scholarly journals Effect of Graded Levels of Fishmeal or Urea Supplementation on Rumen Environment and Ruminal Feed Degradation in Bali Cows

2021 ◽  
Vol 748 (1) ◽  
pp. 012004
Author(s):  
I GN Jelantik ◽  
GEM Malelak ◽  
I Benu
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Grass Hay ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Tropical Grass ◽  
Acetate Butyrate ◽  
In Sacco

Abstract An experiment to study the effects of supplementation of graded levels of urea or fishmeal on rumen environment and ruminal feed degradation in Bali cows fed low quality tropical grass hay (crude protein, CP = 3.53%) was conducted according to a 5 × 5 Latin square experimental design with five animals and five periods. In each period lasting for 3 weeks, five non-pregnant Bali cows were given ad libitum access to grass hay (G) or supplemented daily with two level of urea, i.e. 38 g (U38) and 74 g (U74), or two levels of fishmeal, i.e. 156 g (FM156) and 312 g (FM312). Supplementation of both urea and fishmeal reduced significantly (P < 0.01) the average rumen pH from 6.89 in G to 6.74 in FM156. Rumen ammonia concentration increased linearly (P < 0.01) with increasing levels of supplementation and the increase was more pronounced with urea than with fishmeal supplementation. Rumen ammonia concentration was significantly higher (P < 0.01) in urea than fishmeal supplemented cows at both levels of supplementation. Ruminal total as well as individual VFAs (Acetate, Butyrate and Propionate) concentrations were not affected by the increasing level of supplementation of both urea and fishmeal. Supplementation improved significantly (P < 0.05) in sacco rumen degradation of DM but not protein. Ruminal DM effective degradability was increased significantly with increasing level of fishmeal supplementation but not with increasing level of urea supplementation. Supplementation of increasing level of both urea and fishmeal improved rumen environment and feed degradability in Bali cows maintained on low quality tropical grass hay with fishmeal was proven to be the better supplement over urea.

Effect of particle size on in situ ruminal disappearances of pea (Pisumsativum) organic matter, proteins and starch in dairy cows

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 203-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Bayourthe ◽  
R. Moncoulon ◽  
F. Enjalbert
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Pea Flour ◽  
Effect Of Particle Size ◽  
Pea Seeds ◽  
In Sacco

Ruminal disappearance characteristics of OM, CP and starch relative to particle size of dehulled pea seeds were determined using the in sacco method. Fine grinding (≤502 µm) highly increased the rapidly CP and starch degradable fractions and the rate of degradation of these nutrients. Key words: Pea flour, particle size, rumen degradation, crude protein, starch

Changes in rumen fluid composition and in the rumen epithelium when wheat is introduced to the diet of sheep: the influence of wheat and hay consumption

1982 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 321 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Lee ◽  
WR McManus ◽  
VNE Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Fluid Composition ◽  
Rumen Epithelium ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Per Se ◽  
High Lactate

The effects of the levels of wheat and of hammermilled hay fed to sheep on ruinen acidity and ammonia concentration were determined during the first 4 days of feeding wheat. Consumption of wheat reduced rumen pH, but the effect diminished with time, so that by day 4 it was not significant. Wheat intake also significantly (P < 0.05) increased rumen ammonia on day 1, but not during days 2-4. Volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations on day I were increased (P < 0.05) by wheat intake, the effect being less on later days. The proportion of acetate was reduced (all days). while propionate (days 1, 2 and 4) and butyrate (days 3 and 4) were increased by the consumption of wheat. Concentrations of lactate (mainly the D-isomer) increased after wheat was fed, although wheat level per se did not significantly affect lactate concentrations. Peak concentrations of lactate occurred on day 2 (18 m~ total lactate). Initially, consumption of hay decreased rumen pH and had little effect on ruman ammonia levels. By day 4, hay consumption was associated with increases in rumen pH and decreases in rumen ammonia levels (0.006 units and -0.05 mM per g hay dry matter (DM) respectively). Concentrations of VFA tended to be increased by hay consumption, but the proportions of the major VFAs were not affected. Hay intakes on day 4 were associated with reductions in rumen total lactate concentrations of 51 �M per g hay DM. Reduced total DM intakes of sheep eating ad libitum were associated with low rumen pH and high lactate concentrations. Microscopic lesions were observed on the rumen papillae of sheep 7 days after wheat was first fed. The extent of these lesions was reduced by hay intake, and was also related to the minimum pH observed.

