scholarly journals A Study On Application Of Blockchain Technology To Control Counterfeit Drugs, Enhance Data Privacy and Improve Distribution In Online Pharmacy

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 59-66
Author(s):  
Deepnshu Singh ◽  
Jyotinder Kaur Chaddah
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Data Privacy ◽  
Architectural Design ◽  
Working Process ◽  
Counterfeit Drugs ◽  
Building Trust ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Online Pharmacy ◽  
The One ◽  
Medical Drug

Technology has always emerged to embolden the existing working process. On the one hand, it encourages transparency, accessibility and robustness in the system and on the other hand, it begets mitigation of the risks and allows us to detect, evaluate and eliminate vulnerability in the system. The most prominent technologies in todays’ world like Artificial Intelligence, Virtual/Augmented Reality, Automation, Cloud Computing are thriving to solve society’s problems and ensure the expedition in the process from its previous generation. Blockchain technology is no exception in providing the solution to eliminate the counterfeit markets across the globe and building trust among parties to do business without the fear of indulging or facing any unscrupulous business. Blockchain technology can ensure data privacy while improving supply chain transparency and reducing fraud. It can provide all stakeholders within a certain supply chain with access to the same information, potentially reducing errors. A decentralised application can pave the way to promulgate online pharmaceutical business where health information and each stakeholders’ data is not compromised. Against this backdrop the research conducted throws light on the challenges in the online medical drug and devices’ distribution and proposes a solution, an architectural design for blockchain technology in an online pharmaceutical platform to mitigate the counterfeit market while bringing efficiency to the ecosystem.

scholarly journals Enabling Blockchain Based SCM Systems with a Real Time Event Monitoring Function for Preemptive Risk Management

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 4811
Author(s):  
Chung-Hong Lee ◽  
Hsin-Chang Yang ◽  
Yu-Chen Wei ◽  
Wen-Kai Hsu
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Data Privacy ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Event Monitoring ◽  
Privacy And Security ◽  
Supply Chain System ◽  
Chain System ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Demand Fluctuations

The risk of supply chain disruption is usually related to daily disturbances in supply chain operations (e.g., demand fluctuations) and some emergency risks, such as earthquakes and epidemic outbreaks. During a crisis, companies need agility to quickly find new suppliers and open auxiliary sales channels to meet customer needs and remain competitive. However, identifying “event” is one of the most difficult challenges of current decision support systems. If the system encounters an emergency, it is usually unable to promptly notify users of the warning to avoid risks. A sensible solution is to incorporate the real-time event-monitoring system into SCM (i.e., supply chain management) in order to share emergency information in the early stage for preemptive management in the supply chain. On the other hand, in order to process confidential supply chain data with other members, the SCM infrastructure requires secure data sharing. The blockchain-based SCM system can improve the transparency of traceability to ensure that the supply chain system provides high-quality products and protects data privacy and security. The view is taken; therefore, in this work, we combined a method of real-time event detection using collected Twitter data and blockchain technology for event monitoring to improve the visibility of the supply chain system and take preemptive measures for risk avoidance. The experiments show some interesting results and potentials for future work in the field of the agile supply chain.

scholarly journals Securing Pharmaceutical Supply Chain using Blockchain Technology

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 01013
Author(s):  
Vishwesh Lingayat ◽  
Isha Pardikar ◽  
Shubham Yewalekar ◽  
Shyamal Khachane ◽  
Sachin Pande
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Smart Contracts ◽  
Counterfeit Drugs ◽  
Supply Chain System ◽  
Pharmaceutical Supply Chain ◽  
Manual Operation ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Production And Distribution

The production and distribution of counterfeit drugs is an urgent and increasingly critical worldwide issue, especially in pandemics. The imperfect supply chain system in the pharmaceutical industry is one of the reasons for drug counterfeiting. Drugs ownership changes from manufacturers to wholesaler, distributor, and then pharmacist before it reaches the customer thus making it difficult to keep track of it. In this paper, we have compared the existing proposed architectures of blockchain and IoT based supply chain management systems. The system implemented using hyper ledger fabric ensures sharing, storing, transparency, and traceability of data in each link of the supply chain. On the other hand, Ethereum architecture utilized the features of smart contracts to manage the interactions between sender and receiver. Finally, the study mainly focuses on increasing the safety of pharmaceutical products and reducing the manual operation of the supply chain with the most efficient architecture.

scholarly journals A Novel Medical Blockchain Model for Drug Supply Chain Integrity Management in a Smart Hospital

Electronics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faisal Jamil ◽  
Lei Hang ◽  
KyuHyung Kim ◽  
DoHyeun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Supply Chain ◽  
Drug Supply ◽  
Counterfeit Drugs ◽  
Pharmaceutical Supply Chain ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Smart Healthcare ◽  
Drug Regulations ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Drug Supply Chain

