Understanding Global Challenges of Rapidly Developing Technologies: Digital Methods for Empirical Bioethics

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (Special Issue) ◽  
pp. 158-158
Author(s):  
Manuel Schneider ◽  
◽  
Alessandro Blasimme ◽  
Effy Vayena ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Editing ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Timely Manner ◽  
Empirical Bioethics ◽  
Ethical Concerns ◽  
The World ◽  
Digital Methods

"Since the first successful application of the gene editing method based on the CRISPR/Cas-system, the technology has demonstrated great potential but also sparked a series of ethical concerns. Some of the issues are already known from earlier gene editing debates. However, the possibility of CRISPR to target genes with high accuracy and the easy application that allows a biohacker to experiment with a simple toolkit ordered online have introduced new ethical challenges. Further, thanks to preprint servers such as bioRxiv, biomedical research results are more and more accessible with little delay after an experiment was conducted. This enables researchers all over the world to participate and conduct their own experiments, making it a global endeavour. Not only does this make it difficult to monitor and regulate the technology but also speeds up the technological development significantly.CRISPR is only one of many examples of recent advancements with potentially high consequences for society at large. We think it is therefore paramount to identify new issues, understand their nature and assess their impact in a timely manner. In this paper, we propose the integration of digital methods into the toolbox of modern empirical bioethics and demonstrate their potential with two examples: We used 1) crawling and network analysis for hypothesis building, and 2) sentiment analysis to assess the public’s attitudes towards CRISPR on Twitter over a six and a half years period. "

Management of sustainable innovation for national development

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Alvaro Cristian Sánchez Mercado
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Innovation Management ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
National Development ◽  
Main Research ◽  
The World ◽  
End Use ◽  
Research Centres ◽  
Scientific And Technological Development

Throughout history the development of the countries has been generated mainly by the impulse in two complementary axes: Science and Technology, and Trade. At present we are experiencing an exponential scientific and technological development and the Economy in all its fronts is driven by the intensive application of technology. According to these considerations, this research tries to expose the development of Innovation Management as a transversal mechanism to promote the different socioeconomic areas and especially those supported by engineering. To this end, use will be made of Technology Watch in order to identify the advances of the main research centres related to innovation in the world. Next, there will be an evaluation of the main models of Innovation Management and related methodologies that expose some of the existing Innovation Observatories in the world to finally make a proposal for Innovation Management applicable to the reality of Peru, so that it can be taken into consideration by stakeholders (Government, Academy, Business and Civil Society) committed to Innovation Management in the country

scholarly journals Maritime sector at verge of change: learning and competence needs in Finnish maritime cluster

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-79
Author(s):  
Vesa Kilpi ◽  
Tomi Solakivi ◽  
Tuomas Kiiski
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Environmental Regulation ◽  
Vocational Training ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Rapid Change ◽  
Maritime Industry ◽  
Maritime Logistics ◽  
The World ◽  
Equipment Manufacturing ◽  
University Level

AbstractShipping plays an important role in the world, transporting over 80% of international trade and employing over 1.5 million seafarers. The maritime industry, including shipbuilding and equipment manufacturing, is extensive. Both of these interconnected businesses are facing rapid change caused by increasingly speedy technological development and the tightening of environmental regulation. This survey-based research analyzes the current and future competence needs of firms operating in maritime logistics and the maritime industry. The findings indicate that in both contexts, the increasing importance of various general competences is understood and the need is recognized in particular to improve those related to environmental regulation as well as technology and automation. Overall, the gap between current and desired levels of competence is expected to widen. In terms of education, this is likely to affect vocational training and university-level learning differently in that functional competences are emphasized more in the former and social and meta-competences in the latter.

scholarly journals Epigenetic Methylations on N6-Adenine and N6-Adenosine with the same Input but Different Output

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
pp. 2931 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiqing Li ◽  
Ping Zhao ◽  
Qingyou Xia
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Information ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Functional Identification ◽  
Methyl Group ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Dna And Rna ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Detection Strategies

Epigenetic modifications on individual bases in DNA and RNA can encode inheritable genetic information beyond the canonical bases. Among the nucleic acid modifications, DNA N6-methadenine (6mA) and RNA N6-methyladenosine (m6A) have recently been well-studied due to the technological development of detection strategies and the functional identification of modification enzymes. The current findings demonstrate a wide spectrum of 6mA and m6A distributions from prokaryotes to eukaryotes and critical roles in multiple cellular processes. It is interesting that the processes of modification in which the methyl group is added to adenine and adenosine are the same, but the outcomes of these modifications in terms of their physiological impacts in organisms are quite different. In this review, we summarize the latest progress in the study of enzymes involved in the 6mA and m6A methylation machinery, including methyltransferases and demethylases, and their functions in various biological pathways. In particular, we focus on the mechanisms by which 6mA and m6A regulate the expression of target genes, and we highlight the future challenges in epigenetic regulation.