Evaluation of multipurpose tree germplasm: the use of gas production and rumen degradation characteristics

1993 ◽  
Vol 120 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. K. A. Siaw ◽  
P. O. Osuji ◽  
I. V. Nsahlai
Keyword(s):  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
The Other ◽  
Poisonous Plants ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Production Characteristics ◽  
In Sacco

SUMMARYThe rumen degradation and gas production characteristics (methane, carbon dioxide) of leaves of 20 accessions of multipurpose trees (MPTs) from six genera: Acacia, Cajanus, Chamaecytisus (L. fil.) Link, Erythrina, Leucaena and Sesbania and some poisonous plants were investigated in vitro and in sacco in rumen fistulated cows fed on a diet of grass hay ad libitum supplemented with cotton seed cake. The degradation constants (i.e. the soluble fraction (a), the slowly degradable fraction (b) and the rate of degradation (c) and the potential degradability (a + b) (PD)) were calculated. The gas production constants were estimated following the equation: Volume = bg(1—e-cgt) where bg is gas production and cg is the rate of gas production. Between and within genus comparisons of degradability and gas production constants were done.The soluble fraction (a) was significantly higher for Sesbania (59) (P < 0·05) than the other genera, which had values between 45·18 and 40·38 units. There were no significant differences in the slowly degradable fraction (b) between genera. Sesbania was degraded significantly faster (P < 0·05) than either Acacia, Leucaena or Cajanus. Similarly, the potential degradability was significantly higher (P < 0·05) for Sesbania (92·7) than for the other genera. Acacia was the least degradable genus.Degradation characteristics were similar between species within the genera Acacia, Erythrina and Leucaena. However, within the Leucaena genus, L. revoluta had the highest soluble fraction (50·02) and the cross L. leucocephala × L. diversifolia had the lowest (29·24). L. leucocephala had the highest slowly degradable fraction (57·32) and L. revoluta had the lowest (42·37). L. leucocephala × L. pallida had the highest rate of degradability (0·0626) and L. pallida had the lowest (0·0221). L. leucocephala had the highest potential degradability (92·23) and the cross L. pallida × L. diversifolia the lowest (84–81).Between the genera, more gas was produced from Sesbania than from any other genus. The effect of genus was significant (P <0·0003). On the other hand, the rate of gas production (cg) was higher with the genus Chamaecytisus than with any other genera (P < 0·0001). Although the two methods used agree in the position of a forage of a high degradability like Sesbania, they fail to agree on the relative positions of the forages of lower degradabilities. For some genera, drying of the tree foliage reduced the volume of gas produced, but increased the rate of gas production.

A note on relationship of plasma thyroxine and triiodothyronine rate to body weight in growing male camels

1994 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 460-462
Author(s):  
M. M. Alfuraiji ◽  
S. M. Basmaeil ◽  
M. H. Gamil
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
General Linear Model ◽  
Rhodes Grass ◽  
Grass Hay ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
General Linear Model Procedure

This study was conducted to determine the relationship between plasma concentrations of thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and body weight in young Majaheem male camels. Eighteen camels aged 6 to 7 months were divided equally into three groups (Gl, G2 and G3). All groups were given concentrate pellets (187 g crude protein per kg) at the rate of 15 g/kg body weight daily. In addition, each group was given one of the following roughages: lucerne hay to Gl, rhodes grass hay to G2 and ammonia-treated wheat straw to G3. Roughages, salt and water were measured and given ad libitum. Every 2 weeks all camels were weighed and blood samples were collected. Data were statistically analysed using a general linear model procedure. There was a positive correlation between T4 concentration and body weight. T4 was higher in camels given either hay or straw compared with those given rhodes grass hay, while there were no differences among the three groups in T3 and in body weight.

