scholarly journals Assessing impact of base erosion and profit shifting on performance of subsidiaries of multinational corporations in Baltic countries

Equilibrium ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-293
Author(s):  
Egidijus Kundelis ◽  
Renata Legenzova
Keyword(s):  
Multinational Corporations ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Tax Avoidance ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Company Performance ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Profit Shifting ◽  
Baltic Countries ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
The Impact

Research background: The problem of base erosion and profit shifting by multi-national corporations has been debated from different perspectives because of its multiple impact on the key actors in the economy. Studies refer to its positive impact on companies via corporate taxes saved, but its negative impact on governments via reduced tax collection. A number of empirical studies conducted in different countries support the substantial BEPS impact on company performance, but report differences in its magnitude. Other authors claim that, despite a wide range of tax avoidance opportunities available, tax avoidance is limited due to institutional measures imposed (tax audits, penalties for non-compliance) and high implementation costs. A majority of the previous empirical research covered large countries (USA, Germany) or regions (e.g. Europe), but there is a gap in the re-search assessing the BEPS impact on multinational corporations’ subsidiaries’ performance in countries with lower corporate income tax rates such as the Baltic countries. Purpose of the article: To assess the impact of base erosion and profit shifting on multinational corporations’ subsidiaries’ performance in the Baltic countries. Methods: Empirical research is conducted based on the framework employed by Hines and Rice (1994) to measure BEPS impact on company performance. Regression analysis with fixed effects was applied to a sample of 3,422 Latvian, Lithuanian and Estonian subsidiaries of multinational corporations, which are characterized by low corporate tax rates.  The data for the period of 2007–2015 was retrieved from the Amadeus database. Findings & Value added: The research revealed that Baltic countries’ tax differentials between multinational corporations’ parent and subsidiary countries might have a significant impact on the subsidiary’s financial performance. When the tax rate differences between Baltic and the foreign countries decrease by 1%, reported profits in Baltic countries increase by 2.3%, indicating profit-shifting behaviour. This is in line with the empirical literature and practices applied by multinational corporations. It is also in favour of anti-tax avoidance measures introduced by the EC to be adopted by Baltic and other EU countries.

scholarly journals TAX MORALITY: EXAMINING THE BEPS DEBATE, WORK OF THE OECD AND ITS IMPACT ON AFRICA

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Godson Olika
Keyword(s):  
Multinational Corporations ◽  
Transfer Pricing ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Profit Shifting ◽  
The Public ◽  
Pricing Rules ◽  
Planning Strategies ◽  
International Tax ◽  
Harsh Criticism ◽  
The Impact

International tax issues have never been at the forefront of international politics as they are today. This is due in large part to the realization that the current international tax system in existence allows multinational corporations to plan their taxes in such a way that they will be able to pay little or no taxes at all. They are able to do this through certain loopholes and gaps that currently exist in the system. These loopholes and gaps are seen as creating opportunities for taxpayers who are involved in cross-border activities to aggressively structure their activities to mitigate potential tax exposure or achieve no tax liabilities. They do this by exploiting; the hybrid-mismatch arrangements, shortcomings of the transfer pricing rules in jurisdictions where they operate and shifting profits from countries where their profits are made to countries with low tax rates. Consequently, some multinationals pay as little as five percent in corporate taxes, even as smaller domestic businesses pay up to 30 percent. The result of this activity is what is known as; base erosion and profit-shifting (BEPS) and it has the potential to deprive all countries of significant tax revenues. This rave debate and harsh criticism from the public influenced the intervention of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) to start its now famous BEPS Project. The OECD BEPS Project aims to provide governments or tax administrators with clear international solutions for fighting aggressive corporate tax planning strategies that artificially shift profits to locations where they are subjected to more favourable tax treatment. This paper shall address the various strands of the BEPS debate, the OECD BEPS project, the impact of the project in Africa and Nigeria. The next section shall address the various strands of the debate.

scholarly journals DOES THE RECENTLY IMPLEMENTED REGULATION ON COUNTRY-BY-COUNTRY REPORTING DETER TAX AVOIDANCE?

