scholarly journals Streptococcus sanguinis as an opportunistic bacteria in human oral cavity: Adherence, colonization, and invasion

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hening Tjaturina Pramesti
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Human Tooth ◽  
Tooth Surface ◽  
Interspecies Interactions ◽  
Streptococcus Sanguinis ◽  
Dental Biofilm ◽  
Human Oral Cavity ◽  
Opportunistic Bacteria

Streptococcus sanguinis (formerly S. sanguis) is a Gram-positive, facultative anaerobe,  nonmotile , normal  inhabitant of the human oral cavity, and  a member of  the viridans group of streptococci. Among the streptococcus, S. sanguinis is a  primary colonizer in the human tooth surface or it is recognize as a ‘pioneer’ by forming dental plaque. The aim of this paper is to review the role of Streptococcus sanguinis  in the adherence to and  invasion of  human tissues.  S. sanguinis  has been reported  that it is associated  with healthy  tooth  surfaces  but not with caries. S. sanguinis  tend to involved in an interspecies interactions with Streptococcus mutans, which is known as  competition/coexistence within dental biofilm.  In their colonization, this bacteria used enzyme sortase A (SrtA) to cleave  LPXTG-containing proteins sequence and  anchored  the  cell wall, while virulence factors  in infective endocarditis  involved housekeeping functions such as cell wall synthesis, amino acid and nucleic acid synthesis, and the ability to survive under anaerobic conditions.

scholarly journals Murein Hydrolase LytF of Streptococcus sanguinis and the Ecological Consequences of Competence Development

2017 ◽  
Vol 83 (24) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nyssa Cullin ◽  
Sylvio Redanz ◽  
Kirsten J. Lampi ◽  
Justin Merritt ◽  
Jens Kreth
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Cell Morphology ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Tooth Surface ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Streptococcus Sanguinis ◽  
Murein Hydrolase ◽  
Biofilm Development

ABSTRACT The overall health of the oral cavity is dependent on proper homeostasis between health-associated bacterial colonizers and bacteria known to promote dental caries. Streptococcus sanguinis is a health-associated commensal organism, a known early colonizer of the acquired tooth pellicle, and is naturally competent. We have shown that LytF, a competence-controlled murein hydrolase, is capable of inducing the release of extracellular DNA (eDNA) from oral bacteria. Precipitated LytF and purified LytF were used as treatments against planktonic cultures and biofilms. Larger amounts of eDNA were released from cultures treated with protein samples containing LytF. Additionally, LytF could affect biofilm formation and cellular morphology. Biofilm formation was significantly decreased in the lytF-complemented strain, in which increased amounts of LytF are present. The same strain also exhibited cell morphology defects in both planktonic cultures and biofilms. Furthermore, the LytF cell morphology phenotype was reproducible in wild-type cells using purified LytF protein. In sum, our findings demonstrate that LytF can induce the release of eDNA from oral bacteria, and they suggest that, without proper regulation of LytF, cells display morphological abnormalities that contribute to biofilm malformation. In the context of the oral biofilm, LytF may play important roles as part of the competence and biofilm development programs, as well as increasing the availability of eDNA. IMPORTANCE Streptococcus sanguinis, a commensal organism in the oral cavity and one of the pioneer colonizers of the tooth surface, is associated with the overall health of the oral environment. Our laboratory showed previously that, under aerobic conditions, S. sanguinis can produce H2O2 to inhibit the growth of bacterial species that promote dental caries. This production of H2O2 by S. sanguinis also induces the release of eDNA, which is essential for proper biofilm formation. Under anaerobic conditions, S. sanguinis does not produce H2O2 but DNA is still released. Determining how S. sanguinis releases DNA is thus essential to understand biofilm formation in the oral cavity.

scholarly journals Impact of sleep on the microbiome of oral biofilms

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e0259850
Author(s):  
Maki Sotozono ◽  
Nanako Kuriki ◽  
Yoko Asahi ◽  
Yuichiro Noiri ◽  
Mikako Hayashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Tooth Surface ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Dental Biofilm ◽  
Gene Sequence Analysis ◽  
Oral Biofilms ◽  
Gingival Mucosa

