized wood molasses had a higher (P < 0.01) lactic and acetic acid content and a lower pH value (P < 0.05) than barley ensiled with AIV II. Wood molasses decreased protein breakdown during the storage. The effect of DM content on fermentation and proteolysis was greater for AIV II ensiled barley. During the storage the sugar content increased because of starch hydrolysis. DM, organic matter (OM), NFE and starch digestibilities were lower on diets of barley ensiled with AIV II and wood molasses than on dried barley diet (P < 0.05). OM digestibilities for the diets were 82.2, 81.0 and 85.4 %, respectively. The digestibility of barley treated with propionic acid was slightly lower than that of dried barley. No differences were found in nitrogen retention.

scholarly journals Evaluation of barley distillers dried grains with soluble, and condensed distillers solubles in the diet of growing pigs

1984 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 221-226
Author(s):  
Matti Näsi
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Milk Powder ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Lower Amount ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Distillers Dried Grains ◽  
By Products

Two digestibility and nitrogen balance trials were conducted to evaluate the feed value of barley-derived distillers dried grains with solubles (BDDGS) and semisolid distillers solubles from barley and wheat (BDS and WDS) in rations for growing pigs. The average crude protein, lysine, crude fibre and neutral detergent fibre contents of BDDGS, BDS and WDS were, respectively: 30.6, 20.6, 30.7 %; 1.7, 1.7, 2.6 g/16 g N; 16.1, 2.0, 3.1 %; 69.4, 2.3, 7,1 %. Available lysine was greatly reduced in all samples. The distillery by-products composed 33 % of diet DM in the barley based rations. The control diet was a mixture of barley and skim milk powder. The organic matter and crude protein digestibilities of BDDGS, BDS and WDS were 40.5, 80.4, 85.0 % and 52.4, 46.9, 77.5 %, respectively. Their FU values and DCP values were 0.50, 0.94, 0.94/kg DM and 319, 102,253 g/FU. on the WDS diet, nitrogen retention, as g/d, was similar to that on the control diet, but on the diets with barley distillery products it was reduced due to the lower amount of protein absorbed, especially the lower lysine intake. Barley distillers by-products proved to have low feed values for pigs in this study, but the value for WDS was quite reasonable. The new integrated starch ethanol process can be expected to yield more suitable fractions for use in pig rations.

scholarly journals Effect of Graded Levels of Fishmeal or Urea Supplementation on Rumen Environment and Ruminal Feed Degradation in Bali Cows

2021 ◽  
Vol 748 (1) ◽  
pp. 012004
Author(s):  
I GN Jelantik ◽  
GEM Malelak ◽  
I Benu
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Grass Hay ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Tropical Grass ◽  
Acetate Butyrate ◽  
In Sacco

Abstract An experiment to study the effects of supplementation of graded levels of urea or fishmeal on rumen environment and ruminal feed degradation in Bali cows fed low quality tropical grass hay (crude protein, CP = 3.53%) was conducted according to a 5 × 5 Latin square experimental design with five animals and five periods. In each period lasting for 3 weeks, five non-pregnant Bali cows were given ad libitum access to grass hay (G) or supplemented daily with two level of urea, i.e. 38 g (U38) and 74 g (U74), or two levels of fishmeal, i.e. 156 g (FM156) and 312 g (FM312). Supplementation of both urea and fishmeal reduced significantly (P < 0.01) the average rumen pH from 6.89 in G to 6.74 in FM156. Rumen ammonia concentration increased linearly (P < 0.01) with increasing levels of supplementation and the increase was more pronounced with urea than with fishmeal supplementation. Rumen ammonia concentration was significantly higher (P < 0.01) in urea than fishmeal supplemented cows at both levels of supplementation. Ruminal total as well as individual VFAs (Acetate, Butyrate and Propionate) concentrations were not affected by the increasing level of supplementation of both urea and fishmeal. Supplementation improved significantly (P < 0.05) in sacco rumen degradation of DM but not protein. Ruminal DM effective degradability was increased significantly with increasing level of fishmeal supplementation but not with increasing level of urea supplementation. Supplementation of increasing level of both urea and fishmeal improved rumen environment and feed degradability in Bali cows maintained on low quality tropical grass hay with fishmeal was proven to be the better supplement over urea.

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