scholarly journals Effect of Irrigation on Crabapple Growth and Water Relations During Field Production with In-Ground Fabric Containers

1994 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-111
Author(s):  
R. Kjelgren ◽  
C. Spihlman ◽  
B.R. Cleveland
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Osmotic Potential ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Summer Drought ◽  
Irrigation Frequency ◽  
Trunk Diameter

Abstract Growth and water relations of irrigated and non-irrigated Malus sieboldii var. zumi produced with and without in-ground fabric containers in a field-nursery setting were investigated. Predawn and midday leaf water potential and midday stomatal conductance were measured periodically through the season, and trunk increment, leaf area, root growth, and osmotic potential were measured in late season. Water potential became more negative and stomatal conductance decreased in non-irrigated treatments during an extended mid-summer drought that resulted in less trunk diameter growth and leaf area. Trees grown in fabric-containers, both irrigated and non-irrigated, exhibited no detectable differences in water relations over the season. These trees did have fewer roots and less leaf area than the trees grown without fabric containers, indicating that in-ground fabric containers can limit growth even when irrigated. Non-irrigated trees in fabric containers were nonetheless affected by water stress as they had the least trunk growth and most negative osmotic potential of all treatments. Careful management practices would suggest increased irrigation frequency during production with in-ground fabric containers to avoid water stress.

scholarly journals Irrigation Frequency and Shading Influences on Water Relations and Growth of Container-Grown Euonymus japonica ‘Aureo-marginata’

1988 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 96-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.E. Newman ◽  
M.W. Follett
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Trickle Irrigation ◽  
Irrigation Frequency ◽  
Irrigation Level ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Unit Leaf

Trickle irrigation frequency, shading, water relations, and plant growth of container-grown Euonymus japonica Thunb. ‘Aureomarginata’ was investigated. Plants were grown under a combination of 3 irrigation frequencies and 2 shade levels. Stomatal conductance (gs) was reduced when plants were irrigated 3 times per week compared to irrigation daily and twice daily after week 4 under full sun and after week 8 under shade. Few differences were detected in predawn shoot water potential (Ψshoot) under shade at any irrigation level. The predawn shoot water potential (Ψshoot) was reduced (rnore negative) for plants irrigated 3 times per week compared to irrigation daily and twice daily after week 8 for plants grown under full sun and week 10 for plants grown under shade. These values remained lower for the duration of the study. Plants grown under shade and irrigated once daily had greater plant dry weight and leaf area compared to plants irrigated either twice daily or 3 times per week. They were also larger than all plants grown under full sun. Plants grown under shade had greater chlorophyll levels per unit leaf area. Under shade, plant quality was not affected by irrigation rates. However, only plants grown under shade were of salable quality.

scholarly journals The effect of irrigation frequency on growth, flowering and stomatal conductance of osteospermum 'Denebola' and New Guinea impatiens 'Timor' grown on ebb·and-flow benches

2013 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-68
Author(s):  
Jadwiga Treder ◽  
Joanna Nowak
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Soil Water Potential ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Irrigation Frequency ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
New Guinea Impatiens

The response of osteospermum 'Denebola' and New Guinea impatiens 'Timor' grown on ebb-and-flow benches to different water potential of growing medium applied during whole growing period was investigated by measuring plant growth parameters and stomatal conductance (g<sub>S</sub>). After cutting establishment, four different irrigation treatments based on soil water potential were applied to osteospermum: at -0,5 , -3,0 , -10,0 , -20 kPa. In the case of impatiens the last water treatment was omitted. Plants were evaluated when they reach one ofthe three growth stages: lateral shoots development, visible flower buds (osteospermum) or beginning of flowering (impatiens) and at flowering. All plants produced with a moderate water deficit (irrigation at -3 and -10 kPa) were more compact than plants irrigated at -0,5 kPa but their flowering were not affected. Strong decrease in pIant growth and flowering was observed when plants were irrigated at the lowest water potential (-20 kPa). However, for impatiens the highest irrigation frequency was also not favorable. As a result of water stress the decrease in stomatal conductance (g~) in both plants was observed. Osteospermum was more resistant to water stress than impatiens.

