scholarly journals Cyclic Microirrigation in Container-grown Landscape Plants Improves Plant Growth and Water Conservation

1995 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Beeson ◽  
J. Haydu
Keyword(s):  
Water Conservation ◽  
Irrigation Treatment ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Water Efficiency ◽  
Single Cycle ◽  
Shrub Species ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Landscape Plants ◽  
Ulmus Alata

Abstract Four tree (Acer rubrum L., Ulmus alata Michx., Quercus virginiana Mill, and Lagerstroemia indica L.) and two landscape shrub species (Rhododendron indicum L. ‘Formosa’ and Elaeagnus pungens Thunb.) were grown in 10-liter (#3) polyethylene containers. Plants were irrigated with overhead impact sprinklers (control) or with individual low volume spray stakes. Microirrigated treatments consisted of same or double volume per day per container as controls applied as one to three cyclic subvolumes. Shrub growth was seldom influenced by irrigation treatment. Xeric tree species (U. alata and Q. virginiana) grew as well with single volumes applied in 2 cycles as double volumes applied in 3 cycles; both produced significantly larger trees than the control. Mesic species (A. rubrum and L. indica) irrigated with double volumes in 3 cycles produced the largest trees that were significantly larger than single volume microirrigated or control trees. Growth of single cycle, single volume trees (overhead and microirrigation) was equivalent; thus, growth effects were due to cycling, not microirrigation. With commercially representative container spacings used, superior trees were produced with cycled microirrigation using 25% (xeric) or 50% (mesic) of the water volume per area applied through the overhead sprinkler. Further aspects of irrigation requirements and water efficiency are discussed.

scholarly journals Economic Feasibility of Micro-Irrigating Container-Grown Landscape Plants

1997 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-29
Author(s):  
J.J. Haydu ◽  
R.C. Beeson
Keyword(s):  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Economic Returns ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Landscape Plants ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Micro Irrigation

Abstract While past research has examined certain technical efficiencies, little effort has been directed at the economic feasibility of various irrigation systems for container-grown landscape plants. Two irrigation systems, cyclic micro-irrigation and overhead impact sprinkler, were examined to determine economic advantages of one system over the other for container-grown landscape plants. Seedlings of Acer rubrum L. and Quercus virginiana Mill. produced in #3, #7, #10 and #15 (10.2, 26.5, 37.8, and 56.8 liter) polyethylene containers were considered. A two-step methodology was used to establish the biological and economic parameters of the study. Three major conclusions were arrived at in this paper. First, with the exception of the smallest container size, there was little difference in initial investment costs and variable costs of production between the two systems. Second, water costs were shown to be prohibitive for larger container sizes when reclaimed water is used in conjunction with overhead systems. Third, the potential impact of cyclic microirrigation on a firm's economic returns were shown to be positive. Cyclic micro-irrigation markedly speeds up the production process, utilizes less material inputs and a fraction of the water of an overhead system.

scholarly journals PROMOTING AWARENESS OF WATER CONSERVATION IN THE LANDSCAPE

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1117d-1117
Author(s):  
Deborah M. Shuping ◽  
Jeffrey D. Zahner
Keyword(s):  
Water Conservation ◽  
Arid Regions ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Western United States ◽  
Water Efficiency ◽  
Careful Planning ◽  
Building Science ◽  
Planning And Design ◽  
Landscape Plants ◽  
Landscape Water

Water conservation is making journal headlines nationwide because of drought, contamination, pollution, and over development. While the idea of xeriscaping began in the Western United States where landscapes can be truly dry, many water-saving principles apply to the Southeast, where home moisture problems and pest problems associated with moisture are a major problem. A year of drought maybe followed by three years of plentiful rainfall, and conditions are significantly different from the semi-arid regions of the country to which most of the present literature on water conservation is directed.The purpose of this project was to provide information on water conservation to designers, landscape industry personnel, and homeowners in the Southeast. This was done by compiling recommendations based on research being conducted by professionals in building science, forestry, horticulture, entomology and landscape architecture.An educational tool addressing the pressing national problem of water conservation with a regional emphasis, this project was designed to help readers increase landscape water efficiency by 30 to 50% while lowering maintenance costs and insuring greater survivability of landscape plants in times of water shortage. Through careful planning and design, economically attractive and aesthetically sound water conserving landscapes can be created.

