scholarly journals Exploring Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Staphylococcus spp. Isolated from Eggs in Rajshahi

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 25-30
Author(s):  
Md Hakimul Haque ◽  
Md. Mizanur Rahman ◽  
Md. Lovelu Miah ◽  
Soshe Ahmed ◽  
Md. Rabiul Islam Sazib ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Pattern ◽  
Staphylococcus Spp

Chicken eggs are a major component of people’s diets, with an average yearly consumption of approximately 103 eggs per person in Bangladesh. Eggs act as an important carrier of food-borne pathogen worldwide. The study was conducted to identify the prevalence and antibiotic resistance pattern of E. coli, Salmonella spp., and Staphylococcus spp., in eggs isolated from farms and different markets of Rajshahi, Bangladesh. A total of 60 eggs were collected randomly between April to December 2019. The isolation and identification of bacterial pathogen was done in accordance with standard procedures. The bacterial isolates were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing against seven commonly used antibiotics using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. An overall prevalence of E. coli, Salmonella spp., and Staphylococcus spp. were found to be 35.0%, 28.33%, and 23.33%, respectively. E. coli were found highly resistant to penicillin (100%), tetracycline (80.95%), ampicillin (100%), and erythromycin (85.71%) and were sensitive to amoxicillin (71.42%), ciprofloxacin (85.71%), and gentamicin (95.23%). Salmonella spp. was highly resistant to penicillin (100%), erythromycin (82.35%) and tetracycline (82.35%), and was sensitive to gentamicin (94.11%), amoxicillin (76.47%) and ciprofloxacin (70.58%). Staphylococcus spp. was resistant to penicillin (100%), erythromycin (78.57%), tetracycline (85.71%), amoxicillin (100%), and ampicillin (100%) but sensitive to ciprofloxacin (85.71%), and gentamicin (92.85%). The higher prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria can easily enter the food chain, which poses a public health threat.

scholarly journals Phylogenetic Groups ofEscherichia coliStrains from Patients with Urinary Tract Infection in Iran Based on the New Clermont Phylotyping Method

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darioush Iranpour ◽  
Mojtaba Hassanpour ◽  
Hossein Ansari ◽  
Saeed Tajbakhsh ◽  
Gholamreza Khamisipour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Phylogenetic Groups ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Pcr Method

Objectives.In 2013, Clermont classifiedE. colistrains into eight phylogenetic groups using a new quadruplex PCR method. The aims of this study were to identify the phylogenetic groups ofE. colibased on this method and to assess their antibiotic resistance patterns in Bushehr, Iran.Methods. In this cross-sectional study, 140E. coliisolates were subjected to phylogenetic typing by a quadruplex PCR method. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by disk diffusion method.Results. Phylogenetic group B2 was most predominant (39.3%), followed by unknown (27.1%), E (9.3%), C and clade I (each 6.4%), B1 (5%), F and D (each 2.9%), and A (0.7%). The most common antibiotic resistance was related to amoxicillin (82.1%) and the least to meropenem (0.7%). 82.14% of isolates were multiple drug resistant (MDR). Antibiotic resistance was mainly detected in group B2 (50%).Conclusions.Our findings showed the high prevalence of MDRE. coliisolates with dominance of group B2. About 25% ofE. coliisolates belong to the newly described phylogroups C, E, F, and clade I. Such studies need to be done also in other regions to provide greater understanding of the antibiotic resistance pattern and the prevalences of different phylogenetic groups.

scholarly journals Antibiotic resistance in Pakistan: a systematic review of past decade

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hazrat Bilal ◽  
Muhammad Nadeem Khan ◽  
Tayyab Rehman ◽  
Muhammad Fazal Hameed ◽  
Xingyuan Yang
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
High Resistance ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
World Health ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Phenotypic Resistance ◽  
E Coli