Comparing plant water relations for wheat with alternative pulse and oilseed crops grown in the semiarid Canadian prairie

2009 ◽  
Vol 89 (5) ◽  
pp. 823-835 ◽  
Author(s):  
H W Cutforth ◽  
S V Angadi ◽  
B G McConkey ◽  
M H Entz ◽  
D Ulrich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Osmotic Adjustment ◽  
Osmotic Potential ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Oilseed Crops ◽  
Pulse Crops ◽  
The Mean

Understanding the drought physiology of alternate crops is essential to assess the production risks of new cropping systems. We compared the water relations of dry (field) pea (Pisum sativum L.), chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), canola (Brassica napus L.) and mustard (Brassica juncea L.) with spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under different moisture availabilities in field trials conducted in 1997 and 1998 at Swift Current, SK. Stress experience and stress responses varied with crop type. In general, there were similarities in drought physiology between the two pulse crops and between the two oilseed crops. The mean predawn leaf water potential of pea was frequently lowest, while the mean midday leaf water potential of wheat was at least -0.40 MPa lower than for any other crop. The crops exhibited different strategies to overcome water stress. Wheat had the lowest osmotic potential at full turgor, except under drought when turgor was lowest for chickpea and wheat; the highest values were observed in Brassica spp. Mean midday pressure potentials were lowest in wheat (and mostly negative, indicating loss of turgor) and highest for the pulse crops. Mean midday pressure potential for canola was positive when well-watered, otherwise it was near 0. Despite lowering osmotic potential, wheat could not maintain positive turgor much of the time at midday. Pulse crops, with the contributions from both osmotic adjustment and cell elasticity, maintained positive turgor over a wider range of water potentials compared with the other crops. With regard to both osmotic adjustment and tissue elasticity, we ranked the crops from high to low ability to adjust to moderate to severe water stress as pulses > wheat > Brassica oilseeds. Key words: Leaf water, osmotic, turgor potentials, wheat, pulse, canola, semiarid prairie

Photosynthesis and Stomatal-Conductance Responses of Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) to Water Stress

Weed Science ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 635-639 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan L. Stuart ◽  
Daniel R. Krieg ◽  
John R. Abernathy
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Osmotic Potential ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Leaf Temperature ◽  
Sorghum Halepense

The influence of water stress on johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense(L.) Pers. ♯ SORHA] physiology was evaluated in a semiarid environment. Stomatal conductance of johnsongrass responded to more negative leaf water potential and increasing leaf temperature. The sensitivity of the leaf temperature effect was dependent on the soil water content. At low soil water content, conductance was limited by low water potential, and increasing leaf temperature had little effect. Conductance of CO2was related to net photosynthesis in a curvilinear manner, with conductance levels greater than 0.3 mol·m-2· s-1being in excess of that necessary for maximum photosynthesis. At both high conductance levels and low levels associated with increased water stress, intercellular CO2concentration increased, indicating nonstomatal limitations to photosynthesis. Decreased osmotic potential provided the highest correlation with the linear decline of photosynthetic rate as stress intensified. The expression of osmotic adjustment in johnsongrass is reported during grain filling. Plants in the milkdough stage of grain filling had approximately 0.3 MPa lower osmotic potential at any relative water content than those at anthesis.

scholarly journals Growth and Water Relations of Littleleaf Linden Trees Established in Irrigated Buffalograss and Kentucky Bluegrass

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 1529-1533 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Ryan Stewart ◽  
Roger Kjelgren ◽  
Paul G. Johnson ◽  
Michael R. Kuhns
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Predawn Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Second Year

