scholarly journals Leaching Potential of Sea Water in Saline Souls

2004 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. AI Busaidi ◽  
P. Cookson
Keyword(s):  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Saline Soil ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Leaching Potential ◽  
Salt Crust ◽  
Subsurface Layers

Limited fresh water resources, inefficient irrigation and soil salinity reduce agricultural production in arid and semi-arid countries. This paper describes one of the uses of sea water to reduce salinity of an excessively saline soil in Oman. The objective of the study was to determine the efficiency of sea water to leach salt from a simulated profile of a coastal soil. The sandy soil under study contained a salt crust at the surface and was less saline in the subsurface layers. Soil was repacked in columns, 10 cm in diameter and 43 cm long, and three depths of sea water applied, Lo. 43, 64.5 and 86 cm. An additional column was leached with tap water for comparison. A leaching trial was undertaken in the field, using soil from inside cylindrical rings (D 31.5 cm) inserted into the surface. Leaching with sea water reduced soil salinity by between 90.4 and 17.8%, depending on the depth of sampling. Salinity in the surface soil layer was reduced more than in underlying layers. Most efficient leaching occurred with the application of sea water equal in amount to the depth of soil to be leached. It was concluded that sea water is an effective leaching agent, but leached soils still contained more salt than when leached with the same amount of tap water.  

scholarly journals Investigation of Growth, Free Amino Acids, and Carbohydrate Concentration in the Roots of Perennial Ryegrass in Response to Soil Salinity at Subsurface Soil Depths

2016 ◽  
Vol 141 (6) ◽  
pp. 539-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhuangjun Zhao ◽  
Margaret Mukami Gitau ◽  
Tao Hu ◽  
Yan Xie ◽  
Longxing Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Saline Soil ◽  
Deep Layer ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Subsurface Soil

Plants growing in salt-affected soils may have retarded growth and inhibited or altered metabolic processes. This study aims at investigating the impact of subsurface soil salinity on root growth and metabolic processes in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne). The seeds of perennial ryegrass (cv. Quick Start II) were planted in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tubes (10 cm diameter × 42 cm long) for 2 months. The experiment consisted of three treatments: 1) control, 40 cm filled with sand–peat mixture (7 sand : 3 peat wt/wt); 2) T20, a 20-cm-deep layer of saline soil covered with a 20-cm-deep layer of sand–peat mixture; and 3) T30, a 30-cm-deep layer of saline soil covered with a 10-cm-deep layer of sand–peat mixture. Our study showed that soil salinity at the subsurface inhibited the growth of perennial ryegrass roots. Compared with the control, the root activity in saline soil layer decreased, whereas it remained high in the mixture-soil zone. The content of amino acids in the roots obtained from the surface soil (0–10 cm) in T30 was greater than that in both the T20 and the control regimes. The content of soluble sugars in the roots went up with the decrease of the depth of sand–peat mixture. The increased root activity and free amino acids content in the roots sampled from the upper soil layers coupled with the increased soluble sugars in the roots subjected to soil salinity stress in the bottom soil layer represents some adaptive responses and regulative mechanisms in perennial ryegrass.

scholarly journals Variations of Soil Salinity and Cotton Growth under Six-Years Mulched Drip Irrigation

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1127
Author(s):  
Wenhao Li ◽  
Zhenhua Wang ◽  
Jinzhu Zhang ◽  
Ningning Liu
Keyword(s):  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Saline Soil ◽  
Irrigation Schedule ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Cotton Field ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Quota Management ◽  
Mulched Drip Irrigation

