Estrategia nacional peruana contra la propagación de la pandemia del coronavirus (COVID-19)

La presente investigación es el estudio del caso Perú sobre las estrategias implementadas por el gobierno peruano a partir de la detección del paciente cero con el objetivo de contener la propagación de la pandemia por el coronavirus COVID-19 decretada por la OMS. Se detalla el comportamiento de la evolución de la cantidad de infectados a partir del 6 marzo al 24 de abril 2020. El primer grupo de medidas se adoptaron a partir de la detección del paciente cero hasta la declaración por la OMS (Organización Mundial de la Salud) como pandemia, acompañado de la implementación de protocolos acoplados a nuestro sistema de salud y medidas tomadas por el gobierno peruano mediante Decreto Supremo 008-2020-SA declarando emergencia sanitaria a nivel nacional por un plazo de 90 días. Posteriormente se pasó a tomar una serie de medidas evaluadas desde el 12 al 26 de marzo y del 27 de marzo al 24 de abril 2020, fecha que finaliza el presente estudio, detallando las estrategias consideradas por el gobierno peruano contra la propagación del coronavirus COVID-19. Entre las principales acciones adoptadas por el gobierno peruano ante COVID-19 tenemos: (1) restricciones de movilización de personas; (2) suspensión de reuniones y eventos públicos y privados; (3) cierre de fronteras a nivel internacional y el traslado de personas a diferentes departamentos en territorio peruano; (4) suspensión de clases en instituciones educativas (educación básica, centro de educación técnicas productivas y universidades), y (5) facilidades e incentivos económicos asistenciales.<p style="text-align: start; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; word-spacing: 0px;">Palabras clave: COVID-19, estrategias, propagación, protocolos<p style="text-align: start; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; word-spacing: 0px;"> <p style="text-align: start; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; word-spacing: 0px;"> ABSTRACT<p style="text-align: start; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; word-spacing: 0px;"> The present investigation is the study of the Peru case on the strategies implemented by the Peruvian government from the detection of patient zero with the objective of containing the spread of the pandemic decreed by the WHO for the coronavirus COVID-19.The behavior of the evolution of the number of infected from March 6 to April 24, 2020 is detailed. The first groups of measures were adopted from the detection of patient zero until the declaration by the WHO (World Health Organization) as a pandemic, accompanied by the implementation of protocols coupled to our health system and measures taken by the Peruvian government through Supreme Decree 008-2020-SA declaring a national health emergency for a period of 90 days. Subsequently, a series of measures evaluated were taken from March 12 to 26 and from March 27 to April 24, 2020, the date this study ends, detailing the strategies considered by the Peruvian government against the spread of the coronavirus COVID -19. Among the main actions taken by the Peruvian government before COVID-19 we have: (1) restrictions on the mobilization of people; (2) suspension of public and private meetings and events; (3) closure of borders at the international level and the transfer of people to different departments in Peruvian territory; (4) suspension of classes in educational institutions (Basic education, productive technical education center and universities), and (5) facilities and economic assistance incentives.<p style="text-align: start; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; word-spacing: 0px;"> Keywords: COVID-19, Propagation, Protocols, Strategy<p style="text-align: start; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; word-spacing: 0px;">

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Emprendimiento para la carrera de educación inicial

Revista Científica Retos de la Ciencia ◽

10.53877/rc.5.e.20210915.05 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (e) ◽

pp. 52-63

Author(s):

Erika Margarita Pazmiño Cárdenas ◽

◽

Ivonne Augusta Andino Sosa ◽

Karla Fabiola Romero Coronel ◽

María Fernanda Becerra Sarmiento ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Virtual Education ◽

World Health ◽

Educational Institutions ◽

Public And Private ◽

Education Professionals ◽

Face To Face ◽

Childhood Education ◽

Epistemological Analysis ◽

Health Organization ◽

University Teacher Training

Since the COVID-19 pandemic declared by the World Health Organization, the work environment in the education sector has been affected, especially at the early education level, due to the suspension of face-to-face classes, the introduction of virtual education and, in some cases, the closure of educational institutions. From this perspective, the purpose of this study is to describe university teacher training in the field of entrepreneurship in the Early Childhood Education program at public and private universities in Ecuador. The information was collected through a broad epistemological analysis, as well as the curricula, the graduate profile and the projected labor field of the career that are related to entrepreneurship as part of academic training. The results reveal that of the 30 universities that offer this career, 13 include entrepreneurship as a subject in their curricula, 6 relate it to their projected field of work and 4 include it in their graduate profile. This shows the limited consideration of entrepreneurship in the training of initial education professionals, which distances them from the real needs of today's rapidly changing labor field. In the future, it is necessary to review the syllabus of this subject to verify the development of entrepreneurial competencies.