The Rise of Digital Repression

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Feldstein
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Political Repression ◽  
The World ◽  
Dna Collection ◽  
Opposition Movements ◽  
Mass Surveillance

This book documents the rise of digital repression—how governments are deploying new technologies to counter dissent, maintain political control, and ensure regime survival. The emergence of varied digital technologies is bringing new dimensions to political repression. At its core, the expanding use of digital repression reflects a fairly simple motivation: states are seeking and finding new ways to control, manipulate, surveil, or disrupt real or perceived threats. This book investigates the goals, motivations, and drivers of digital repression. It presents case studies in Thailand, the Philippines, and Ethiopia, highlighting how governments pursue digital strategies based on a range of factors: ongoing levels of repression, leadership, state capacity, and technological development. But a basic political motive—how to preserve and sustain political incumbency—remains a principal explanation for their use. The international community is already seeing glimpses of what the frontiers of repression look like, such as in China, where authorities have brought together mass surveillance, online censorship, DNA collection, and artificial intelligence to enforce their rule in Xinjiang. Many of these trends are going global. This has major implications for democratic governments and civil society activists around the world. The book also presents innovative ideas and strategies for civil society and opposition movements to respond to the digital autocratic wave.

Review of Article 27.3(b) and the Patenting of Life Forms: Hitting a BRIC Wall in the WTO?

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-318
Author(s):  
Jagjit Plahe ◽  
Nitesh Kukreja ◽  
Sunil Ponnamperuma
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Property Rights ◽  
Intellectual Property Rights ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Private Property Rights ◽  
Ethical Concerns ◽  
The World ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Under Article 27.3(b) of the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement of the World Trade Organization (WTO), all members are required to extend private property rights to life forms. Using official WTO documents, this article analyzes the negotiating positions of WTO members on life patents during a review of Article 27.3(b) which commenced in 1999 and is currently ongoing. Initially, developing countries raised serious ethical concerns regarding life patents, creating a clear North-South divide. However, over time the position of Brazil and India moved away from the ethics of life patents to the prevention of bio-piracy, a position supported by China. Russia too is supportive of life patents. A group of small developing countries have, however, continued to question the morality of life patents despite this “BRIC wall,” changing the dynamics of the negotiations from a North-South divide to one which now includes a South-South divide.

Development of European Union and joining perspective of Croatia

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 507-514
Author(s):  
Ivan Vuković
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
European Countries ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Demographic Development ◽  
The World ◽  
The Eu

In this paper we researched European Union starting with the Agreement from Maastrich from year 1992, even though the European Union has a long traditional history and its origin is founded on regulations of economical integrations in Europe beginning from the 1950’s through the Roman treaty from year 1957 and the forming of the European Union Committee in year 1965. Further we follow her expansion and introduction of the European economic and monetary policy, to last, the joining perspective of Croatia. According to the Agreement from Maastrich, European Union lies on three posts: 1) Legal-political and regulative post, 2) Economical post, where the forming of European economical and monetary policy is in the first plan, especially the introducing of Euro as the unique European currency, 3) Post of Mutual foreign security policy within European Union. In that context we need to highlight the research conducted here and in European Union, including the world, regarding development of European Union and its economical, legal, political and cultural, as well as foreign diplomatic results, which are all perspectives of European Union. All the scientists and researches which were involved in exploring the development of EU with its modern tendencies and development perspective, agree that extraordinary results are achieved regards to economical, legal, political, foreign-security and diplomatic views, even tough many repercussions exist in progress of some particular members and within the EU as a whole. The biggest controversy arises in the perspective and expanding of European Union regarding ratification of the Constitution of EU from particular country members, but especially after the referendum was refused from two European countries, France and Netherlands. According to some estimates, the Constitution of EU would have difficulty to be adopted in Switzerland and some other Scandinavian countries, but also in Great Britain and other very developed countries. However the European Community and European Union were developing and expanding towards third European countries, regardless of Constitutional non-existence, where we can assume that if and when the Constitution of EU will be ratified, the EU will further develop as one of the most modern communities. This will enable economical development, especially development of European business, unique European market and free trade of goods and services, market of financial capital and labour market in free movement of labour. Being that EU has become one of the most largest dominating markets in the world, it offers a possibility to all new members to divide labour by using modern knowledge and high technology which insure economical, social and political prosperity. This results to forming a society of European countries which will guarantee all rights and freedom of development for all nations and ethnic groups. As well as, all European countries with somewhat less sovereignty, but in international relations will be stronger and significant, not only in sense of economics, but also in politics and military diplomatic relations. Therefore, Croatia has no choice and perspective if she does not join the European Union till year 2010, but until than it needs to create its strategy of economical and scientific-technological development, including demographic development, which will insure equal progress of Croatia as an equal member of European Union.