At present, in pharmacology one of the most serious problems is counterfeit drugs. The Health Research Funding organization reported that in developing countries, nearly 10–30% of the drugs are fake. Counterfeiting is not the main issue itself, but, rather, the fact that, as compared to traditional drugs, these counterfeit drugs produce different side effects to human health. According to WHO, around 30% of the total medicine sold in Africa, Asia, and Latin America is counterfeit. This is the major worldwide problem, and the situation is worse in developing countries, where one out of every 10 medicines are either fake or do not follow drug regulations. The rise of Internet pharmacies has made it more difficult to standardize drug safety. It is difficult to detect counterfeits because these drugs pass through different complex distributed networks, thus forming opportunities for counterfeits to enter the authentic supply chain. The safety of the pharmaceutical supply chain has become a major concern for public health, which is a collective process. In this paper, we propose a novel drug supply chain management using Hyperledger Fabric based on blockchain technology to handle secure drug supply chain records. The proposed system solves this problem by conducting drug record transactions on a blockchain to create a smart healthcare ecosystem with a drug supply chain. A smart contract is launched to give time-limited access to electronic drug records and also patient electronic health records. We also carried out a number of experiments in order to demonstrate the usability and efficiency of the designed platform. Finally, we used Hyperledger Caliper as a benchmarking tool to conduct the performance of the designed system in terms of transactions per second, transaction latency, and resource utilization.

scholarly journals An Attribute-Based Access Control Model in RFID Systems Based on Blockchain Decentralized Applications for Healthcare Environments

Computers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Figueroa ◽  
Añorga ◽  
Arrizabalaga
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Access Control ◽  
Radio Frequency Identification ◽  
Surgical Instruments ◽  
Privacy And Security ◽  
Rfid Systems ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Access Control Policies ◽  
Attribute Based Access Control ◽  
The One

The growing adoption of Radio-frequency Identification (RFID) systems, particularly in the healthcare field, demonstrates that RFID is a positive asset for healthcare institutions. RFID offers the ability to save organizations time and costs by enabling data of traceability, identification, communication, temperature and location in real time for both people and resources. However, the RFID systems challenges are financial, technical, organizational and above all privacy and security. For this reason, recent works focus on attribute-based access control (ABAC) schemes. Currently, ABAC are based on mostly centralized models, which in environments such as the supply chain can present problems of scalability, synchronization and trust between the parties. In this manuscript, we implement an ABAC model in RFID systems based on a decentralized model such as blockchain. Common criteria for the selection of the appropriate blockchain are detailed. Our access control policies are executed through the decentralized application (DApp), which interfaces with the blockchain through the smart contract. Smart contracts and blockchain technology, on the one hand, solve current centralized systems issues as well as being flexible infrastructures that represent the relationship of trust and support essential in the ABAC model in order to provide the security of RFID systems. Our system has been designed for a supply chain environment with an use case suitable for healthcare systems, so that assets such as surgical instruments containing an associated RFID tag can only access to specific areas. Our system is deployed in both a local and Testnet environment in order to stablish a deep comparison and determining the technical feasibility.

scholarly journals Blockchain technology in the pharmaceutical supply chain: researching a business model based on Hyperledger Fabric

2019 ◽  
pp. 134-140
Author(s):  
S R Bryatov ◽  
A A Borodinov
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Control System ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
Counterfeit Drugs ◽  
Development Environment ◽  
Pharmaceutical Supply Chain ◽  
Russian Market ◽  
Medical Products ◽  
Blockchain Technology

Pharmaceutical companies that manufacture, ship and supply products face difficulties in tracking their products, allowing counterfeiters to inject counterfeit drugs into the system. This situation is observed, in particular, in the Russian market of turnover of pharmaceutical products, although the problem has long been global. The ability of blockchain systems to pinpoint the origin of data makes them particularly suitable for pharmaceutical supply chain applications. The data stored in the blockchain distributed register on the identification of drugs produced by the plant, as well as records of their movements throughout the supply chain, can accurately determine the authenticity of pharmaceutical products lying on the shelves of pharmacies. The development and implementation of such a system can be a big step towards winning the exhausting fight against the easy availability of counterfeit drugs and medical products. In the first part of this work, the main characteristics and features of the functioning of blockchain systems will be studied. In the second and final part, the designed concept of the pharmaceutical turnover control system based on the blockchain technology Hyperledger Fabric using the Hyperledger Composer development environment will be investigated.

scholarly journals The Nigerian Pharmaceutical Supply Chain: Blockchain Adoption, Counterfeit Drugs and Successful Deployment of COVID-19 Vaccine in Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 20-36
Author(s):  
Muhammad Jameel Labaran ◽  
Mansur Hamma-Adama
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Drug Distribution ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
Counterfeit Drugs ◽  
Pharmaceutical Supply Chain ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Drug Regulatory Agencies ◽  
High Level