Abstract Background During the last six decades, extensive use of antibiotics has selected resistant strains, increasing the rate of fatal infectious diseases, and exerting an economic burden on society. This situation is widely accepted as a global problem, yet its degree is not well elucidated in many regions of the world. Up till now, no systemic analysis of Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Pakistan has been published. The current study aims to describe the antibiotic-resistance scenario of Pakistan from human samples of the last 10 y, to find the gaps in surveillances and methodology and recommendations for researchers and prescribers founded on these outcomes. Methods Original research articles analyzed the pattern of Antibiotic resistance of any World Health Organization (WHO) enlisted priority pathogens in Pakistan (published onward 2009 till March 2020), were collected from PubMed, Google scholar, and PakMedi Net search engines. These articles were selected based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data about the study characteristics and antibiotic-resistance for a given bacterium were excluded from literature. Antibiotic resistance to a particular bacterium was calculated as a median resistance with 95% Confidence Interval (CI). Results Studies published in the last 10 y showed that Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is the most reported clinical diagnosis (16.1%) in Pakistan. E. coli were reported in 28 (30.11%) studies showing high resistance to antibiotics’ first line. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was found in 49% of S. aureus’ total reported cases. Phenotypic resistance pattern has mostly been evaluated by Disk Diffusion Method (DDM) (82.8%), taken Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) as a breakpoint reference guideline (in 79.6% studies). Only 28 (30.11%) studies have made molecular identification of the resistance gene. blaTEM (78.94% in Shigella spp) and blaNDM-1 (32.75% in Klebsiella spp) are the prominent reported resistant genes followed by VanA (45.53% in Enterococcus spp), mcr-1 (1.61% in Acinetobacter spp), and blaKPC-2 (31.67% in E. coli). Most of the studies were from Sindh (40.86%), followed by Punjab (35.48%), while Baluchistan’s AMR data was not available. Conclusion Outcomes of our study emphasize that most of the pathogens show high resistance to commonly used antibiotics; also, we find gaps in surveillances and breaches in methodological data. Based on these findings, we recommend the regularization of surveillance practice and precise actions to combat the region’s AMR.

Antibiotic Resistance Patterns and Molecular Typing of Acinetobacter Baumannii Strains Isolated from Burn Patients in Iran

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fahimeh Nourbakhsh ◽  
Elaheh Tajbakhsh ◽  
Dana Daneshmand ◽  
Samaneh Borooni ◽  
Vajiheh Nourbakhsh
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Acinetobacter Baumannii ◽  
Molecular Typing ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Burn Patients ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Burn Center ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Pattern

Background and Aims: Acinetobacter baumannii is an important multidrug-resistant opportunistic pathogen frequently causing various nosocomial infections and is a serious threat to burn patients. These infections are usually caused by the outbreak strains. The aim of this study was to show antibiotic resistance pattern and molecular typing of A.baumannii genes isolates collected from burn patients and also distribution of different types of burn patients. Materials and Methods: In this study, 307 different strains were detected. Totally 100 A.baumannii strain was selected in burn center of Isfahan hospital. Antibiotic resistance pattern was determined by disk diffusion method (Kirby Bauer). The presence of genes coding in antibiotic resistance were analyzed by using M-PCR method. The standard strains of Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and A. baumannii ATCC 19606 were used as negative and positive controls. Results: The antibiotic resistance pattern for A.baumannii showed high resistance for ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime, and tetracycline with frequency of 82.5%, 75.3%, 72%, respectively. Moreover, the most sensitive antibiotics were chloramphenicol, and nitrofurantoin with the resistance frequency of 3.9% and 2.8%. CITM (91.1%) was the highest detected gene. Conclusions: High prevalence of antibiotic resistance pattern among A.baumannii isolated from burn center hospitals indicates the important role of multidrug resistant isolates.

Isolation frequency of uropathogenic strains and search for ESBL producing Enterobacteriaceae isolated from patients with UTI in Bechar (Algeria)

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elhassan Benyagoub ◽  
Miaad K. Alkhudhairy ◽  
S. Mohamed Benchaib ◽  
Abdelmadjid Zaalan ◽  
Youcef Mekhfi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Klebsiella Spp

