scholarly journals The state and Protestant Churches in Hungary in 1948 – 1989

2021 ◽  
pp. 103-109
Author(s):  
Ivanna Skyba
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Popular Front ◽  
Political Transformation ◽  
Cooperation Agreement ◽  
Protestant Churches ◽  
State Administration ◽  
The Government ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Protestant Denominations

The purpose of the article is to characterize the activities of the largest and most influential Protestant churches in Hungary: Reformed (Calvinist) and Lutheran (Evangelical). These religious denominations along with the Catholic denomination belong to the so-called historical churches of Hungary. The chronological framework is the following: 1948 – the year of the communist regime’s rapid attack on the political, economic, educational activities of the Reformed and Lutheran churches and the signing of a compromise cooperation agreement with them, which lasted until 1990. 1989 – the liquidation of the State Administration for Churches, socio-political transformation in Hungary, which resulted in gaining absolute freedom. Based on Hungarian historiography, the relations between the Protestant churches and the state during the reign of Janos Kadar (1956 – 1988), called by Hungarian researchers the Kadar era, and are analyzed. It was Janos Kadar, the leader of the “soft dictatorship”, who managed to turn the Hungarian People’s Republic into “the funniest barracks in the socialist camp”. The background for the successful policy of the Hungarian government after the revolutionary events of 1956 was the achievement of social harmony, including through great tolerance and flexibility in the religious sphere. The article notes that representatives of the Reformed and Lutheran churches did not take an active part in the preparations for the events of 1956, but pastors and congregations supported the revolution. It is stressed that the relations with the Protestant denominations were settled specifically during the 50s of the twentieth century; the authorities managed to turn part of the clergy into their allies. Based on the analysis of the scientific literature, it is identified that relations were compromise in the 60s and 70s of the twentieth century, as the leadership of the Reformed and Lutheran churches helped the government to pursue the policy of the Popular Front in the struggle for socialism. Owing to it, no one was persecuted for their religious beliefs. In the 1980s, the state’s influence on historical churches gradually weakened, and processes leading to socio-political transformation in the late 1980s started, and as a result, churches in Hungary gained absolute freedom.

Tinjauan Hukum Putusan Sela dalam Bentuk Schorsing pada Pengadilan Tata Usaha Negara

2017 ◽  
pp. 15-45
Author(s):  
Dezonda R Pattipawae ◽  
Heillen M. Y. Tita
Keyword(s):  
Good Governance ◽  
The State ◽  
Civil Servants ◽  
State Administration ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Postponement ◽  
Laws And Regulations

The postponement of a State Administrative Decision which becomes the object of the dispute may be granted, since there is still a continuous factual action to be taken, namely the appointment of a definitive Regional Secretary, the inauguration or handover of the position of the dismissed Regional Secretary to the appointed Secretary of the Region whose contents as statements (declarations) of submission of all duties, powers and duties. Decree of the Governor of Maluku Number: 125.a Year 2014 dated May 20, 2014 concerning the Transfer of Civil Servants, on behalf of Kapressy Charles, SH. MSi, NIP: 19560911 198603 1 009 from Southwest Maluku District in Tiakur to the Government of Povinsi Maluku in Ambon, so Kapressy Charles, SH. Msi, felt his interest was damaged by the decision issued by the Governor of Maluku as the State Administration Officer. Therefore the concerned filed a lawsuit to the State Administrative Court of Ambon with Case No. 23/G/2014/PTUN.ABN, concerned requested to carry out the postponement of the transfer from the Government of the Southwest Maluku District to the Government of Maluku Province in due to the contradiction of the principles general good governance or prevailing laws and regulations.

scholarly journals Jurisdiction of state administration in the procedure of issuing travel documents

2011 ◽  
pp. 241-258
Author(s):  
Zoran Loncar
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Freedom Of Movement ◽  
Exclusive Jurisdiction ◽  
State Administration ◽  
Administrative Procedures ◽  
Internal Affairs ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government

Under the new law on travel documents, in addition to authority that has the Government of Serbia, in terms of issuing travel documents and a shared competence between the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs depending on the type of travel document in question. Ministry of Foreign Affairs is authorized to issue a diplomatic passport, official passport and travel document, while all other travel documents are issued by the Ministry of Internal Affairs. When it comes to the passport as the most important travel document the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Internal Affairs is fully established. Diplomatic and Consular Missions of the Republic of Serbia abroad can now only receive requests for passport, but the issuance of travel documents of this type is exclusive jurisdiction of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Such jurisdiction of the state administration in the process of issuing travel documents, along with other novelties which significantly modernize this kind of special administrative procedures should in practice very quickly enable the efficient issuance of travel documents, thus achieving the complete freedom of movement as one of the rights guaranteed by the Constitution to the citizens of the Republic of Serbia.