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nala Kurniawan ◽  
◽  
Anggari Saputra ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Multinational Enterprises ◽  
Transfer Pricing ◽  
Tax Avoidance ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Profit Shifting ◽  
Percentage Point Increase ◽  
Point Increase ◽  
Private Disclosure ◽  
Tax Payments

To adhere with Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) Action 13, Indonesia enacted regulations concerning Transfer Pricing Documentation and Country-by-Country Reporting (CbCR) to address the issue of tax avoidance. Those regulations introduced the requirement of CbCR in Indonesia, where Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) operating in Indonesia are required to provide tax authorities with geographic breakdown of their profitability, tax payments, and activities wherever they operate. Using the newly implemented CbCR in Indonesia as a treatment for private disclosure requirement, this study examines the effect of CbCR on MNEs tax avoidance. Employing EUR 750 million consolidated revenue threshold for disclosure and utilizing regression discontinuity design as well as difference-in-differences analysis, we document a 4-8 percentage point increase in effective tax rates among affected MNEs, thus reflecting a decrease in tax avoidance in treatment firms. Our findings contribute (i) to the recent empirical literature on how CbCR as a private disclosure affects corporate tax avoidance behavior and (ii) to the policy evaluation whether CbCR regulation has achieved its objective.

scholarly journals Is Neoliberalism Still Spreading? The Impact of International Cooperation on Capital Taxation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukas Hakelberg ◽  
Thomas Rixen
Keyword(s):  
International Cooperation ◽  
Tax Evasion ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Tax Avoidance ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Capital Taxation ◽  
Profit Shifting ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Corporate Profits ◽  
The Impact

The downward trend in capital taxes since the 1980s has recently reversed for personal capital income. At the same time, it continued for corporate profits. Why have these tax rates di-verged after a long period of parallel decline? We argue that the answer lies in different levels of change in the fights against tax evasion and tax avoidance. The fight against evasion by households progressed significantly since 2009, culminating in the multilateral adoption of automatic exchange of information (AEI). In contrast, international efforts against base ero-sion and profit shifting (BEPS) failed to curb tax avoidance by corporations. We theorize that international cooperation is an intervening variable, countering the negative impact of tax competition on capital taxation by reducing the risk of capital flight. Under such conditions, domestic political pressures in favor of higher capital taxes can unfold. We confirm our argu-ment in a difference-in-difference analysis and through additional tests with data for up to 35 OECD countries from 2000-2017. Our central estimate suggests that the average tax rate on dividends in 2017 is 4.5 percentage points higher than it would have been absent international tax cooperation.

scholarly journals Are Less Developed Countries More Exposed to Multinational Tax Avoidance? Method and Evidence from Micro-Data

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 790-809 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niels Johannesen ◽  
Thomas Tørsløv ◽  
Ludvig Wier
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Multinational Firms ◽  
Tax Avoidance ◽  
Institutional Development ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Less Developed Countries ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Profit Shifting ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Data Requirements

Abstract This paper uses a global dataset with information about 210,000 corporations in 142 countries to investigate whether tax avoidance by multinational firms is more prevalent in less-developed countries. The paper proposes a novel approach to studying cross-border profit shifting, which has relatively low data requirements and is therefore particularly well-suited for the context of developing countries. The results consistently show that the sensitivity of reported profits to profit-shifting incentives is negatively related to the level of economic and institutional development. This may explain why many developing countries opt for low corporate tax rates in spite of urgent revenue needs and severe constraints on the use of other tax bases.

Challenges of Monitoring Tax Compliance by Multinational Firms: Evidence from Chile

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 ◽  
pp. 500-505
Author(s):  
Sebastián Bustos ◽  
Dina Pomeranz ◽  
José Vila-Belda ◽  
Gabriel Zucman
Keyword(s):  
Multinational Firms ◽  
Transfer Pricing ◽  
Tax Avoidance ◽  
Tax Compliance ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Profit Shifting ◽  
Effective Tax Rates ◽  
Arm’S Length Principle ◽  
Debt Shifting

This paper reviews common challenges of taxing multinational firms, using Chile as a case study. We briefly describe key international tax avoidance methods: profit shifting to low-tax jurisdictions through transfer pricing and debt shifting. We discuss the prevalent policy to tax multinationals--the arm's length principle--and alternative proposals using apportionment formulas. Novel data from Chile show that multinationals make up a large share of GDP but report lower profit and effective tax rates than local firms. In 2011, Chile implemented a reform following OECD guidelines to enforce the arm's length principle. We discuss potential effects on tax collection and welfare.

scholarly journals ECONOMETRIC MODELS OF THE IMPACT OF MACROECONOMIC PROCESSES ON THE STOCK MARKET IN THE BALTIC COUNTRIES

