Analisis Unjuk kerja Jaringan Microcell LTE Berdasarkan Variasi Level Modulasi

The development of telecommunications technology continues to increase, especially in the use of cellular communication networks. Users of cellular networks today need high-speed communication to be able to enjoy the facilities offered such as streaming video, web browsing, e-mail and others. With the current increase in user capacity, it causes a lot of interference. Therefore, the use of modulation techniques needs to be considered. To find out the proper use of modulation, in accordance with the conditions of the region and the network used, this study examines the performance of variations in modulation levels, namely QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM and 256QAM. The parameters measured in this study include RSRP, CINR, BER, user connected and throughput. Based on the coverage by RSRP simulation results, it was found that the RSRP did not change because the power signal will always adjust to any use of the modulation level. For coverage by CINR obtained to obtain a higher rate value, a higher CINR value is needed and for coverage by BER parameters, BER does not affect the bit per symbol carried by each modulation, only affects the different types of modulation. Meanwhile, in the capacity by Throughput parameter, QPSK modulation produces the lowest average throughput value of 14.01 Mbps followed by 16QAM 21.58 Mbps 64QAM 28.6 Mbps and 256QAM 33.87 Mbps. In addition, for the capacity by user connected parameters all connected users on all modulation used will produce 100% for capacity by user connected.

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Performance Optimization of Optical Amplifiers for High Speed Multilink Optical Networks using Different Modulation Techniques

Journal of Optical Communications ◽

10.1515/joc-2017-0090 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 40 (4) ◽

pp. 333-340

Author(s):

Deepak Malik ◽

Geeta Kaushik ◽

Amit Wason

Keyword(s):

Optical Networks ◽

Communication Networks ◽

Performance Optimization ◽

High Speed ◽

Optical Amplifiers ◽

Maximum Output Power ◽

Maximum Output ◽

Modulation Techniques ◽

Modulation Schemes

Abstract Next generation optical networks require large capacity communication networks for proper utilization of gain bandwidth of the networks. Optical amplifiers with wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) systems are the key technologies for the realization of these networks. In this paper, we have investigated the performance of the networks using different modulation techniques, such as return-to-zero (RZ), non-return-to-zero (NRZ) and duobinary. Attempts were taken to design 8 channels, 10 Gbps WDM network at channel spacing of 0.8 nm. An innovative model with EDFA-Raman amplifier is designed to examine the performance of the different modulation schemes. From the results, it is found that NRZ configuration gives maximum output power and good quality of communication as compared to other modulation schemes. Further, it is seen that with increase in channel dispersion from 2 to 4 ps/nm/km, the quality of the signal started decreasing.

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Ka-band High-speed Communication Systems on Small Satellites for Future Advanced Communication Networks and Earth Observations

TRANSACTIONS OF THE JAPAN SOCIETY FOR AERONAUTICAL AND SPACE SCIENCES AEROSPACE TECHNOLOGY JAPAN ◽

10.2322/tastj.8.tj_11 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 8 (ists27) ◽

pp. Tj_11-Tj_16

Author(s):

Toshinori KUWAHARA ◽

Michael LENGOWSKI ◽

Ulrich BEYERMANN ◽

Alexander URYU ◽

Hans-Peter ROESER

Keyword(s):

Communication Networks ◽

Communication Systems ◽

High Speed ◽

Ka Band ◽

Small Satellites ◽

Earth Observations

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A Novel Image Encryption Algorithm Using Multiple Encryption Techniques for Mobile Devices

International Journal of Sensors Wireless Communications and Control ◽

10.2174/2210327909666190408094102 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 123-142

Author(s):

Showkat Ahmad Bhat ◽

Amandeep Singh

Keyword(s):

Wireless Communication ◽

Communication Networks ◽

Image Encryption ◽

High Speed ◽

Security Analysis ◽

Encryption Algorithm ◽

Multiple Encryption ◽

Communication Devices ◽

Cryptographic Attacks ◽

Image Encryption Algorithm

Background & Objective: Digital multimedia exchange between different mobile communication devices has increased rapidly with the invention of the high-speed data services like LTE-A, LTE, and WiMAX. However, there are always certain security risks associated with the use of wireless communication technologies. Methods: To protect the digital images against cryptographic attacks different image encryption algorithms are being employed in the wireless communication networks. These algorithms use comparatively less key spaces and accordingly offer inadequate security. The proposed algorithm described in this paper based on Rubik’s cube principle because of its high confusion and diffusion properties, Arnold function having effective scrambling power, blocking cipher with block encryption and permutation powers. The main strength of the proposed algorithm lies in the large key spaces and the combination of different high power encryption techniques at each stage of algorithm. The different operations employed on the image are with four security keys of different key spaces at multiple stages of the algorithm. Results & Conclusion: Finally, the effectiveness and the security analysis results shows that the proposed image encryption algorithm attains high encryption and security capabilities along with high resistance against cryptanalytic attacks, differential attacks and statistical attacks.