scholarly journals The Delegation of State Sovereignty over Air Space in the Implementation of Air Navigation: The Analysis of the Agreement between Indonesia and Singapore on Management of the Batam and Natuna Flight Information Region

FIAT JUSTISIA ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 173
Author(s):  
Endang Puji Lestari
Keyword(s):  
Transition Period ◽  
Aviation Safety ◽  
The State ◽  
State Sovereignty ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Cooperation Agreement ◽  
Air Space ◽  
The Government ◽  
Air Navigation Services ◽  
Navigation Service

The state sovereignty over airspace with its complete and exclusive nature experiences a significant dynamic in both its concept and implementation in the international air law. Sovereignty over the airspace not only provides legislative, executive, and judicialauthorities of the state but also puts an obligation on the state to provide facilities for aviation safety. The reason for aviation safety airspace of a sovereign state can be delegated to other states to manage the service of navigation, for example, Indonesian air spaces in the Natuna and Batam, are maintained by Singapore for the sake of aviation safety. The taking over of the management of FIR in Batam and Natuna had been carried out through several steps. First, establishing Civil Military Aviation Coordination (CMAC) as outlined in the Government Regulation (Ministry of Transportation Regulation Number 55 on 2016) concerning the order of the national airspace. Second, evaluating the implementation of air navigation by reformulating the institutional of LPPNPI, evaluating the cooperation agreement between the Government of Indonesia and Singapore, and providing air navigation service during the transition period in Natuna Islands. Third, conducting the taking over concept phase by phase, in which the first phase, Singapore only provides air navigation service, while Indonesia only monitors. The second phase, Indonesia provides air navigation services, while Singapore only monitors, and for the third phase, as the final implementation, Indonesia provides air navigation services fully. Keywords: Delegation, Sovereignty, Air Space, Air Navigation, Agreement

scholarly journals Evolution of the Concept of Citizenship in the Islamic Thought: An Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-141
Author(s):  
Osama Sami AL-Nsour
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
The Past ◽  
Islamic Thought ◽  
State And Society ◽  
The Government ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Islamic Civilization ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
The Relationship

The concept of citizenship is one of the pillars upon which the modern civil state was built. The concept of citizenship can be considered as the basic guarantee for both the government and individuals to clarify the relationship between them, since under this right individuals can acquire and apply their rights freely and also based on this right the state can regulate how society members perform the duties imposed on them, which will contributes to the development of the state and society .The term citizenship has been used in a wider perspective, itimplies the nationality of the State where the citizen obtains his civil, political, economic, social, cultural and religious rights and is free to exercise these rights in accordance with the Constitution of the State and the laws governing thereof and without prejudice to the interest. In return, he has an obligation to perform duties vis-à-vis the state so that the state can give him his rights that have been agreed and contracted.This paper seeks to explore firstly, the modern connotation of citizenship where it is based on the idea of rights and duties. Thus the modern ideal of citizenship is based on the relationship between the individual and the state. The Islamic civilization was spanned over fourteen centuries and there were certain laws and regulations governing the relationship between the citizens and the state, this research will try to discover the main differences between the classical concept of citizenship and the modern one, also this research will show us the results of this change in this concept . The research concludes that the new concept of citizenship is correct one and the one that can fit to our contemporary life and the past concept was appropriate for their time but the changes in the world force us to apply and to rethink again about this concept.

Protest and Religion: Christianity in the People’s Republic of China

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Tao
Keyword(s):  
Communist Party ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
The State ◽  
Academic Disciplines ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Contemporary China ◽  
Protestant Church ◽  
Protestant Churches ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Catholic Church

