scholarly journals Teoria e prática de professores considerados construtivistas

Author(s):  
Sérgio Antonio Leite ◽  
Luciane Palma

Tem como objetivo descrever as práticas desenvolvidas por professores considerados construtivistas e relacioná-las com as respectivas concepções teóricas. Os dados foram coletados através de observações e entrevistas. O contato com a teoria parece ter sido fundamental para todos os professores envolvidos superarem o modelo tradicional de alfabetização. Porém, os dados sugerem várias contradições. A principal delas é a perigosa concepção reducionista, segundo a qual a teoria construtivista explica todo o processo de alfabetização escolar. Além disto, destaca-se a dificuldade dos professores no desenvolvimento de atividades funcionais em sala de aula. Abstract The purpose of this research was to describe the classroom practices of teachers considered constructivists and to relate them with the theoretical basis of constructivism. Data were collected by interviews and classroom observation. The contact with the theory seemed to be very important for teachers to overcome the traditional pattern of literacy. However, data suggest some contradictions: the principal one is the dangerous notion that the constructivism theory explains all the process of school literacy. Moreover, some difficulty was observed for teachers to develop activities in the classroom. Résumé Cet article présente une recherche avec l'objectif de décrire les activités que les professeurs réalisent dans les classes et les raconter avec les principes du constructivisme, à travers plusieurs interviews et sessions d'observation. Le contact avec la théorie constructiviste fut fondamental pour les professeurs surpasser le modèle traditionnel d'alphabetization. Cependant, les données suggèrent diverses contradictions. La principale c 'est la conception réductioniste selon laquelle la théorie constructiviste peut expliquer tout le procès d'alphabetization scolaire. En outre, il faut détacher les difficultés des professeurs pour développer des activités fonctionnelles. Resumen La presente investigación tuve como objectivo describir las prácticas desarrolladas por profesores considerados constructivistas y relacionarlas con las concepciones teóricas descriptas. Los datos fueran colectados através de observaciones y entrevistas. El contacto con la teoria parece tener sido fundamental para que todos los profesores envolvidos tengan superado el modelo tradicional de alfabetización. Pero los datos.sugeren varias contradicciones. La principal de ellas es la peligrosa concepción reduccionista según la cual la teoria constructivista explica todo el proceso de alfabetización. Además, se destaca la dificultad de ¡osprofesores en el desarrollo de actividades fimcionales en sala de clase.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Kinnear ◽  
Steph Smith ◽  
Ross Anderson ◽  
Thomas Gant ◽  
Jill R D MacKay ◽  
...  

Lectures are a commonly used teaching method in higher education, but there is significant debate about the relative merits of different classroom practices. Various classroom observation tools have been developed to try to give insight into these practices, beyond the simple dichotomy of “traditional lecturing versus active learning”. Here we review of a selection of classroom observation protocols from an ethological perspective, and describe how this informed the development of a new protocol, FILL+. We demonstrate that FILL+ can be applied reliably by undergraduate students after minimal training. We analysed a sample of 208 lecture recordings from Mathematics, Physics, and Veterinary Medicine and found a wide variety of classroom practices, e.g. on average lecturers spent 2.1% (±2.6%) of the time asking questions, and 79.3% (±19%) of the lecture talking, but individuals varied considerably. The FILL+ protocol has the potential to be widely used, both in research on effective teaching practices, and in informing discussion of pedagogical approaches within institutions and disciplines.


Author(s):  
George Kinnear ◽  
Steph Smith ◽  
Ross Anderson ◽  
Thomas Gant ◽  
Jill R D MacKay ◽  
...  

AbstractLectures are a commonly used teaching method in higher education, but there is significant debate about the relative merits of different classroom practices. Various classroom observation tools have been developed to try to give insight into these practices, beyond the simple dichotomy of “traditional lecturing versus active learning”. Here we review of a selection of classroom observation protocols from an ethological perspective and describe how this informed the development of a new protocol, FILL+. We demonstrate that FILL+ can be applied reliably by undergraduate students after minimal training. We analysed a sample of 208 lecture recordings from Mathematics, Physics, and Veterinary Medicine and found a wide variety of classroom practices, e.g. on average lecturers spent 2.1% (± 2.6%) of the time asking questions, and 79.3% (± 19%) of the lecture talking, but individuals varied considerably. The FILL+ protocol has the potential to be widely used, both in research on effective teaching practices, and in informing discussion of pedagogical approaches within institutions and disciplines.