PSYCHOLOGY IN THE WORLD OF SCIENCE - 16th Days of Applied Psychology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grupa Autora
Keyword(s):  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Scientific Publication ◽  
Applied Psychology ◽  
Ministry Of Education ◽  
International Conference ◽  
The World ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Education Science

The International Thematic Proceedia titled „Psychology in the world of science” is a publication from the 16th International Conference “Days of Applied Psychology” held on September 25th & 26th 2020 at the Faculty of Philosophy, University of Niš. This is a traditional annual nonprofit conference which has been organized since 2005 by the Department of Psychology of the Faculty of Philosophy, University of Niš, with the support and co-financing of the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia. The conference started with the idea of gathering researchers and practitioners who discuss the link between science and practice in different psychological areas. From the very start, this gathering has welcomed international participants, and year after year this number is on the rise. This scientific publication contains 18 peer-reviewed articles which can be classified as original scientific papers and as review papers. The authors of these manuscripts come from six countries: Portugal, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slovenia, Bulgaria, Turkey, and Republic of Serbia.

BRICS Countries Possible Areas for Scientific Cooperation

2015 ◽  
pp. 14-23
Author(s):  
I. Dezhina
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Preliminary Evaluation ◽  
Exploratory Research ◽  
Scientific Cooperation ◽  
Brics Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
A Share

The article evaluates science sectors and effectiveness of scientific research in the countries forming the BRICS group, as well as the current state of scientific and technological cooperation among the group members. The science sectors of the countries under consideration differ markedly, while facing similar problems relating to government regulations and external environments. The differences exist in total expenditures on research and development (as a share of GNP), in the scope of governmental funding (large in Russia and India, but small in China), and in the distribution of allocations among various areas and types of R&D activities. China appears to have the most well-adjusted science sector among the BRICS members. It includes not only strong universities but also high-tech companies that invest actively into research and development. The overall impact (inferred from citation indexes) of fundamental and exploratory research performed in BRICS countries remains low. BRICS's scientists prefer to collaborate with their colleagues from the world-leading countries rather than with their fellows from BRICS. Yet, in contrast to the world trend, in all BRICS countries, except Russia, a share of internationally co-authored publications is now decreasing. BRICS members have more similar interests and priorities in technological development, including infrastructural and large technological projects, than in science. Currently, bilateral cooperation in technology prevails, while the projects involving all members of the group still remain at the stage of preliminary evaluation and discussion. Russia cooperates most closely with China and India, including joint projects in such high-priority directions as new materials, photonics, biomedical, space and information technologies. For Russia, cooperation in technological development appears to be of most interest because it can lead not only to introduction of new technologies but also help to create large Russian innovative companies. Development of successful multilateral cooperation in science and technology among the BRICS members is the key for this group, originally formed for geopolitical reasons, to evolve into an effective economic union.

scholarly journals Global neurosurgery: models for international surgical education and collaboration at one university

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. E5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joao Paulo Almeida ◽  
Carlos Velásquez ◽  
Claire Karekezi ◽  
Miguel Marigil ◽  
Mojgan Hodaie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Support ◽  
Surgical Education ◽  
Care Delivery ◽  
Surgical Care ◽  
Outcome Evaluation ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
University Of Toronto ◽  
The World ◽  
The University

OBJECTIVEInternational collaborations between high-income (HICs) and low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) have been developed as an attempt to reduce the inequalities in surgical care around the world. In this paper the authors review different models for international surgical education and describe projects developed by the Division of Neurosurgery at the University of Toronto in this field.METHODSThe authors conducted a review of models of international surgical education reported in the literature in the last 15 years. Previous publications on global neurosurgery reported by the Division of Neurosurgery at the University of Toronto were reviewed to exemplify the applications and challenges of international surgical collaborations.RESULTSThe most common models for international surgical education and collaboration include international surgical missions, long-term international partnerships, fellowship training models, and online surgical education. Development of such collaborations involves different challenges, including limited time availability, scarce funding/resources, sociocultural barriers, ethical challenges, and lack of organizational support. Of note, evaluation of outcomes of international surgical projects remains limited, and the development and application of assessment tools, such as the recently proposed Framework for the Assessment of International Surgical Success (FAIRNeSS), is encouraged.CONCLUSIONSActions to reduce inequality in surgical care should be implemented around the world. Different models can be used for bilateral exchange of knowledge and improvement of surgical care delivery in regions where there is poor access to surgical care. Implementation of global neurosurgery initiatives faces multiple limitations that can be ameliorated if systematic changes occur, such as the development of academic positions in global surgery, careful selection of participant centers, governmental and nongovernmental financial support, and routine application of outcome evaluation for international surgical collaborations.

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