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Prepayment schemes

10.1093/oso/9780198794837.003.0011 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Jan Abel Olsen

Keyword(s):

Health Insurance ◽

Social Health Insurance ◽

Three Dimensions ◽

World Health ◽

Health Coverage ◽

Public And Private ◽

Revenue Collection ◽

Otto Von Bismarck ◽

Health Organization ◽

Universal Health

This chapter considers two different ways of organizing revenue collection in statutory healthcare schemes: social health insurance and taxation. The two models are commonly referred to as ‘Bismarck vs Beveridge’ after the men associated with the origin of these systems: the first German chancellor Otto von Bismarck (1815–1898), and the British economist Lord William Beveridge (1879–1963). The differences between these two compulsory prepayment schemes are discussed and compared with private health insurance. Based on a simple diagram introduced by the World Health Organization, three dimensions of coverage are illustrated. Some policy dilemmas are highlighted when attempting to achieve universal health coverage. Finally, various combinations of public and private prepayment schemes are discussed.

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Prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade entre mulheres eutróficas

Revista de Ciências Médicas e Biológicas ◽

10.9771/cmbio.v11i2.6682 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 184

Author(s):

Marcela Ribeiro da Costa ◽

Durval Sobreiro Júnior ◽

Crésio Alves

Keyword(s):

Normal Weight ◽

The Body ◽

World Health ◽

Font Size ◽

Percentage Body Fat ◽

Obesity And Overweight ◽

Skin Fold ◽

Methods Of Evaluation ◽

Health Organization ◽

Body Compositions

Introdução - Apesar da ampla utilização e significativa correlação do IMC (Índice de Massa Corporal) com o diagnóstico de sobrepeso e obesidade, estudos recentes sugerem pouca associação dos valores intermediários de sobrepeso com o percentual de gordura corporal, o que pode subestimar a prevalência de elevada adiposidade e seus riscos à saúde. Métodos - Este estudo comparou o diagnóstico de mulheres consideradas eutróficas pelo critério de IMC preconizado pela OMS (Organização Mundial de Saúde) com a avaliação segundo o cálculo do percentual de gordura corporal aferido por pregas cutâneas. Foram analisadas as fichas de avaliação física de duzentas e quatro alunas matriculadas em uma academia exclusiva para mulheres de Salvador, Bahia, em 2010. Foram analisados peso, altura, prega cutânea tricipital, supra-ilíaca e coxa, além dos cálculos de IMC e percentual de gordura corporal através do programa EVO®. Resultados - Foi observado que apenas 25,95% das mulheres eutróficas pelo valor do IMC permaneceram com mesmo diagnóstico nutricional após avaliação do percentual de gordura corporal. A prevalência de obesidade, segundo o IMC, foi de 6,37% da amostra total, enquanto essa prevalência entre mulheres eutróficas pelo IMC, após avaliação da composição corporal, foi de 38,17%, 6 vezes maior. Observou-se, também, influência da idade na adequação do IMC e percentual de gordura corporal. Discussão - Os achados deste estudo foram compatíveis com outros resultados encontrados na literatura, sugerindo subdiagnóstico do sobrepeso e da obesidade através da classificação do IMC e a necessidade da associação de métodos para uma avaliação clínica mais adequada e um diagnóstico do estado nutricional mais preciso. Abstract Introduction: The BMI (Body Mass Index) is the major parameter currently recommended by the WHO (world health organization) to determine the diagnosis and the treatment to obesity and overweight. The intermediate BMI classification could underestimate the diagnosis when is compared with other evaluation methods. Methods: the aim of this paper is show the relationship between normal BMI and the high percentage body fat evaluated by skin fold thicknesses protocol (Pollock, 1984) in woman from Salvador, Bahia, Brazil in 2010. We compared the classification diagnosis based in BMI and skin fold thicknesses in 204 women age between 20 to 59 years. Results: in our sample, according with the classification based in BMI 74% of subjects was considered normal weight. When we analyzed the skin fold classification only 26% remain with the same diagnosis. Conclusions: Our outcome shows the role of the BMI in the diagnosis of the obesity and overweight must to be considerated and added to other methods of evaluation of the body compositions a skin fold protocols.