Background: Emergence of multidrug-resistant uropathogenic strains mainly the global spread of extended-spectrum betalactamase (ESBL) genes accompanied both by uncontrolled use of antibacterial agents and a considerable decrease in their activities makes the monitoring of the resistance pattern one of necessary means that could help the medical practitioners to choose the best treatment. For this purpose and during four months from March 1 to June 30 (2019), an experimental study has been carried out on urine specimens of 123 inpatients (IP) and outpatients (OP) at infectious disease service Boudjemaa TOURABI Public Hospital of Bechar (Algeria), aiming the detection of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae uropathogenic strains. Methods: Firstly, the antibiotic susceptibility testing has been carried out by using the disk diffusion method to determine not only the multidrug resistance patterns, but also the multiple antibiotic resistance indexes of uropathogenic strains isolated from clinical IP and OP samples. Secondly, the ESBL detection was done by using the following methods: synergy tests based on the synergy between a thirdgeneration cephalosporin and clavulanate, double-disc synergy test (DDST) and phenotypic tests on a cloxacillin-containing agar. Results: As a result, 56 patients had a urinary tract infection (UTI) in overall 123 patients; a frequency of 45,52%. Through a UTI’s frequency of 64,7%, the female gender was the most affected. All age groups were affected by UTI, with a mean age of 38,47±19,97 years old. Knowing that UTIs’ patients having ages ranged from 16 to 49 years old were most affected compared to other ages’ groups, with a frequency of 66,6 and 50% for female and male gender, respectively. The microbial strains represented by the bacteria group were predominant, ie (98,22%) followed by yeasts (1,78%), where Gram-negative bacilli showed (96,36%) of the uropathogenic agents, so (3,64%) were Gram-positive bacteria. The antibiotic resistance profile of isolated Enterobacteriaceae showed very high resistance rates for the species of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp, and Proteus spp to aminopenicillins, cephalosporins, and less against carbapenems and other drug groups. E. coli had presented the highest multidrug resistance followed by Klebsiella spp with a MAR index ranged from 0,53 to 0,82. Within this range, a total of 28 isolate (25 E. coli, 2 Klebsiella spp, and 1 Proteus mirabilis) had shown resistance against 9 to 14 out of the 17 tested antibiotics. The rate of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae strains was 23,07 and 55,26% for inpatients and outpatients respectively, where E.coli was the most important ESBL producers out of all isolated strains. Conclusion: An alarming ESBLs rate for outpatients which is usually higher among inpatients with UTI, who receive several classes of antibiotics. Such condition should be considered as a major public health concern, and measures must be taken to establish the sources and drivers of this issue. Thus, the findings of this research pushes health sector stakeholders as well as scientific communities to act on reducing the transmission of the multidrug-resistant strains that threatens several classes of life-saving antibiotics.

scholarly journals Recovery Incidence and Antibiotic Resistance Profile of Some Enteric Bacteria from Well Waters in Iwo, Osun State, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Olayinka O. Elutade ◽  
Olamide F. Olutunde ◽  
Omowumi T. Akinola ◽  
Olayinka O. Oluranti
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Enteric Bacteria ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Microbial Counts ◽  
Shigella Species

The recovery incidence and antibiotic resistance pattern of Escherichia coli, Shigella and Salmonella species in water from 15 different wells located in Iwo, Osun state, were investigated in an effort to determine the potential health risks associated with the consumption of the water. Each well water sample was separately initially cultured in a non-selective pre-enrichment broth for 24 hours, and subsequently, subcultured on sterile Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) agar for Escherichia coli and Salmonella-Shigella agar for Salmonella and Shigella species, using the pour-plate technique and the microbial counts recorded. With the aid of the disc diffusion method, 0.5 McFarland of each target organism was screened on Mueller-Hinton agar for antibiotic susceptibility profile. Results showed a recovery incidence of E. coli (87%), Salmonella species (80%) and Shigella species (100%). was observed while the microbial counts for E. coli, Shigella and Salmonella species differed significantly in each of the wells sampled. Antibiotic sensitivity profile observed showed 100% isolates of E. coli and Salmonella spp were resistant to augmentin. There were also presence of multi-antibiotic resistance strains with 66.67% of the E. coli isolates resistant to the combinations of cefixime, augmentin and nitrofuration, It is suggested that simple hygienic practice, such as regular disinfection of the wells with chemicals, boiling and filtration of water before drinking would eliminate not only the prevalence of these pathogens but also the spread of both antibiotic and multi-antibiotic resistance traits in the consumed water, hence making it safe for the health of the humans in the study population.

scholarly journals Assessment of Gut Bacteria Profile and Antibiotic Resistance Pattern Among Psychotropic Drug Users as Compared With Apparently Healthy Controls: Comparative Cross-sectional Study 

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Solomon Ali ◽  
Zufan Hailu Marame ◽  
Mubarek Abera ◽  
Mulatu Gashaw
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Psychotropic Medications ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Pattern ◽  
Apparently Healthy