The relationship between religion and protest has been thoroughly discussed in various academic disciplines of social sciences, but there is far from consensus on the topic. Scholars differ significantly in their opinions on how religious values and doctrines shape the mechanisms which link protest and religion, and on how interaction between religious groups, the state, and other secular and religious groups may increase or reduce the likelihood of protests. Contemporary China provides an ideal setting in which to further advance scholarly understanding of roles that religion plays in protest, thanks to its richness, diversity, and complexity of religion, protest, and their relationship. In contemporary China, due to the inherent, profound, and possibly deliberate ambiguities within the state’s legal and regulatory arrangements on religious affairs, the boundaries between government-sanctioned churches and “underground” churches are often blurred. Many Christianity-related protests directly respond to government crackdowns, which are aimed not only at those congregations and groups that are normally considered as “underground,” “unofficial,” or “independent,” but also at churches that have long been tolerated or even officially recognized by the state. Further, while many Christianity-related protests are closely associated with the clash of ideologies in contemporary China, the specific causes of protests differ significantly among Catholic and Protestant churches, and Christian-inspired groups. The ideological incompatibility between the ruling Communist Party and the Catholic Church in China is epitomized by their struggle for authority and influence over the Chinese Catholic community. Until the provisional agreement signed between Beijing and the Vatican in September 2018, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the Holy See had been competing fiercely for the authority to approve the ordination of new bishops, with such confrontations triggering numerous protests among Chinese Catholics. Unlike the Catholic Church, many of the Protestant churches that have emerged in the post-Mao era—including most “house” churches that do not affiliate with the state-sanctioned church—have no direct link with the transnational denominations which were active in China before the communist takeover in 1949 and are operated solely by Chinese citizens. However, while many Chinese Protestants display affection toward China and a sense of responsibility for improving their country, some influential Protestant church leaders have turned their progressive theology into social activism since the turn of the 21st century, leading to various forms of protests against the authoritarian policies and politics in contemporary China. Ideological and theological conflicts between different religions or religious schools may also trigger the Chinese state’s suppression of certain religious groups and activities, which often in turn cause protests. In particular, the Communist Party tends to impose extremely harsh repercussions on religious groups that are accused by mainstream Christianity of being “heterodoxies,” like the Shouters and the Disciples. These religious groups are often labelled as “evil cults” and their leaders and members often face legal action or even criminal charges. The protests organized by these religious groups have not only targeted the government but also the mainstream Christian churches that criticize them from a theological point of view. Given the profound ideological and political incompatibility of the CCP and various Christian groups, it is unlikely that Christianity can replicate the close collaborations that Buddhism and Daoism have developed with the CCP since the early 1980s.

State Education and Culture

1982 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. W. Selleck
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Elementary School ◽  
Secondary Schools ◽  
Educational Opportunity ◽  
The State ◽  
High Culture ◽  
State Education ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
State Schools

The state schools established in each Australian colony in the nineteenth century were often justified on the grounds that they offered an education which would enrich and enlighten cultural life. A study of the curriculum and methods they used and the manner in which they were organized and their teachers trained and paid suggests that the state schools, far from offering an introduction to culture (in the sense of ‘high’ culture), actually provided an alternative to it. In the early twentieth century, efforts were made to reform the elementary school so that it would provide at least a limited access to culture. These efforts, bitterly criticized at the time on the ground that they distracted attention from basic subjects such as the three Rs, continued to be resisted throughout the twentieth century. At the same time as the elementary school was being changed, the state endeavoured to broaden educational opportunity and access to the high culture by establishing secondary schools. Political, economic, and administrative considerations led the state to establish a structure of schooling which, at the secondary level, provided an alternative to the cultural activities being developed in the elementary/primary school. This paper warns against a ‘back to basics’ movement which would take the culturally impoverished nineteenth-century elementary school as a model, and suggests that, despite structural limitations, the establishment of state secondary schools has led to some widening of cultural opportunities.

CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF THE BAPTIST MOVEMENT’S DIVISION IN UKRAINE

2019 ◽  
pp. 108-113
Author(s):  
Oksana Vysoven
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
The State ◽  
Religious Communities ◽  
Special Services ◽  
The Government ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Prayer Meetings ◽  
Globalized World ◽  
The Church

The article analyzes the causes and consequences of the split in the evangelical-Baptist environment in the 1960s; found that one of the main causes of the split in the bosom of evangelical Baptist Christians was the destructive influence of state authorities on religion in general, and Christian denominations in particular when initiated by state bodies of the union of Protestant religious communities under the auspices of the All-Union Baptist Council Church for organization under control of special services bodies; it has been proved that the conflicts between the leadership of the Verkhovna Rada and the Council of Churches were artificial. The confrontations among the believers were mainly provoked by SSC agents and secret services, and were only in the hands of the Communist Party regime, which helped him control events, pacify some and repress others; it is proved that under the influence of the movement for the independence of the church from the state headed by «initiators», the regime has been operating since the second half of the 1960s. gradually began to ease the pressure on officially registered communities of evangelical Baptist Christians. Prayer meetings began to be attended by teens, and ordinary members and members of other congregations were allowed to preach. As a result of these changes and some easing of tensions between the church and the government, many believers and congregations began to return to the official union governed by the ACEBC, without wishing further confrontation; it is shown that the internal church events of the 60's of the twentieth century, which were provoked by the SSC special services and led to the split of the EBC community, reflected on the position and activities of the EBC Church and in the period of independence of Ukraine, the higher leadership of the split community (the ACEBC and the Church Council) and could not reconcile and unite in a united union. This significantly weakens their spiritual position in today's globalized world, where cohesion and competitiveness play an important role.

scholarly journals Minimalisasi Ruang Intervensi Kekuatan Bisnis Retail Indomaret terhadap Pembangunan Desa Arjowilangun, Kabupaten Malang, Jawa Timur

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 258
Author(s):  
Ira Permata Sari
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Transformation ◽  
The Political ◽  
Market Forces ◽  
Political Transformation ◽  
Qualitative Research Study ◽  
Retail Business ◽  
The Government ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Study Intervention ◽  
The Village