Effect of nitrogen and energy supplements on intake and digestion of oat straw by non-lactating dairy cows

1987 ◽  
Vol 109 (3) ◽  
pp. 503-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Fadel ◽  
P. Udén ◽  
P. H. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Fish Meal ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Fibre Intake ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Total Digestion ◽  
Oat Straw ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Energy Supplements ◽  
In Sacco

SummaryUrea with molasses and starch, casein, and fish meal with maize gluten meal were compared with a urea control as different nitrogen and energy sources in straw diets fed ad libitum to four mature non-lactating Swedish Red and White cows in a 4 × 4 latinsquare design. Cows fed fish meal with maize gluten meal had increased neutral detergent (ND) fibre intake, digestibility, and total digestion compared with those fed the urea control. When fed casein, cows tended to have higher ND fibre intake, lower ND fibre digestibility, and higher total ND fibre digestion than the urea control. Cows fed urea with molasses and starch had the same ND fibre intake, lower ND fibre digestibility, and lower total ND fibre digestion than the control. Treatments had no influence on rumen pH, rumen in sacco ND fibre kinetics, rumen residence times and median faecal particle size. Rumen ammonia concentrations were lower for the urea with molasses and starch as well as for the fish meal with maize gluten meal treatments when compared with the urea control. Rumen volatile fatty acid concentrations for supplemented diets were either unchanged or higher than for the control diet.

Intake and digestion of mature Flinders grass (Iseilema spp.) by sheep and their response to the addition of urea and minerals

1983 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 549 ◽  
Author(s):  
RGA Stephenson ◽  
RH Weston ◽  
DE Margan ◽  
JP Hogan
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Production Studies ◽  
Grass Hay ◽  
Ruminal Digestion ◽  
Ad Libitum Feeding

Studies were conducted of the voluntary feed consumption (VFC) and digestion by sheep offered mature Flinders grass hay containing, on a dry matter basis, 4.2% crude protein (CP), 71.8% cell wall constituents (CWC) and 12.6% total ash. The nutritive value of the hay was low, as indicated by the relatively low values for organic matter (OM) digestibility (40.9%), VFC (879 g OM/day) and CP digested in the intestines (5.8 g CP/100g feed OM intake). Digesta flows from the rumen and abomasum per unit OM intake, rumen and abomasal digesta pH, ammonia concentration in rumen liqour, and CP reaching the intestines relative to CP and digestible OM intakes were similar to values previously obtained with temperate grasses. Supplementation of the hay with urea increased VFC by 16%, and minerals in addition to the urea enhanced it by a further 6%. The supplements substantially increased OM and CWC digestibilities (by 16-17%) and CP digested in the intestines (DCPi) per unit hay intake (by 10%); these improvements could be attributed to changes in ruminal digestion. The higher levels of intake and digestion with the supplements were accompanied by increased concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the rumen. It was calculated, by using the ad libitum feeding results, that the supplements of urea and minerals would have increased the intakes of digestible OM and DCPi by 44 and 36% respectively. However, with the supplements, DCPi per kg digestible OM remained low at 13.3 g. The data facilitate interpretation of previous animal production studies with Flinders grass hay and indicate that production may be limited by inadequate amino acids in the supplemented diet.

In situ degradation of crude protein in physically processed barley, maize and peas in the caecum of ponies

1999 ◽  
Vol 1999 ◽  
pp. 135-135
Author(s):  
B M L McLean ◽  
J J Hyslop ◽  
A C Longland ◽  
D Cuddeford ◽  
T Hollands
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Processing Methods ◽  
Grass Hay ◽  
Physical Processing ◽  
In Situ Degradation ◽  
Ad Libitum

Little information is available on how physical processing of cereals affects crude protein (CP) degradation dynamics in equines. In two experiments the effects of two physical processing methods (micronisation and extrusion) on in situ degradation of CP in barley, maize and peas in the caecum of ponies were investigated.In experiment 1, three caecally-fistulated mature Welsh-cross pony geldings (approx. LW 270kg) were used whilst two of these ponies were used in experiment 2. In both experiments ponies were offered ad libitum grass hay plus minerals. Incubation bags (monofilament polyester, 6.5 x 20cm, 41μm pores, 16mg/cm2 sample size) contained either unprocessed barley (UB), micronised barley (MB) or extruded barley (EB) (experiment 1) and either unprocessed maize (UM), micronised maize (MM), extruded maize (EM), unprocessed peas (UP), micronised peas (MP) or extruded peas (EP) (experiment 2).