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Different modulation schemes for direct and external modulators based on various laser sources

Journal of Optical Communications ◽

10.1515/joc-2020-0029 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Hazem M. El-Hageen ◽

P.G. Kuppusamy ◽

Aadel M. Alatwi ◽

M. Sivaram ◽

Z. Ahamed Yasar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rate Equation ◽

Simulation Software ◽

Optical Systems ◽

Laser Source ◽

Optical Link ◽

Input And Output ◽

Modulation Techniques ◽

Different Types ◽

Laser Sources ◽

Modulation Schemes

AbstractDifferent types of laser source modulation techniques have been used in various applications depending on the objective. As optical systems extract the laws and the best solutions from experiments and simulations, the present study uses simulation software with different modulation types so the output signals can be compared. The modulators used are Mach-Zehnder, which is an external modulator, and electro-absorption modulator and laser rate equation modulator, which are direct modulators. All these types have an optical link multimode (MM) fiber with a photodiode in the receiver end that can be modeled. The input and output signals are analyzed using different types of modulations.

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Does the Opening of High-Speed Railway Lines Reduce the Carbon Intensity of China’s Resource-Based Cities?

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14154648 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (15) ◽

pp. 4648

Author(s):

Zhipeng Tang ◽

Ziao Mei ◽

Jialing Zou

Keyword(s):

High Speed ◽

National Average ◽

Carbon Intensity ◽

Time Varying ◽

Low Carbon ◽

High Speed Railway ◽

Different Types ◽

Endogenous Selection ◽

Mode Of Development ◽

The Impact

The carbon intensity of China’s resource-based cities (RBCs) is much higher than the national average due to their relatively intensive mode of development. Low carbon transformation of RBCs is an important way to achieve the goal of reaching the carbon emissions peak in 2030. Based on the panel data from 116 RBCs in China from 2003 to 2018, this study takes the opening of high-speed railway (HSR) lines as a quasi-experiment, using a time-varying difference-in-difference (DID) model to empirically evaluate the impact of an HSR line on reducing the carbon intensity of RBCs. The results show that the opening of an HSR line can reduce the carbon intensity of RBCs, and this was still true after considering the possibility of problems with endogenous selection bias and after applying the relevant robustness tests. The opening of an HSR line is found to have a significant reducing effect on the carbon intensity of different types of RBC, and the decline in the carbon intensity of coal-based cities is found to be the greatest. Promoting migration of RBCs with HSR lines is found to be an effective intermediary way of reducing their carbon intensity.

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Towards a Glass New World: The Role of Ion-Exchange in Modern Technology

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11104610 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (10) ◽

pp. 4610

Author(s):

Simone Berneschi ◽

Giancarlo C. Righini ◽

Stefano Pelli

Keyword(s):

Ion Exchange ◽

Communication Networks ◽

High Speed ◽

High Performance ◽

Low Cost ◽

Modern Technology ◽

Historical Background ◽

Wide Range ◽

Happy Marriage

Glasses, in their different forms and compositions, have special properties that are not found in other materials. The combination of transparency and hardness at room temperature, combined with a suitable mechanical strength and excellent chemical durability, makes this material indispensable for many applications in different technological fields (as, for instance, the optical fibres which constitute the physical carrier for high-speed communication networks as well as the transducer for a wide range of high-performance sensors). For its part, ion-exchange from molten salts is a well-established, low-cost technology capable of modifying the chemical-physical properties of glass. The synergy between ion-exchange and glass has always been a happy marriage, from its ancient historical background for the realisation of wonderful artefacts, to the discovery of novel and fascinating solutions for modern technology (e.g., integrated optics). Getting inspiration from some hot topics related to the application context of this technique, the goal of this critical review is to show how ion-exchange in glass, far from being an obsolete process, can still have an important impact in everyday life, both at a merely commercial level as well as at that of frontier research.

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