<p>Intervention of market forces, such as Indomaret retail business, becomes a mainstream and given space as a major force by the government in development in Indonesia. In practice, various government policies places intervention of market forces as driving actors for the political, economic, social, and cultural transformation. Using the case of Indomaret's rejection in Arjowilangun Village, Malang Regency in 2015 and using qualitative research study, this paper explains how villagers do not give space for market in the village development process. From this study, intervention of market forces that had been the mainstream of government policy in development is not placed by villagers as the only force able to carry out development in the village. This situation is due to the collision between market forces that come from outside with the economic power of the villagers that not only change the economy, society, and culture of the village, but also influence the political transformation of the village. Thus, when market forces tried to intervene village development, they have to face the major force of the village that have been built slowly since the village experienced economic slump in the 1970s. <br /><br /></p>

scholarly journals Przystąpienie dóbr koprzywnickich do Towarzystwa Kredytowego Ziemskiego jako egzemplifikacja trudności finansowych dóbr ziemskich w Królestwie Polskim w I połowie XIX wieku

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 40-54
Author(s):  
Łukasz Janeczek ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Legal Framework ◽  
The State ◽  
Foreseeable Future ◽  
Entire Process ◽  
State Administration ◽  
The Government

As a result of the dissolution of some monasteries in 1819, the treasury of the Kingdom of Poland took over considerable land estates, including those belonging to the Cistercians in Koprzywnica. In itself, the seizure of this property was not the purpose of the state administration. They were supposed to provide a source of income for the Government Commission of Religious Denominations and Public Enlightenment. However, to maintain profitability at the appropriate level, it was necessary to provide funds for the modernization and expansion of these lands. Given the contemporary realities, the only source from which the necessary funds could be obtained was the Land Credit Society. The process of applying for a loan for the Koprzywnica estate, which the administration has gone through, perfectly reflects the requirements which those who had decided to apply to the LCS had to face. And all of this despite the fact, that these lands belonged to the state and the central authorities were also actively involved in the entire process. At the same time, when applying for a loan, all shortcomings arising from the fact that the state possessed these goods came to light. As the officials involved in obtaining the loan were not the owners of this property, and their behaviour was strictly defined by the legal framework in which they could operate, from the flow of correspondence between individual institutions there was a certain sluggishness and the expectation of lower instances for decisions of superiors. Nevertheless, obtaining such a significant loan and on such favorable terms can undoubtedly be considered a success of all officials involved. Importantly, this success was measurable and brought the prospect of an increase in the value of goods in the foreseeable future.

scholarly journals KOMPETENSI ABSOLUT DAN RELATIF PERADILAN TATA USAHA NEGARA MENURUT UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 5 TAHUN 1986 Jo. UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 9 TAHUN 2004.

Solusi ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 344-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Budi Aspani
Keyword(s):  
Behavior Management ◽  
Active Role ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Descriptive Data ◽  
Existing Problems ◽  
The People ◽  
Constitutional State ◽  
State Administration ◽  
The Government

ABSTRACT Indonesia is constitutionally constitutional state and requires the government through its apparatus in the field of State Administration to play a positive active role in all aspects of people's lives to achieve the prosperity of their people. Within this framework, it is not uncommon for a dispute to be caused by actions from the government in the form of irregularities, thus violating the human rights of its citizens. Strictly speaking, these deviations constitute government actions that are detrimental to those affected by the decision, in this case the people. The foregoing raises problems namely; whether any decision of the State Administration or Agency that causes harm to a person or legal entity can be submitted and sued as a dispute to the State Administrative Court and administrative efforts in which the decision can be sued again through the State Administrative Court. In this study the authors use the method of normative law research (normative law research) and by using primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials. Normative legal research examines laws that are conceptualized as the norms or principles that apply in society, and become a reference for each person's behavior. Management and analysis of data is done in a qualitative way that is analyzing library data to produce descriptive data. After conducting discussions on the existing problems, it can be concluded, Each decision of the State Administration Agency or officials that causes harm to civil legal persons or entities can be submitted and sued as a dispute to the State Administrative Court. Its relative competency is related to the place of residence or jurisdiction of the court itself, as well as the parties to the dispute. Whereas the absolute competence can be seen from the point of view of the basis of disputes, which is due to the issuance of written provisions by the State Administrative Court or Agency. Administrative efforts in resolving state administrative disputes are known as administrative channels or efforts, whether in the form of administrative appeals or objections. In accordance with the basis of our country's philosophy of Pancasila, then the state administrative disputes should be resolved as far as possible through administrative efforts, which are more deliberative in reaching consensus. But if all available administrative efforts have been used, it turns out that the disputing parties remain unsatisfied, then the matter is raised and sued through the State Administrative Court.

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