Aim: Critically investigating the possibility of adopting blockchain technology within the Nigerian pharmaceutical supply chain to curb the supply of counterfeit drugs. Study Design: The study is qualitative in nature and the primary data were fetched through interviews. Place and Duration of the Study: Conducted within Nigeria for a period of 3 months. Methodology: A qualitative method of data collection was adopted in the study, where some stakeholders were interviewed. The interviews were conducted with employees from different pharmaceutical companies and some drug regulatory agencies in Nigeria. Result: Firstly, this study has ascertained the current prevalence of counterfeit drugs and the reasons for that. The study discovers a very high level of counterfeit drugs and some reasons behind that. Secondly, this study has also found some barriers to blockchain adoption, including the fact that the level of awareness of blockchain technology among stakeholders within the Nigerian pharmaceutical supply chain and the regulatory agencies is very low. Conclusion: It was concluded that the efforts put in developing a viable COVID-19 vaccine could be undermined due to the current nature of the Nigerian pharmaceutical supply chain, the nature of porous borders in place, absence of an apparent drug distribution system, among others.  This study also concludes that the supply chain's current structure needs more regulatory and structural interventions by the Nigerian government than blockchain technology. In other words, with the current nature of the supply chain, blockchain technology adoption would not be effective in delivering the said benefits reported by scholars because the atmosphere is not conducive for successful blockchain adoption.

Foundations of Blockchain Technology for Industrial and Societal Applications

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shivika Narang ◽  
Praphul Chandra ◽  
Shweta Jain ◽  
Narahari Y
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Data Structure ◽  
Real World ◽  
New Wave ◽  
Distributed Consensus ◽  
Wave Technology ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Original Application

The blockchain concept forms the backbone of a new wave technology that promises to be deployed extensively in a wide variety of industrial and societal applications. In this article, we present the scientific foundations and technical strengths of this technology. Our emphasis is on blockchains that go beyond the original application to digital currencies such as bitcoin. We focus on the blockchain data structure and its characteristics; distributed consensus and mining; and different types of blockchain architectures. We conclude with a section on applications in industrial and societal settings, elaborating upon a few applications such as land registry ledger, tamper-proof academic transcripts, crowdfunding, and a supply chain B2B platform. We discuss what we believe are the important challenges in deploying the blockchain technology successfully in real-world settings.

From Supply Chain Management to Blockchain-Based Management

2019 ◽  
pp. 59-63
Author(s):  
G. V. Zubakov ◽  
O D. Protsenko ◽  
I. O. Protsenko
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Supply Chain Management ◽  
Digital Economy ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Chain Management ◽  
Mutual Trade ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Distributed Ledger ◽  
Supply Chain Management System ◽  
The Government

The presented study addresses the current problems in the implementation of the distributed ledger (blockchain) technology in supply chain management mechanisms in the context of the digital economy. Aim. The study aims to analyze the application of the blockchain technology in modern economic processes from the perspective of logistics.Tasks. The authors consider the possibility of using the blockchain technology in the supply chain management system and explore ways to use the findings of the Eurasian Economic Commission (EEC) in the fieldof digital economy to organize information standardization processes within the supply chains of foreign and mutual trade.Methods. This study uses general scientific methods of cognition to examine approaches to the implementation of the blockchain technology in transport and logistics processes and to find opportunities for the implementation of smart contracts to ensure the traceability of the entire chain of commodity and information fl ws.Results. Implementation of the distributed ledger (blockchain) technology in the logistics processes of foreign and mutual trade increases the transparency of information fl ws and the speed of decisionmaking. This technology would allow the parties to negotiate directly, minimizing potential risks and the time required to approve a supply deal.Conclusions. The authors consider the possibility of using a systematic approach to the digitalization of transport and logistics processes and the subsequent standardization of information interaction at the B2B, B2G, and G2G levels, segmented by separate fields of transport and foreign trade and individual economic sectors. As a conclusion, the study assesses the prospects of the practical implementation of blockchain mechanisms in the creation of industrial platforms — digital platforms that provide integrated services for businesses and the government using a single window system.

scholarly journals Information Acquisition and Its Incentives in an E-Commerce Supply Chain under the Offline Showroom Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 1791-1804
Author(s):  
Mengli Li ◽  
Xumei Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Information Acquisition ◽  
Incentive Contracts ◽  
Demand Forecast ◽  
Competition Intensity ◽  
Demand Information ◽  
Optimal Information ◽  
Acquisition Strategy ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact

Recently, the showroom model has developed fast for allowing consumers to evaluate a product offline and then buy it online. This paper aims at exploring the optimal information acquisition strategy and its incentive contracts in an e-commerce supply chain with two competing e-tailers and an offline showroom. Based on signaling game theory, we build a mathematical model by considering the impact of experience service and competition intensity on consumers’ demand. We find that, on the one hand, information acquisition promotes supply chain members to obtain demand information directly or indirectly, which leads to forecast revenue. On the other hand, information acquisition promotes supply chain members to distort optimal decisions, which results in signal cost. The optimal information acquisition strategy depends on the joint impact of forecast revenue, signal cost and demand forecast cost. Notably, in some conditions, the offline showroom will not acquire demand information even when its cost is equal to zero. We also design two different information acquisition incentive contracts to obtain Pareto improvement for all supply chain members.

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