The lowering of salt content in the field, especially in arid areas, after consecutive application of mulched drip irrigation (MDI) is of vital importance for sustainable cotton plantation. To elucidate the effects of long-term MDI on soil properties and cotton growth, this paper systematically monitored the soil salinity, ion concentrations and the yield of cotton in the field using MDI consecutively for six years in a typical oasis in Xinjiang, China. The results showed that MDI could significantly change salt distribution in the cotton field. During the six years tested, the soil salt content using MDI declined fast at first, and then the decline rate gradually decreased. In the 1st and 2nd year, the average salt content within 0–100 cm soil layer was larger than 20 g kg−1, which belonging to the saline soil. Then the salt content decreased to 10–20 g kg−1 in the 3rd and 4th year, and the cotton field declined to heavily saline soil. After 5 years of MDI, the soil turned to non-salinized. The Cl− and SO42− equivalence ratio (CSER) also decreased with the increase of application years of MDI. Saline-alkaline land developed from chloride-sulphate solonchak (0.2 < CSER < 1) into sulphate solonchak (CSER < 0.2) after 6 years of MDI. The survival rate of the cotton increased from 1.48% (1 year of MDI) to 76.3% (6 years of MDI), and the yield increased from 72.43 kg ha−1 to 4515.48 kg ha−1. When the average CSER, SAR and the soil salinity in 0–140 cm soil layer decreased to 0.60, 0.98 (mol kg−1)0.5 and 6.25 g kg−1, farmers can achieve a balance between income and expenditure. Moreover, when CSER, SAR, and the soil salinity continuously decreased to 0.44, 0.69 (mol kg−1)0.5 and 0.77 g kg−1, the cotton yield will exceed the average production level of cotton in Xinjiang. Under the current irrigation schedule in the oasis irrigation area, the soil salinity and groundwater level after applying MDI could be conducive to cotton growth. However, this situation had also caused a waste of nearly 200 mm of water resources. Therefore, authors suggested that further research on water-saving irrigation systems suitable for different soil conditions should be carried out, and also the differential quota management in production practice should be adopted.

scholarly journals Monitoring and Modeling of Saline-Sodic Vertisol Reclamation by Echinochloa stagnina

Soil Systems ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 4
Author(s):  
Maman Nassirou Ado ◽  
Didier Michot ◽  
Yadji Guero ◽  
Zahra Thomas ◽  
Christian Walter
Keyword(s):  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Soil Column ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Arid Zones ◽  
Major Constraint ◽  
Cropping Season ◽  
Model Predictions ◽  
Cropping Seasons

Soil salinity due to irrigation is a major constraint to agriculture, particularly in arid and semi-arid zones, due to water scarcity and high evaporation rates. Reducing salinity is a fundamental objective for protecting the soil and supporting agricultural production. The present study aimed to empirically measure and simulate with a model, the reduction in soil salinity in a Vertisol by the cultivation and irrigation of Echinochloa stagnina. Laboratory soil column experiments were conducted to test three treatments: (i) ponded bare soil without crops, (ii) ponded soil cultivated with E. stagnina in two successive cropping seasons and (iii) ponded soil permanently cultivated with E. stagnina with a staggered harvest. After 11 months of E. stagnina growth, the electrical conductivity of soil saturated paste (ECe) decreased by 79–88% in the topsoil layer (0–8 cm) in both soils cultivated with E. stagnina and in bare soil. In contrast, in the deepest soil layer (18–25 cm), the ECe decreased more in soil cultivated with E. stagnina (41–83%) than in bare soil (32–58%). Salt stocks, which were initially similar in the columns, decreased more in soil cultivated with E. stagnina (65–87%) than in bare soil (34–45%). The simulation model Hydrus-1D was used to predict the general trends in soil salinity and compare them to measurements. Both the measurements and model predictions highlighted the contrast between the two cropping seasons: soil salinity decreased slowly during the first cropping season and rapidly during the second cropping season following the intercropping season. Our results also suggested that planting E. stagnina was a promising option for controlling the salinity of saline-sodic Vertisols.

scholarly journals Salinity and Soil Type Effects on Emergence and Growth of Pepper Seedlings

HortScience ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (8) ◽  
pp. 1265-1269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Genhua Niu ◽  
Denise S. Rodriguez ◽  
Rosa Cabrera ◽  
John Jifon ◽  
Daniel Leskovar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Loamy Sand ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Top Soil ◽  
Saline Solutions