Although transplanted trees typically establish and grow without incident in frequently irrigated turfgrass, their performance in precisely irrigated turfgrass in an arid climate is not known. We investigated the effect of precision irrigation scheduling on growth and water relations of balled-and-burlapped littleleaf linden (Tilia cordata Mill. `Greenspire') planted in buffalograss (Buchloë dactyloides [Nutt.] Engelm. `Tatanka') and kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.). Over 2 years, trees in turfgrass were irrigated either by frequent replacement based on local reference evapotranspiration, or precision irrigated by estimating depletion of soil water to the point of incipient water stress for each turfgrass species. Predawn leaf water potential and stomatal conductance of trees were measured during first-year establishment, and predawn leaf water potential was measured during a mid-season water-deficit period during the second year. Trunk diameter growth and total tree leaf area were measured at the end of each year. Values of predawn leaf water potential and stomatal conductance of trees in precision-irrigated buffalograss were lower (–0.65 MPa, 25.3 mmol·m–2·s–1) than those of trees in the other treatments near the end of the first growing season. The longer interval between precision irrigations resulted in mild water stress, but was not manifested in growth differences among trees across treatments during the first season. During the water-deficit period of the second year, there was no evidence of stress among the trees regardless of treatment. At the end of the second season, total leaf area of trees grown in precision-irrigated kentucky bluegrass (1.10 ± 0.34 m2) was 46% of that of trees grown in buffalograss (2.39 ± 0.82 m2) that were irrigated frequently. Trunk diameter growth of trees in frequently irrigated kentucky bluegrass (1.91 ± 2.65 mm) was 29% of that of the trees grown in buffalograss (6.68 ± 1.68 mm), regardless of irrigation treatment, suggesting a competition effect from kentucky bluegrass. We conclude that frequent irrigation of balled-and-burlapped trees in turfgrass, particularly buffalograss, is more conducive to tree health during establishment than is maximizing the interval between turfgrass irrigation. Regardless of irrigation schedule, kentucky bluegrass appears to impact tree growth severely during establishment in an arid climate.

scholarly journals Growth and Water Relations of Kentucky Coffee Tree and Silver Maple Following Transplanting

1994 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 96-99
Author(s):  
Roger Kjelgren ◽  
Brenda Cleveland
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
First Year ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Coffee Tree ◽  
Silver Maple ◽  
Tree Transpiration

Abstract Following transplanting we monitored growth and water relations over two years in Kentucky coffee tree (Gymnocladus dioica (L.) C. Koch) and silver maple (Acer saccharinum L.). Field-grown, well-established trees transplanted in place were compared to nontransplanted control trees. Predawn water potential was measured twice each month for two growing seasons, as well as midday stomatal conductance and water potential. Shoot elongation, leaf size, diameter growth, and total leaf area were determined both years. Less total leaf area as a result of transplanting apparently moderated total tree transpiration in both species. Reduced tree transpiration allowed stomatal conductance and predawn water potential to reach levels equal to non-transplanted trees in both species during periods of high rainfall. During low-rainfall periods water relations of transplanted Kentucky coffee tree (KCT) declined more than silver maple (MAP) relative to the control trees. Compared to non-transplanted trees, transplanting reduced growth of KCT more than that of MAP the first year. In the second year, when growing-season rainfall was less than half of the first year, the relative effect of transplanting on growth of the two species was reversed, indicating that KCT was more drought tolerant. These results suggested that deciduous balled-and-burlapped trees transplanted while dormant self-regulate water loss by reducing transpiring leaf area the following growing season.

scholarly journals Water Relations of Fruit End Cracking in French Prune (Prunus domestica L. cv. French)

1992 ◽  
Vol 117 (5) ◽  
pp. 824-828 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rémy E. Milad ◽  
Kenneth A. Shackel
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Osmotic Potential ◽  
Vertical Axis ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Prunus Domestica ◽  
Irrigation Regimes