Dysbiosis of the oral microbiome is associated with diseases such as periodontitis and dental caries. Because the bacterial counts in saliva increase markedly during sleep, it is broadly accepted that the mouth should be cleaned before sleep to help prevent these diseases. However, this practice does not consider oral biofilms, including the dental biofilm. This study aimed to investigate sleep-related changes in the microbiome of oral biofilms by using 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Two experimental schedules—post-sleep and pre-sleep biofilm collection—were applied to 10 healthy subjects. Subjects had their teeth and oral mucosa professionally cleaned 7 days and 24 h before sample collection. Samples were collected from several locations in the oral cavity: the buccal mucosa, hard palate, tongue dorsum, gingival mucosa, tooth surface, and saliva. Prevotella and Corynebacterium had higher relative abundance on awakening than before sleep in all locations of the oral cavity, whereas fluctuations in Rothia levels differed depending on location. The microbiome in different locations in the oral cavity is affected by sleep, and changes in the microbiome composition depend on characteristics of the surfaces on which oral biofilms form.

scholarly journals Competition and Coexistence between Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis in the Dental Biofilm

2005 ◽  
Vol 187 (21) ◽  
pp. 7193-7203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens Kreth ◽  
Justin Merritt ◽  
Wenyuan Shi ◽  
Fengxia Qi
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Mutans ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Interspecies Interactions ◽  
Biological Factors ◽  
Phenotypic Characteristics ◽  
Microbial Diseases ◽  
Streptococcus Sanguinis ◽  
Dental Biofilm ◽  
Biochemical Analyses

ABSTRACT The human mucosal surface is colonized by the indigenous microflora, which normally maintains an ecological balance among different species. Certain environmental or biological factors, however, may trigger disruption of this balance, leading to microbial diseases. In this study, we used two oral bacterial species, Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis (formerly S. sanguis), as a model to probe the possible mechanisms of competition/coexistence between different species which occupy the same ecological niche. We show that the two species engage in a multitude of antagonistic interactions temporally and spatially; occupation of a niche by one species precludes colonization by the other, while simultaneous colonization by both species results in coexistence. Environmental conditions, such as cell density, nutritional availability, and pH, play important roles in determining the outcome of these interactions. Genetic and biochemical analyses reveal that these interspecies interactions are possibly mediated through a well-regulated production of chemicals, such as bacteriocins (produced by S. mutans) and hydrogen peroxide (produced by S. sanguinis). Consistent with the phenotypic characteristics, production of bacteriocins and H2O2 are regulated by environmental conditions, as well as by juxtaposition of the two species. These sophisticated interspecies interactions could play an essential part in balancing competition/coexistence within multispecies microbial communities.

scholarly journals Impacts of sleep on the characteristics of dental biofilm

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maki Sotozono ◽  
Nanako Kuriki ◽  
Yoko Asahi ◽  
Yuichiro Noiri ◽  
Mikako Hayashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Oral Care ◽  
Tooth Surface ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
Dental Biofilm

AbstractDental biofilm present on the tooth surface is associated with oral diseases, such as dental caries and periodontal disease. Because bacterial numbers rapidly increase in saliva during sleep, oral care before sleeping is recommended for the prevention of chronic oral diseases. However, temporal circadian changes in the quantity and quality of dental biofilms are poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the impacts of sleeping on dental biofilm amounts and compositions by using an in situ model. The use of this in situ model enabled us to investigate dental biofilm formed in the oral cavity and to perform a quantitative analysis. Subjects began wearing oral splints in the morning or before sleeping, and biofilm samples were collected at 8, 16, and 24 h after the subjects began wearing oral splints; these samples were then used in various experiments. No significant changes in the numbers of biofilm-forming bacteria were caused by sleep. However, the relative abundances of genera related to periodontitis (i.e., Fusobacterium and Prevotella) increased after awakening. In conclusion, the numbers of biofilm-forming bacteria were not affected by sleep, and the abundances of obligate anaerobes increased after sleep. This research may aid in defining efficacious preventive oral care.

scholarly journals Systematic study of genes influencing cellular chain length in Streptococcus sanguinis

Microbiology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 160 (2) ◽  
pp. 307-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karra Evans ◽  
Victoria Stone ◽  
Lei Chen ◽  
Xiuchun Ge ◽  
Ping Xu
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Chain Length ◽  
Tooth Surface ◽  
Positive Bacterium ◽  
Streptococcus Sanguinis ◽  
Contrast Microscopy ◽  
Clusters Of Orthologous Groups ◽  
Chromosome Separation ◽  
Oral Pathogens ◽  
Hypothetical Genes

Streptococcus sanguinis is a Gram-positive bacterium that is indigenous to the oral cavity. S. sanguinis, a primary colonizer of the oral cavity, serves as a tether for the attachment of other oral pathogens. The colonization of microbes on the tooth surface forms dental plaque, which can lead to the onset of periodontal disease. We examined a comprehensive mutant library to identify genes related to cellular chain length and morphology using phase-contrast microscopy. A number of hypothetical genes related to the cellular chain length were identified in this study. Genes related to the cellular chain length were analysed along with clusters of orthologous groups (COG) for gene functions. It was discovered that the highest proportion of COG functions related to cellular chain length was ‘cell division and chromosome separation’. However, different COG functions were also found to be related with altered cellular chain length. This suggested that different genes related with multiple mechanisms contribute to the cellular chain length in S. sanguinis SK36.