2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 276-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yara N. Farah ◽  
Kimberley L. Chandler

Teaching and learning are part of a complex interaction between teachers and students. Educational leaders cannot improve the teaching and learning process without quality measurement of effective teaching. One way to capture this complex interaction is by using structured observations. However, the extant literature on classroom observation instruments in the field of gifted education is limited. For that reason, a systematic search was undertaken to identify the observation instruments for assessing instructional practices used with gifted and talented students. In this article, eight observation instruments were identified: (a) Rating Scale of Significant Behaviors in Teachers of the Gifted, (b) Kulieke’s adaptation of the Rating Scale of Significant Behaviors in Teachers of the Gifted, (c) Teaching Observation Form (TOF; also known as Purdue Observation Form), (d) Classroom Practices Record (CPR), (e) Classroom Practices Record–Form VA (CPR-Form VA), (f) Classroom Instructional Practices Scale (CIPS), (g) Classroom Observation Scales–Revised (COS-R), and (h) Differentiated Classroom Observation Scale (DCOS). The instruments are described in terms of developmental process, purpose, and any reliability and validity evidence reported. This systematic search has shown the need for a new observation instrument that is comprehensive and closely tied to professional standards.


2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 89-102
Author(s):  
Bal Ram Adhikari

The present article builds on the study entitled “English Grammar: Views of Student Teachers and Communication of Grammar to their Students” carried out under and submitted to University Grants Commission, Nepal. The study adopted the mixed-methods of questionnaire and semi-structured classroom observation. Against a brief theoretical background of grammar and grammar teaching and review of the related literature, the article presents respondent teachers’ views on grammar and grammar teaching collected by means of a set of questionnaire. Their views are further compared with the classroom data collected by observation. It is found that there is a lack of congruence between the teachers’ views, and their actual classroom practices in the areas, such as methods, techniques, resources and activities. Finally, the article presents conclusion and some pedagogical recommendations for teachers and teacher educators. Journal of NELTA ,  Vol. 22, No. 1-2, 2017 December, page: 89-102


Author(s):  
N.S. Allen ◽  
R.D. Allen

Various methods of video-enhanced microscopy combine TV cameras with light microscopes creating images with improved resolution, contrast and visibility of fine detail, which can be recorded rapidly and relatively inexpensively. The AVEC (Allen Video-enhanced Contrast) method avoids polarizing rectifiers, since the microscope is operated at retardations of λ/9- λ/4, where no anomaly is seen in the Airy diffraction pattern. The iris diaphram is opened fully to match the numerical aperture of the condenser to that of the objective. Under these conditions, no image can be realized either by eye or photographically. Yet the image becomes visible using the Hamamatsu C-1000-01 binary camera, if the camera control unit is equipped with variable gain control and an offset knob (which sets a clamp voltage of a D.C. restoration circuit). The theoretical basis for these improvements has been described.


1993 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 52-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Collins ◽  
Robert McDonald ◽  
Robert Stanley ◽  
Timothy Donovan ◽  
C. Frank Bonebrake

This report describes an unusual and persistent dysphonia in two young women who had taken a therapeutic regimen of isotretinoin for intractable acne. We report perceptual and instrumental data for their dysphonia, and pose a theoretical basis for the relationship of dysphonia to this drug. We also provide recommendations for reducing the risk of acquiring a dysphonia during the course of treatment with isotretinoin.


Author(s):  
Nkiruka Arene ◽  
Argye E. Hillis

Abstract The syndrome of unilateral neglect, typified by a lateralized attention bias and neglect of contralateral space, is an important cause of morbidity and disability after a stroke. In this review, we discuss the challenges that face researchers attempting to elucidate the mechanisms and effectiveness of rehabilitation treatments. The neglect syndrome is a heterogeneous disorder, and it is not clear which of its symptoms cause ongoing disability. We review current methods of neglect assessment and propose logical approaches to selecting treatments, while acknowledging that further study is still needed before some of these approaches can be translated into routine clinical use. We conclude with systems-level suggestions for hypothesis development that would hopefully form a sound theoretical basis for future approaches to the assessment and treatment of neglect.


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