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 783-800 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rimantas Rudzkis ◽  
Roma Valkavičienė
Keyword(s):  
Open Economy ◽  
Stock Price ◽  
Small Open Economy ◽  
Security Market ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Price Indices ◽  
Baltic Countries ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

The article examines the dependencies of individual sectoral stock price indices of OMX Baltic security market on macroeconomic indicators, using econometric methods. Regression models are constructed using quarterly time series of 2000–2011 years while the methodology is backed with the findings of Lithuanian and foreign scientists from an extensive overview of specific literature. Regression equations, obtained in the paper, allows us to identify the key macroeconomic and global indicators that statistically significantly affect the Baltic securities market and to quantify their impact on the stock price indices of individual sectors in the Baltic countries. Econometric analysis of OMX Baltic security market proves the hypothesis that the set of macroeconomic regressors may vary considerably depending on the individual sector's price indices, especially in the case of small open economy with immature stock markets. The paper provides investors who are shaping their portfolios taking into account the macroeconomic forecasts with additional opportunities on the basis of sectoral stock price indices regression equations.

Knowledge Transfer within Multinational Corporations

2011 ◽  
pp. 1536-1547
Author(s):  
Parissa Haghirian
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Transfer ◽  
Multinational Corporations ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Transfer Model ◽  
Transfer Of Knowledge ◽  
Cultural Aspects ◽  
Transfer Processes ◽  
Effective Transfer ◽  
The Impact

A growing interest in the various aspects of knowledge transfer within multinational corporations has been evidenced by a recent surge in empirical research. Despite the fact that the number of empirical studies investigating various aspects of knowledge transfer within multinational corporations has significantly increased, very few insights into the influence of culture on knowledge transfer, however, have come to light. In fact, the cultural aspects and the individuals involved in the transfer and communication of corporate knowledge within multinational corporations seemed to have been overlooked by researchers. This chapter attempts to fill this gap and investigates the impact culture has upon knowledge transfer processes within multinational corporations. It presents a comprehensive intercultural knowledge transfer model and identifies which aspects of national culture hinder and which aspects foster an effective transfer of knowledge.

Knowledge Transfer within Multinational Corporations

2010 ◽  
pp. 57-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parissa Haghirian
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Transfer ◽  
Multinational Corporations ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Transfer Model ◽  
Transfer Of Knowledge ◽  
Cultural Aspects ◽  
Transfer Processes ◽  
Effective Transfer ◽  
The Impact

A growing interest in the various aspects of knowledge transfer within multinational corporations has been evidenced by a recent surge in empirical research. Despite the fact that the number of empirical studies investigating various aspects of knowledge transfer within multinational corporations has significantly increased, very few insights into the influence of culture on knowledge transfer, however, have come to light. In fact, the cultural aspects and the individuals involved in the transfer and communication of corporate knowledge within multinational corporations seemed to have been overlooked by researchers. This chapter attempts to fill this gap and investigates the impact culture has upon knowledge transfer processes within multinational corporations. It presents a comprehensive intercultural knowledge transfer model and identifies which aspects of national culture hinder and which aspects foster an effective transfer of knowledge.

The role of migration in the demographic development of the Kaliningrad oblast

2019 ◽  
pp. 73-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.V. Lуalina
Keyword(s):  
Population Decline ◽  
Coastal Areas ◽  
Demographic Development ◽  
Male Population ◽  
Sex Structure ◽  
Baltic Countries ◽  
Kaliningrad Region ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Age And Sex

The article provides an analysis of the current level of migration to and from the Kaliningrad region. The article focuses on the impact of migration on the replacement of the natural population decline and its age and sex structure. The data on the age and sex of migrants and the population of municipalities of the Kaliningrad region in 2011-2017 were used in the analysis. The author has built a typology of migration trends in the region. The main classifying feature was the criterion of migration intensity in different age and gender groups, which was estimated using the net migration rate. It was found that despite the generally favourable nature of the age profile of migration for demographic development, migration replaces the reduction in the number of the working-age population only partially. The ageing of the population is observed in the East and South-West of the region, some coastal areas, whereas the rejuvenation of the population is registered in other coastal areas and the Kaliningrad agglomeration. The gender structure of migration tends to exacerbate the existing disparities. In the municipalities of the region, the intraregional and external migration largely go in the opposite directions. Migration exchange with the CIS, the Baltic countries and regions of Russia partly replaces the loss of the male population and youth in intraregional exchange.

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