ASPECTOS ANTROPOLÓGICOS, BIOQUÍMICOS, MICROBIOLÓGICOS E CLÍNICOS DO CÁLCULO DENTÁRIO: UMA REVISÃO DA LITERATURA

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raphael Hirata Júnior
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Oral Hygiene ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Dental Calculus ◽  
Dental Biofilm

Resumo: O cálculo dentário é uma estrutura calcificada a partir do biofilme dentário (placa bacteriana) que, após o seu estabelecimento, é de difícil remoção e constitui um mecanismo de patogenicidade importante em diversas situações patológicas da cavidade oral por estar sempre coberto por uma camada viável de biofilme não mineralizada. A presente revisão de literatura releva a importância dos biofilmes calcificados nos contextos de doença, seus aspectos clínicos e microbiológicos em tempos anciães e contemporâneos, e sobre as medidas terapêuticas e preventivas. Apesar de todo conhecimento gerado sobre as doenças da cavidade oral, ainda são limitadas as abordagens clínicas a respeito dos mecanismos de controle dos cálculos dentários.Abstract: Dental calculus is a calcified structure from the dental biofilm (plaque), which, after its establishment, is difficult to remove and constitutes an important mechanism of pathogenicity in various pathological situations of the oral cavity because it is always covered by a viable layer of non-mineralized biofilm. The present literature highlights the importance of calcified biofilms in disease contexts, clinical and microbiological of dental calculus aspects in ancient and contemporary eras, and in therapeutic and preventive measures. Despite all the knowledge generated about the diseases of the oral cavity, the clinical approaches regarding the mechanisms of control of dental calculus still need investigations.Palavras Chave: Cálculo dentário, Calcificação do biofilme, Higiene oralKey words: Dental calculus, Biofilm calcification, Oral hygiene

scholarly journals Acid Dentin Lysates Increase Amelotin Expression in Oral Epithelial Cells and Gingival Fibroblasts

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 5394
Author(s):  
Jila Nasirzade ◽  
Zahra Kargarpour ◽  
Layla Panahipour ◽  
Reinhard Gruber
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Calcium Binding ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Cell Lineage ◽  
Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 ◽  
Tooth Surface ◽  
Enamel Matrix Derivative ◽  
Gingival Fibroblasts ◽  
Smad 3

Amelotin (AMTN) is a secretory calcium-binding phosphoprotein controlling the adhesion of epithelial cells to the tooth surface, forming a protective seal against the oral cavity. It can be proposed that signals released upon dentinolysis increase AMTN expression in periodontal cells, thereby helping to preserve the protective seal. Support for this assumption comes from our RNA sequencing approach showing that gingival fibroblasts exposed to acid dentin lysates (ADL) greatly increased AMTN expression. In the present study, we confirm that acid dentin lysates significantly increase AMTN in gingival fibroblasts and extend this observation towards the epithelial cell lineage by use of the HSC2 oral squamous and TR146 buccal carcinoma cell lines. AMTN immunostaining revealed an intensive signal in the nucleus of HSC2 cells exposed to acid dentin lysates. Acid dentin lysates mediate their effect via the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β type 1 receptor kinase as the antagonist SB431542 abolished the expression of AMTN in the epithelial cells and fibroblasts. Similar to what is known for fibroblasts, acid dentin lysate increased Smad-3 phosphorylation in HSC2 cells. HSC2 cells also respond to the AMTN-stimulating activity of the dentin lysate when adsorbed to gelatin. When simulating regenerative approaches, enamel matrix derivative, TGF-β1, and bone morphogenetic protein-2 also caused a robust increase in SB431542-dependent AMTN expression in HSC2. Taken together, we show here that acid dentin lysate uses the TGF-β-depended signaling pathway to support the AMTN expression in epithelial cells, possibly helping in maintaining the protective seal against the oral cavity.

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