Abstract Introduction: In the 21st century, antibiotic resistance is becoming one of the major global public health threats. Several complex factors are associated with the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance. Emerging evidences are indicating that drugs used for chronic illness conditions might have a contribution for antibiotic resistance either through drug-drug interactions or metabolism of the drugs by gut microbiota.Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the bacteria profile and resistance patterns of gut bacteria isolated from participants using psychotropic drugs and apparently healthy controls. Methods: Socio demographic data were collected from patients using psychotropic medications and apparently healthy persons. Clinical data was collected from patient records. Stool samples were collected from 107 patients using psychotropic medications and 107 apparently healthy controls. Gut bacteria flora were isolated as per recommended bacteria culture isolation and identification methods. Antibiotic susceptibility test was done using the disk diffusion method and Mast disks were used to identify extended-spectrum betalactamase (ESBL) and/or AmpC producing isolates. Result: A total of 245 bacterial isolates were isolated and identified. From these 124 (50.6%) bacteria were isolated from patients using Psychotropic medications. There was no bacteria profile difference between the two groups. Escherichia coli was the prevalent [100(80.6%) and 102 (84.3%)] bacteria isolated from patients using psychotropic medications and apparently healthy controls, respectively. Escherichia coli isolated from patients using psychotropic medications showed significantly higher resistance against tested amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cephalosporin (2nd, 3rd, 4th generations), Meropenem, ciprofloxacin and Tetracycline. The odds of isolating ESBL producing Enterobacteriaceae [(OR=2.3, 95% C.I: (1.4-4.0)] and MDR [OR=5.4, 95% C.I:(1.5-29.8)] was higher on patients using psychotropic medications. Conclusion: The observed antibiotic resistance pattern of bacteria isolated from guts of patients using psychotropic medications was very high. The magnitude of antibiotic resistance is more pronounced among E.coli isolates.

scholarly journals Comparison of antibiotic resistance pattern among Enteropathogenic bacteria isolated from broiler and backyard chicken meat

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 228
Author(s):  
R. Yulistiani ◽  
D. Praseptiangga ◽  
S. Supyani ◽  
S. Sudibya
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Chicken Meat ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Broiler Meat ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Backyard Chicken

This study aimed to compare the antibiotic resistance patterns among original Enterobacteriaceae isolates from broiler and backyard chicken meats in Surabaya, Indonesia, isolated in 2016-2017. The Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method was used to determine the resistance of these isolates against tetracycline (TE), gentamicin (CN), cefoxitin (FOX), sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (SXT), nalidixic acid (NA), and chloramphenicol (C). Both broiler and backyard chicken meat isolates were resistant to the six antibiotics tested. Overall, broiler meat isolates which resistant to TE, CN, FOX, SXT, NA, C were 57.76% higher than backyard chicken meat isolates. More than 50% of broiler meat isolates (304 samples) were resistant to TE and NA, whereas backyard chicken meat isolates (310 samples) were only resistant to TE. The resistant strains found in both meat isolates were Salmonella spp., Escherichiacoli, Shigella spp., Citrobacter spp., Klebsiella spp., Yersinia spp., Proteus spp., Enterobacter spp., Serratia spp., and Edwardsiella spp. Resistant strains of broiler meat isolates were significantly higher (P<0.05) than backyard chicken meat isolates, except Edwardsiella spp. Overall, multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae was found to be higher in broiler meat isolates than in backyard chicken meat isolates. Broiler and backyard chicken meats are potential reservoirs of multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae which threat to public health.

scholarly journals Emerging antibiotic resistance pattern of urinary tract infection (UTI) due to Escherichia Coli (E.Coli).

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (12) ◽  
pp. 1804-1811
Author(s):  
Salman Azhar ◽  
Talha Munir ◽  
Mian Sajjad Ahmed ◽  
Wasif Baig ◽  
Ahmed Nawaz Baber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract Infection ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Tract Infection ◽  
Urine Culture ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Pattern ◽  
Culture And Sensitivity

Objective: To determine the emerging antibiotic resistance pattern of adult patients of MDR UTI cases caused by E.Coli. Study Design: Retrospective Data. Setting: Departments of Medicine and Obstetrics & Gynecology, Madinah Teaching Hospital / University Medical and Dental College, Faisalabad. Period: August 2016 to Sep 2018. Material & Methods: This retrospective study included 187 patients meeting the operational definition of multi-drug resistance cases of urinary tract infection caused by E. coli. All cases either male or female of age above 15 years with positive reports of urine culture and sensitivity for E.coli were included in the study. Along with the demographic variables urine WBC’s, results of urine culture and sensitivity were noted. Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of all the E.coli resistant UTI cases was analyzed. After identification of the microbe, antimicrobial sensitivity was accessed using Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method on the Mueller–Hinton agar. The antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed against E. coli strains by using the following antibiotics: Piperacilin, Amoxicilin-Calvulanic, Pipmedic Acid, Cefipime, Ceftrixone, Cefuroxime, Cefoperazone-sulbactam, Ceftazidime, Cephradine, Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin, Levofloxacin, ofloxacin, Nitrofurantoin, Amikacin, Tombramycin, Gentamicin, Linezolid, Doxycycline, Sulphamethoxazole, Imipenem, Meropenem, Aztreonam in order to obtain an antibiogram. Results: In our data, 66.8% (n=125) were MDR UTI, and more than half of these cases were 63.2% (n=79) were females. Among the total 187 cases, 97.3% patients were resistant to most of the beta-lactam antibiotics, 95.7% were resistant to most of the quinolones and 68.4% were resistant to most of the aminoglycosides. Conclusion: This increasing antibiotic resistance is very alarming and steps should be taken to reduce the misuse of antibiotics. Studies should be done to control the risk factors leading to E. coli UTI. By following proper pharmacological guidelines, principles to use antibiotics and manage outpatient cases of UTIs, the incidence of MDR UTI can be controlled.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern against E. coli and Salmonella spp. in Environmental Effluents