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Change in affordability of medications in Kazan in 2011 and 2015 as a reflection of state initiatives to regulate drug prices

Kazan medical journal ◽

10.17750/kmj2017-822 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 98 (5) ◽

pp. 822-826 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Ch M Razzakova ◽

L E Ziganshina

Keyword(s):

Comparative Analysis ◽

Generic Drugs ◽

World Health ◽

Price Ratio ◽

Public And Private ◽

Drug Prices ◽

State Initiatives ◽

Health Action ◽

Medicine Prices ◽

Health Organization

Aim. Performing comparative analysis of drug prices in 2011 and 2015 in Kazan to assess the effectiveness of state initiatives to ensure the affordability of medicines. Methods. The collection and processing of data was performed according to methodology developed by Health Action International and World Health Organization (WHO/HAI). We studied the availability and prices of 30 medicines in public and private pharmacies in Kazan in 2011 and 2015 and analyzed the procurement prices of the same medicines in inpatient hospitals. Recording and analysis were performed using standardized MS Excel WHO/HAI Workbook. Medicine prices were compared with international reference prices and were expressed as median price ratio. Results. The analysis showed a decrease in medicine prices in 2015 compared to 2011. In public and private sectors median price ratio of the originator brands reduced by about 3 times, and of the lowest price generics reduced by 1.5 times. A decrease in procurement prices by more than 2 times for generics and more than 6 times for the original brands was also revealed in 2015 in comparison with 2011. Conclusion. State initiatives to regulate drug prices contributed to the price reduction by 1.5-3 times in 2015 compared to 2011; changes in the procedures for the medicines procurement at the legislative level resulted in reduction of procurement prices by more than 2 times for generic drugs in 2015 compared to 2011.

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Biomedical Waste Management in Kandahar City

American International Journal of Biology and Life Sciences ◽

10.46545/aijbls.v1i2.55 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 40-48

Keyword(s):

Health Care ◽

Waste Management ◽

International Standards ◽

World Health ◽

Human Beings ◽

Public And Private ◽

Biomedical Waste ◽

Public And Private Hospitals ◽

Health Organization ◽

Health Care Centers

Biomedical wastes management is one of the most important issues in public health centers and it is a crucial issue for environmental sectors as well. Wrong and inappropriate management treat the life of human beings in Kandahar City. Currently the population of this city has exponentially increased than ever because of the immigration of many people from neighboring provinces. This research was conducted in 15 districts of Kandahar public and private health care centers to identify the current biomedical waste management in Kandahar city. The qualitative and quantitative date was collected through a questionnaire from public and private hospitals, clinics and health care centers. In addition, discarding, segregating, labeling, transporting and disposing system of biomedical waste were observed. The result showed that 65.3% newly hired biomedical waste staff not received training or instruction. Furthermore, the result indicates that 44% generated biomedical wastes are regulated by municipality and color coding is not followed accordingly. Current biomedical waste is not appropriate based on designed international standards and the criteria suggested by world health organization.

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Quality of life in patients treated with methadone: The WHOQOL-BREF, psychometric study and application results

Anales de Psicología ◽

10.6018/analesps.34.2.282971 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 34 (2) ◽

pp. 251

Author(s):

Eduardo J. Pedrero-Pérez ◽

MethaQoL Group

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

World Health ◽

Dimensional Structure ◽

Clinical Samples ◽

Addictive Behaviors ◽

Font Size ◽

Perceived Quality Of Life ◽

Valid Test ◽

Health Organization

<span style="font-family: 'Garamond',serif; font-size: 8pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">The most commonly instrument used to measure quality of life in patients with addictive behaviors is the WHOQOL-BREF, developed by the World Health Organization. No studies have been found to explore the psychometric properties in Spanish clinical samples. This paper aims to study their reliability as well as the construct validity in a representative sample of patients and comparing the results to the data available for the general population in Spain. A sample was recruited comprised of 523 subjects who were undergoing treatment with methadone in Madrid and Extremadura. A confirmatory factor analysis was completed to test the theoretically proposed structure and then an optimized-parallel analysis was done to establish the most adequate number of components. The result offers solid values for internal consistency both as concerns the items and the scales. The theoretical tetra-dimensional structure is confirmed in the sample although serious arguments are also found for considering its one-dimensionality. The structural relationship between the four domains was studied. The WHOQOL-BREF proves to be a reliable and valid test for use on patients treated with methadone, providing a multi-dimensional measure of perceived quality of life that includes social and environmental factors of great importance in treating addiction problems.