Irrigation of previously water-stressed French prune trees is known to induce fruit end cracking. The relationships between end cracking, water relations, and mechanical properties of the skin of French prune were studied as a function of irrigation regimes under field conditions. Water stress resulted in the accumulation of solutes in the fruit of nonirrigated trees. A gradient in osmotic potential (ΨS) existed along the vertical axis of fruit from all treatments; ΨS was always lower at the stylar than stem end. Irrigation of previously water-stressed trees (irrigated-dry treatment) resulted in ΨS gradients exceeding those of all other treatments. Moreover, estimated turgor (ΨP) at the stylar end of the fruit increased 2-fold within 24 hours after irrigation. These changes were accompanied by the onset of fruit end cracking, and neither the well-watered controls nor the continuously droughted fruit exhibited such changes. During the 24 hours following irrigation, the overall ΨS of irrigated-dry treatment fruit was diluted by the same amount as the calculated increase in fruit volume. However, during the same period, ΨS at the stem end of the fruit showed more dilution than expected, and ΨS at the stylar end of the fruit concentrated, indicating a redistribution of solutes. There were no differences in skin mechanical properties along the fruit vertical axis and, hence, this could not have accounted for the observed changes in ΨS and ΨP. Thus, when previously stressed French prune trees were irrigated, the overall recovery in water potential (Ψ) and the subsequent movement of solutes to the stylar end of the fruit resulted in apparently excessive turgors in this region and hence the observed pattern of end cracking.

scholarly journals IRRIGATION, WATER RELATIONS, AND CRABAPPLE GROWTH IN ROOT-CONTROL BAGS IN A FIELD NURSERY

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 632e-632
Author(s):  
Roger Kjelgren ◽  
Craig Spihlman
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Summer Drought ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Nursery Stock ◽  
Type Ii Errors ◽  
Silty Clay Soil

Limited root development of nursery stock in root-control bags facilitates harvest but without irrigation may predispose stock to water stress. The effect of bags and irrigation on growth and water relations of field-grown Malus sieboldii var. zumi were investigated following transplanting as large liners into a silty-clay soil. Predawn leaf water potential (ψ), and midday stomatal conductance (gs) and ψ, were measured periodically through the season. Late-season osmotic potential (ψπ), caliper, leaf area, and root growth were also measured. Non-irrigated treatments exhibited water stress during an extended mid-summer drought, as predawn ψ and particularly gs were less than irrigated treatments, resulting in lower vegetative growth and ψπ. For combined bagged treatments water relations did not differ, but leaf area, root growth, and ψπ, but not caliper, were less than non-bagged trees. Growth measurements and ψπ of non-irrigated bagged trees, however, were consistently lower but nonsignificant than the other treatments. Bag-induced root reduction can limit some top growth even with optimum soil water. Moreover, in terms of potential Type-II errors extrapolated over a conventional production cycle, trees grown in root-control bags in normally non-irrigated soils may be more susceptible to water stress and subjected to further cumulative growth limitation.

A comparison of water relations, visual symptoms, and changes in stem girth for evaluating impact of Phytophthoracinnamomi dieback on Eucalyptusmarginata

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Stuart Crombie ◽  
J. T. Tippett
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Subjective Assessment ◽  
Forest Trees ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Visual Symptoms ◽  
Severe Water Stress ◽  
Crown Form

Water relations, stem girth, and crown vigour were measured in jarrah (Eucalyptusmarginata Donn ex Sm.) trees in adjoining areas of healthy and dieback-affected forest. The soil-borne fungus Phytophthoracinnamomi Rands was recovered from soils in the dieback areas, but not from neighbouring healthy forest. Trees on dieback sites were found to be more water stressed (with lower dawn water potentials and daytime stomatal conductances) than healthy trees on nearby areas free of P. cinnamomi. Severe water stress usually preceded crown deaths by several weeks to months. Dawn water potential and midday stomatal conductance were the most useful nondestructive indicators of dieback severity in declining trees. Subjective assessment of crown form was slightly less reliable than water relations as a separator of dieback and healthy trees. Changes in trunk girth were the least sensitive indicators of dieback severity. Midday stomatal conductance is recommended as a useful tool for monitoring short-term changes in vigour of dieback-affected trees.

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