High soil salinity often results in poor stand establishment, reduced plant growth, and reduced yield of many horticultural crops such as peppers (Capsicum annuum). We investigated the effects of soil salinity and soil type on seedling emergence and growth of four commercial peppers (‘NuMex Joe E. Parker’, ‘NuMex Nematador’, ‘NuMex Primavera’, and ‘Jupiter’) in greenhouse experiments. Seeds were sown in either a loamy sand or a silt loam soil in pots and irrigated with saline solutions at electrical conductivity of 0.9 (tap water), 3.0, or 6.0 dS·m−1 (Expt. 1) or at 0.0 [reverse osmosis (RO) water], 0.9, or 1.5 dS·m−1 (Expt. 2). No seedling emergence was observed in treatments irrigated with 3.0 or 6.0 dS·m−1 solutions. The salinity at the top soil layer increased linearly with time when subirrigated with tap and saline solutions in both soil types, whereas no substantial increase in soil salinity was found when subirrigated with RO water or overhead irrigation with tap water. Salt accumulation at the top soil layer was greater in loamy sand than in silt loam. Seedling emergence percent subirrigated with RO water ranged from 70% to 80% in loamy sand and 45% to 70% in silt loam, depending on pepper cultivars. When subirrigated with tap water and saline solutions, the emergence percent ranged from 0% to 60%, depending on pepper and soil types. In Expt. 3, seedlings were germinated in commercial potting mix and grown in 1.8-L pots containing commercial potting mix. Saline solution treatments of 1.4 (control, nutrient solution), 2.1, 2.9, 3.5, or 4.2 dS·m−1 were initiated when seedlings had 11 to 13 leaves. Five weeks after initiating saline water irrigation, the reduction in shoot dry weight was greater in ‘Jupiter’ and ‘NuMex Primavera’ as compared with ‘NuMex Joe E. Parker’ and ‘NuMex Nematador’, but the differences were small.

Outflows of Organic Halide Precursors from Forest Regions

1989 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 1877-1880 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Saito ◽  
K. Hattori ◽  
T. Okumura
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
Quality Monitoring ◽  
Deep Soil ◽  
Organic Halide ◽  
Forest Regions ◽  
Surface Soil Layer

Outflows of organic halide precursors (OXPs) from forest regions were studied in relation to water quality monitoring in the Yodo River basin. Firstly, the contribution of outflows from forest regions relative to the total was roughly estimated. Then equations for flows of these substances were formulated, divided into four different subflow categories: precipitation; throughfall; surface soil layer; and, deep soil layer. Finally, annual outflow loads were calculated for a test forest area.

scholarly journals Assessment of Seasonal Variability in Soil Nutrients and Its Impact on Soil Quality under Different Land Use Systems of Lower Shiwalik Foothills of Himalaya, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1398
Author(s):  
Tavjot Kaur ◽  
Simerpreet Kaur Sehgal ◽  
Satnam Singh ◽  
Sandeep Sharma ◽  
Salwinder Singh Dhaliwal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Soil Quality ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Seasonal Effects ◽  
Land Use Systems ◽  
Post Monsoon ◽  
Significant Difference

The present study was conducted to investigate the seasonal effects of five land use systems (LUSs), i.e., wheat–rice (Triticum aestivum—Oryza sativa) system, sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum), orange (Citrus sinensis) orchard, safeda (Eucalyptus globules) forest, and grassland, on soil quality and nutrient status in the lower Satluj basin of the Shiwalik foothills Himalaya, India. Samples were analyzed for assessment of physico-chemical properties at four soil depths, viz., 0–15, 15–30, 30–45, and 45–60 cm. A total of 120 soil samples were collected in both the seasons. Soil texture was found to be sandy loam and slightly alkaline in nature. The relative trend of soil organic carbon (SOC), macro- and micro-nutrient content for the five LUSs was forest > orchard > grassland > wheat–rice > sugarcane, in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons. SOC was highly correlated with macronutrients and micronutrients, whereas SOC was negatively correlated with soil pH (r = −0.818). The surface soil layer (0–15 cm) had a significantly higher content of SOC, and macro- and micro-nutrients compared to the sub-surface soil layers, due to the presence of more organic content in the soil surface layer. Tukey’s multiple comparison test was applied to assess significant difference (p < 0.05) among the five LUSs at four soil depths in both the seasons. Principle component analysis (PCA) identified that SOC and electrical conductivity (EC) were the most contributing soil indicators among the different land use systems, and that the post-monsoon season had better soil quality compared to the pre-monsoon season. These indicators helped in the assessment of soil health and fertility, and to monitor degraded agroecosystems for future soil conservation.

scholarly journals Linking Long-Term Changes in Soil Salinity to Paddy Land Abandonment in Jaffna Peninsula, Sri Lanka

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 211
Author(s):  
Tharani Gopalakrishnan ◽  
Lalit Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Soil Salinization ◽  
Landsat Images ◽  
Paddy Land ◽  
Semi Arid Region