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Correlación Entre Calidad de Sueño y Calidad de Vida en Estudiantes de Medicina

Revista Ecuatoriana de Neurologia ◽

10.46997/revecuatneurol30100077 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

pp. 77-80

Author(s):

Andrés Zúñiga-Vera ◽

Melissa Coronel-Coronel ◽

César Naranjo-Salazar ◽

Richard Vaca-Maridueña

Keyword(s):

Sleep Quality ◽

Quality Index ◽

Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index ◽

World Health ◽

World Health Organization Quality ◽

Calidad De Vida ◽

Palabras Clave ◽

Factores De Riesgo ◽

Health Organization ◽

De Medicina

Introducción: El sueño es importante para el correcto desempeño del individuo, participa en muchos procesos biológicos. Los estudiantes de medicina frecuentemente no duermen la cantidad recomendada de horas de sueño por día. Esto afecta a su calidad de sueño, con repercusiones en su calidad de vida. Objetivo: Identificar la asociación entre la calidad del sueño según el cuestionario Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) y la calidad de vida según el cuestionario The World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL–BREF) de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), y describir los factores de riesgo más prevalentes para trastornos de sueño en estudiantes de Medicina de la Universidad Católica Santiago de Guayaquil (UCSG). Métodos: Estudio observacional transversal en estudiantes de Medicina de la UCSG. Resultados: Las encuestas fueron completadas por 211 estudiantes, la media de edad fue 20,8±2,6 años; el 62,1% eran mujeres. La media de IMC fue de 23,1±3,8, el 20,4% de los estudiantes tenía sobrepeso; y el 4,3% tenía obesidad. La puntuación media en el PSQI obtenida en la población estudiada fue de 7,2±3,1; y en el WHOQOL-BREF fue de 60,9%. El coeficiente de correlación de Pearson, r2, entre ambas variables fue de –0.33 (p: <0.01). Conclusión: La mala calidad de sueño guarda una correlación inversa con la calidad de vida. El dominio de calidad de vida más asociado a mala calidad de sueño fue el dominio físico. El factor de riesgo para mala calidad de sueño más frecuente fue la roncopatía. Palabras clave: calidad, estudiantes, medicina, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Sueño, WHOQOL- BREF

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Pharmacovigilance quality system for vaccine monitoring (COVID-19) using quality indicators: a scoping review

International Journal of Infection Control ◽

10.3396/ijic.v17.21250 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mayra M. Moura de Oliveira ◽

Gabriela Arantes Wagner ◽

Vera L. Gattás ◽

Larissa de Souza Arruda ◽

Monica Taminato

Keyword(s):

Signal Detection ◽

Active Surveillance ◽

Scoping Review ◽

Low Income ◽

Scientific Evidence ◽

World Health ◽

Low Income Countries ◽

Public And Private ◽

Health Organization ◽

Detection Of Signals

This scoping review responds to the appeal of the scientific community for collaboration between different entities for pharmacovigilance and active surveillance of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines. The objective is to identify, systematically evaluate, and synthesize the best scientific evidence available on the indicators used in pharmacovigilance systems. Our results demonstrate that approximately 50% of the 25 studies used in this review have been carried out in the past 5 years. Of these, only four used the pharmacovigilance indicators proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO). Eighty-seven pharmacovigilance indicators were identified, of which seven (8.0%) related to signal detection. While the WHO advocates signal detection as routine pharmacovigilance, in special situations – such as accelerated clinical studies where adverse events are not yet well known – other indicators related to signal detection appear to be good options for maintaining quality pharmacovigilance and active surveillance in the development of the COVID-19 vaccine. However, the less robust pharmacovigilance systems in low-income countries will necessitate greater involvement of health professionals from public and private sectors, pharmaceutical companies, academic institutions, and the general public, to ensure information security and detection of signals for the COVID-19 vaccine.

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Teenagers Lifestyles at Public and Private Schools: Screen Time and Physical Activity (Estilos de vida de los adolescentes en las escuelas públicas y privadas: tiempo de pantalla y actividad física)

Retos ◽

10.47197/retos.v0i31.53503 ◽

2016 ◽

pp. 275-281

Author(s):