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 52-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
MM Hassan ◽  
M Ahaduzzaman ◽  
M Alam ◽  
MS Bari ◽  
KB Amin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Patterns ◽  
Veterinary Hospital

Hospitals (medical & veterinary) and slaughterhouse effluents were the most contaminating effluents and need to be paid more attention due to pathogenic bacteria related to animal and public health concern. Two bacterial isolates such as E. coli and Salmonella from six medical hospitals, five veterinary hospitals and five slaughter houses were isolated to find out the antibiotic resistance pattern by using disc diffusion method. The antibiotic resistance patterns of identified isolates showed that Ampicillin, Ciprofloxacin, Enrofloxacin, Pefloxacin, Colistin, Erythromycin, Oxytetracycline were 100%, Doxycycline was 83%, Gentamycin was 50% and Neomycin was 33% resistance to medical isolates and Ampicillin, Enrofloxacin, Pefloxacin and Erythromycin were 100%, Ciprofloxacin was 40%, Colistin was 60%, Doxycycline was 80%, Gentamycin was 20%; Neomycin and Oxytetracycline 80% resistance to veterinary hospital isolates and Ampicillin, Enrofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Pefloxacin, Colistin, Oxytetracycline, Gentamycin, Doxycycline and Erythromycin were 100% and Neomycin was 40% resistance to slaughter houses isolates of E. coli. The level of resistance of Salmonella positive isolates was found Ampicillin, Enrofloxacin, Pefloxacin, Gentamycin and Erythromycin to 100%, Ciprofloxacin was 67%, Oxytetracycline was 33% but Colistin and Neomycin was found sensitive to the isolates from both medical and veterinary hospital. Results indicated that hospitals and slaughter houses waste effluent has multiple-antibiotic resistance against E. coli and Salmonella.International Journal of Natural Sciences (2015), 5(2) 52-58

scholarly journals Pathotyping and Antibiotic Resistance Profiling of Escherichia coli Isolates from Children with Acute Diarrhea in Amatole District Municipality of Eastern Cape, South Africa

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
S. A. Omolajaiye ◽  
K. O. Afolabi ◽  
B. C. Iweriebor
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Childhood Mortality ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Phenotypic Resistance ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Diarrheagenic Escherichia Coli

Background. Diarrhea has been reported as the leading cause of childhood mortality and morbidity globally but with disproportionate impacts in developing nations. Among bacterial etiologic agents of diarrhea, diarrheagenic Escherichia coli is the main cause of the disease among children under the age of 5 years. This study is aimed at determining the prevalence and antibiogram pattern of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) pathotypes associated with diarrhea cases in the study area. Methods. A total of 120 presumptive isolates of E. coli were obtained from diarrheal stool samples from male and female patients below 12 years of age using chromogenic agar. Confirmation of the isolates and screening for virulence genes were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) while antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the disk diffusion method. The presence of antibiotic resistance genes to chloramphenicol and tetracycline among the confirmed isolates was also profiled by PCR based on the observed phenotypic resistance pattern. Results. Of the 120 presumptive isolates, 88.3% (106/120) were confirmed as E. coli through PCR. The molecular pathotyping of the confirmed isolates showed their distribution as 41% (43/106) of diffusely adhering E. coli (DAEC), 17% (18/106) of enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), 17% (18/106) of enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), and 10% (11/106) of enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC), while enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) and enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) were not detected, and the remaining 15% did not belong to any pathotype. Notably, high resistance of the isolates to commonly used antimicrobials was observed as follows: ampicillin (98%), chloramphenicol (94%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (96%), and tetracycline (90.6%), while a relatively low number of the confirmed isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin (45%) and imipenem (36%). In addition, 94% of the isolates that exhibited phenotypic resistance against chloramphenicol harbored the catA1 resistance gene while 89% that showed resistance to tetracycline had tetA genes. Conclusions. These findings showed that DEC could be considered as the leading etiologic bacterial agent responsible for diarrhea in the study community, and the observable high degree of resistance of the isolates to antimicrobial agents is of huge significance, calling for stakeholders to adopt and consolidate the existing antimicrobial stewardship scheme of the government, in order to ensure an uncompromised public health.

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