Soil salinity is a serious threat to coastal agriculture and has resulted in a significant reduction in agricultural output in many regions. Jaffna Peninsula, a semi-arid region located in the northern-most part of Sri Lanka, is also a victim of the adverse effects of coastal salinity. This study investigated long-term soil salinity changes and their link with agricultural land use changes, especially paddy land. Two Landsat images from 1988 and 2019 were used to map soil salinity distribution and changes. Another set of images was analyzed at four temporal periods to map abandoned paddy lands. A comparison of changes in soil salinity with abandoned paddy lands showed that abandoned paddy lands had significantly higher salinity than active paddy lands, confirming that increasing salts owing to the high levels of sea water intrusion in the soils, as well as higher water salinity in wells used for irrigation, could be the major drivers of degradation of paddy lands. The results also showed that there was a dramatic increase in soil salinity (1.4-fold) in the coastal lowlands of Jaffna Peninsula. 64.6% of the salinity-affected land was identified as being in the extreme saline category. In addition to reducing net arable lands, soil salinization has serious implications for food security and the livelihoods of farmers, potentially impacting the regional and national economy.

scholarly journals Biochar induced improvement in root system architecture enhances nutrient assimilation by cotton plant seedlings

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Feng ◽  
Wanli Xu ◽  
Guangmu Tang ◽  
Meiying Gu ◽  
Zengchao Geng
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
System Architecture ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Nitrogen Assimilation ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Root System Architecture ◽  
Seedling Stage ◽  
Agronomic Efficiency ◽  
Surface Soil Layer

Abstract Background Raising nitrogen use efficiency of crops by improving root system architecture is highly essential not only to reduce costs of agricultural production but also to mitigate climate change. The physiological mechanisms of how biochar affects nitrogen assimilation by crop seedlings have not been well elucidated. Results Here, we report changes in root system architecture, activities of the key enzymes involved in nitrogen assimilation, and cytokinin (CTK) at the seedling stage of cotton with reduced urea usage and biochar application at different soil layers (0–10 cm and 10–20 cm). Active root absorption area, fresh weight, and nitrogen agronomic efficiency increased significantly when urea usage was reduced by 25% and biochar was applied in the surface soil layer. Glutamine oxoglutarate amino transferase (GOGAT) activity was closely related to the application depth of urea/biochar, and it increased when urea/biochar was applied in the 0–10 cm layer. Glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activity (GPT) increased significantly as well. Nitrate reductase (NR) activity was stimulated by CTK in the very fine roots but inhibited in the fine roots. In addition, AMT1;1, gdh3, and gdh2 were significantly up-regulated in the very fine roots when urea usage was reduced by 25% and biochar was applied. Conclusion Nitrogen assimilation efficiency was significantly affected when urea usage was reduced by 25% and biochar was applied in the surface soil layer at the seedling stage of cotton. The co-expression of gdh3 and gdh2 in the fine roots increased nitrogen agronomic efficiency. The synergistic expression of the ammonium transporter gene and gdh3 suggests that biochar may be beneficial to amino acid metabolism.

scholarly journals Winter pasture and cover crops and their effects on soil and summer grain crops

2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. 1357-1363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvadi Antonio Balbinot Junior ◽  
Milton da Veiga ◽  
Anibal de Moraes ◽  
Adelino Pelissari ◽  
Álvaro Luiz Mafra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Common Bean ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
The North ◽  
Oilseed Radish

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of winter land use on the amount of residual straw, the physical soil properties and grain yields of maize, common bean and soybean summer crops cultivated in succession. The experiment was carried out in the North Plateau of Santa Catarina state, Brazil, from May 2006 to April 2010. Five strategies of land use in winter were evaluated: intercropping with black oat + ryegrass + vetch, without grazing and nitrogen (N) fertilization (intercropping cover); the same intercropping, with grazing and 100 kg ha-1 of N per year topdressing (pasture with N); the same intercropping, with grazing and without nitrogen fertilization (pasture without N); oilseed radish, without grazing and nitrogen fertilization (oilseed radish); and natural vegetation, without grazing and nitrogen fertilization (fallow). Intercropping cover produces a greater amount of biomass in the system and, consequently, a greater accumulation of total and particulate organic carbon on the surface soil layer. However, land use in winter does not significantly affect soil physical properties related to soil compaction, nor the grain yield of maize, soybean and common bean cultivated in succession.

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