Miguel Fialho Pombeiro ◽

Margarida Gaspar de Matos ◽

José Alves Diniz

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Public Schools ◽

Private Schools ◽

Private School ◽

Screen Time ◽

International Health ◽

World Health ◽

Public And Private ◽

School Aged Children ◽

Health Organization

This study aims to compare lifestyles (LS) of students at private and public schools. All schools are from Lisbon´s region (Lisbon). Five lifestyles profiles (LSP) were recognized and interpreted based on physical activity (PA) and screen time (ST). The methodology and the instruments used were adapted from the International Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study conducted under the auspices of the World Health Organization (WHO). Overall, the sample consists of N=2906 students of both genders averagely aged 13.6 years (SD=1.8). The results showed that in both public and private school the access and use of technological equipment’s is being democratized, but that is not true with PA practice; students of private schools are more disciplined in PA and in ST consume.Rsumen: Este estudio tiene como objetivo comparar el estilo de vida de los estudiantes de las escuelas públicas y privadas de la región de Lisboa. Cinco perfiles de estilo de vida fueron reconocidos e interpretados teniendo en cuenta la actividad física y el tiempo de pantalla. La metodología y los instrumentos utilizados en este estudio son el resultado de una adaptación del Internacional Health Beaviour in School-aged Children en niños en edad escolar realizado bajo los auspicios de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. El estudio incluye N = 2906 estudiantes de ambos sexos, con una media de 13,6 años (SD = 1,8). Los resultados mostraron que en las escuelas públicas y privadas, hay una democratización del acceso y uso de la tecnología, pero no en la actividad física; estudiantes de colegios privados son más disciplinados en la práctica de la actividad física y el tiempo de pantalla.Resumo. O presente estudo pretende comparar o estilo de vida dos alunos de escolas privadas e públicas da Região de Lisboa. Cinco perfis de estilo de vida, foram reconhecidos e interpretados em função da prática de atividade física e do tempo de ecrã. A metodologia e instrumentos utilizados neste estudo resultam de uma adaptação do estudo Internacional Health Beaviour in School-aged Children realizado sob a égide da Organização Mundial de Saúde. O estudo inclui N=2906 alunos de ambos os géneros, com uma média de idades de 13.6 anos (DP=1.8). Os resultados mostraram que em ambas as escolas públicas e privadas, existe uma democratização no acesso e na utilização tecnológica, mas não na prática de atividade física; os alunos das escolas privadas são mais disciplinados na prática de atividade física e no tempo de ecrã.

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The effect of empirical and laboratory-confirmed tuberculosis on treatment outcomes

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-94153-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Osman Abdullahi ◽

Ngari Moses ◽

Deche Sanga ◽

Willetts Annie

Keyword(s):

Treatment Outcomes ◽

Treatment Success ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

World Health ◽

Routine Practice ◽

Public And Private ◽

Systematic Screening ◽

Tb Treatment ◽

Resource Limited ◽

Health Organization

AbstractThe World Health Organization (WHO) criteria for diagnosing and treating Tuberculosis (TB) includes clinical signs, therefore not requiring bacteriological laboratory confirmation. In resource-limited settings, including Kenya, this empirical TB treatment is routine practice however limited data exist on patient clinical outcomes when comparing the method of diagnosis. We evaluated TB treatment outcomes comparing clinically diagnosed and bacteriologically confirmed TB, 6 months after starting treatment of TB in a rural county in Kenya. Our analysis compared patients with a clinical versus a bacteriologically confirmed TB diagnosis. In this retrospective analysis, we included all adults (≥ 18 years) starting treatment of TB and followed up for 6 months, within the County TB surveillance database from 2012 to 2018. Patients included from both public and private facilities. The TB treatment outcomes assessed included treatment success, treatment failure, death, defaulted and transferred out. We used survival regression models to assess effect of type of diagnosis on TB treatment outcome defining time at risk from date of starting treatment to experiencing one of the treatment outcomes or completing 6-months of treatment. A total of 12,856 patients; median age 37 [IQR 28 − 50] years were included. 7639 (59%) were male while 11,339 (88%) were pulmonary TB cases. Overall, 11,633 (90%) were given first-line TB treatment and 3791 (29%) were HIV infected. 6472 (50%) of the patients were clinically diagnosed of whom 4521/6472 (70%) had a negative sputum/GeneXpert test. During the study 5565 person-years (PYs) observed, treatment success was 82% and 83% amongst clinically and bacteriologically diagnosed patients (P = 0.05). There were no significant differences in defaulting (P = 0.70) or transfer out (P = 0.19) between clinically and bacteriologically diagnosed patients. Mortality was significantly higher among clinically diagnosed patients: 639 (9.9%) deaths compared to 285 (4.5%) amongst the bacteriologically diagnosed patients; aHR 5.16 (95%CI 2.17 − 12.3) P < 0.001. Our study suggests survival during empirical TB treatment is significantly lower compared to patients with laboratory evidence, irrespective of HIV status and age. To improve TB treatment outcomes amongst clinically diagnosed patients, we recommend systematic screening for comorbidities, prompt diagnosis and management of other infections.

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