Effect of monensin inclusion in supplements for cattle consuming low quality tropical forage

2012 ◽  
Vol 52 (7) ◽  
pp. 624 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. R. McLennan ◽  
M. J. Callaghan ◽  
A. J. Swain ◽  
J. F. Kidd
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Northern Australia ◽  
Feeding Study ◽  
Tropical Forage ◽  
Grass Hay ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Main Effects

A pen feeding study was carried out over 70 days to determine the effects of monensin (M) inclusion in two commercial supplements designed to provide different planes of nutrition to recently weaned steers. Thirty Bos indicus crossbred steers (191.4 ± s.d. 7.1 kg) were individually fed a low quality pangola grass hay (57 g crude protein/kg DM; 497 g/kg DM digestibility) ad libitum (Control) with either a urea/molasses-based supplement of Rumevite Maxi-graze 60 Block (B), fed at 100 g/day, or grain-based Rumevite Weaner Pellets (WP), fed at 7.5 g/kg liveweight (W).day, both with and without M, viz. B, B+M, WP and WP+M, respectively. There were no significant interactions between supplement type and M inclusion for any measurement. Growth rates (main effects) averaged 0.17, 0.35 and 0.58 kg/day for the Control, B and WP supplements, respectively, with all means different (P < 0.05), while the response (P < 0.05) to M across supplement type was 0.11 kg/day. Hay DM intake was similar for the Control and B treatments (18.6 and 19.6 g/kg W.day) but was reduced (P < 0.05) with the WP supplement (16.8 g/kg W.day) while corresponding total DM intakes increased from 18.6 to 20.0 to 23.5 g/kg W.day (all differences P < 0.05), respectively. Monensin inclusion in the supplements did not affect supplement, hay or total DM intake. Inclusion of M in supplements for grazing weaners in northern Australia may increase survival rates although the effect of M with cattle at liveweight maintenance or below requires further investigation.

scholarly journals Wood molasses as a preservative for high moisture barley: 2. Ration digestibility and rumen fermentation in sheep

1984 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 265-274
Author(s):  
Pekka Huhtanen
Keyword(s):  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Degradation Rate ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
The Difference ◽  
In Sacco

The effect of wood molasses ensiled barley on ration digestibility and nitrogen utilization (Exp. 1 and Exp. 2) and on rumen fermentation and degradation rate in sacco (Exp.2) was investigated in two experiments. The ration contained 0.9 kg of DM. The proportion of hay was 30 % in Exp. 1 and 40 % in Exp. 2. In Exp. I the experimental diets were dried barley (DB) and barley ensiled with a level of 8 (WMB8) or 16 % (WMB16) wood molasses of barley DM. In Exp. 2 the diets were dried barley (DB), propionic acid-treated barley (PAB) and barleys ensiled with 0.3 % v/w % of AIV II solution (AIVB) or with wood molasses at a level of 12 % of barley DM (WMB12). The ration digestibility decreased with increasing levels of wood molasses. The difference in DM and organic matter(OM) digestibility was significant (P < 0.05) between DB and WMB16. Wood molasses tended to decrease the apparent digestibility of crude protein and crude fibre and to increase nitrogen retention. The percentages of nitrogen retained of ingested were in Exp. 1 on DB, WMB8 and WMB16 diets 13.1, 17.8 and 15.8 % and in Exp. 2 on DB, PAB, AIV Band WMB12 diets 13.8, 13.2, 10.3and 14.5%, respectively. After feeding, the concentration of total VFA in the rumen was higher when ensiled barleys were fed. The proportion of propionic acid in the total VFA was greater with DB and PAB than with AIVB and WMB12 diets (P < 0.01), and butyric acid was correspondingly lower (P < 0.01 and P > 0.05). The proportion of isovaleric and valeric acids was highest on AIVB diet. On DB and PAB diets the ammonia concentration in the rumen decreased after feeding, but on AIVB and WMB12 diets the highest value was reached 1.5 hours after feeding. The degradation rate of DM and CP as determined by nylon bag method was faster on AIVB and WMB12 than on DB and PAB diets.

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