Spatiotemporal Changes of Riverbed and Surrounding Environment in Yongding River (Beijing section) in the Past 40 Years

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 40407-1-40407-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ran Pang ◽  
He Huang ◽  
Tri Dev Acharya
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Human Activities ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Cropland Area ◽  
The Past ◽  
Surrounding Environment ◽  
Spatiotemporal Changes ◽  
Yongding River

Abstract Yongding River is one of the five major river systems in Beijing. It is located to the west of Beijing. It has influenced culture along its basin. The river supports both rural and urban areas. Furthermore, it influences economic development, water conservation, and the natural environment. However, during the past few decades, due to the combined effect of increasing population and economic activities, a series of changes have led to problems such as the reduction in water volume and the exposure of the riverbed. In this study, remote sensing images were used to derive land cover maps and compare spatiotemporal changes during the past 40 years. As a result, the following data were found: forest changed least; cropland area increased to a large extent; bareland area was reduced by a maximum of 63%; surface water area in the study area was lower from 1989 to 1999 because of the excessive use of water in human activities, but it increased by 92% from 2010 to 2018 as awareness about protecting the environment arose; there was a small increase in the built-up area, but this was more planned. These results reveal that water conservancy construction, agroforestry activities, and increasing urbanization have a great impact on the surrounding environment of the Yongding River (Beijing section). This study discusses in detail how the current situation can be attributed to of human activities, policies, economic development, and ecological conservation Furthermore, it suggests improvement by strengthening the governance of the riverbed and the riverside. These results and discussion can be a reference and provide decision support for the management of southwest Beijing or similar river basins in peri-urban areas.

scholarly journals A Building Information Modelling (BIM) based Water Efficiency (BWe) Framework for Sustainable Building Design and Construction Management

Electronics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhen Liu ◽  
Chao Zhang ◽  
Yuanxiang Guo ◽  
Mohamed Osmani ◽  
Peter Demian
Keyword(s):  
Information Integration ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Building Design ◽  
Water Efficiency ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Building Information Modelling ◽  
Building Projects ◽  
Information Modelling ◽  
Building Information ◽  
Design And Construction

There is a lack of decision-making tools for water efficiency design and construction to maximize project benefits and water conservation. An increasing number of research studies indicate that building information modelling (BIM) can enhance the cooperation, improve work efficiency, and conduct simulation and analysis of sustainability performance in building projects. However, BIM’s potential to enhance water efficiency is yet to be established, such as water gird design optimization, clash detection, combination of BIM with smart appliances and sensors. The research adopted a mixed method approach to investigate the potential impact of BIM on water efficiency in building projects. It involved 50 practitioners from the Architectural, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry through a questionnaire survey and the follow-up interviews. The quantitative results of questionnaire data and qualitative results of interviews were used to develop a “BIM-based Water Efficiency (BWe) Framework” which was subsequently validated by five experienced practitioners and researchers in the form of semi-structured interviews. The framework applies BIM to optimize traditional water efficiency measures based on an information database. The geometry, attributes, status information of building components or non-component objects stored in the database greatly improve information integration degree of construction engineering. This study provided a reference for the use of BIM for water conservation in building design and construction.

The Impacts of Different Land Use Patterns on Water Volume in the Xixian Watershed, China

2015 ◽  
Vol 737 ◽  
pp. 728-731 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan Yuan Han ◽  
Tao Cai
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Land Use Change ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Swat Model ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Huaihe River Basin ◽  
Huaihe River ◽  
Soil And Water

In this study, Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was used to simulate land-use change effects on water quantity in the upper Huaihe river basin above the Xixian hydrological controlling station with a catchment area of 10,190 km2 by the use of three-phase (1980s、1990s、2000s) land-use maps, soil type map (1:200000), 1980 to 2008 daily time series of rainfall from the upper Huaihe river basin. On the basis of the simulated time series of daily runoff, land-use change effects on spatio-temporal change patterns of runoff coefficients and runoff modules were investigated. The results revealed that under the same condition of soil texture and terrain slope the advantage for runoff generation and the sensitivity of rainfall-runoff relationship to rainfall descended by farmland, paddy field, woodland.The outputs could provide important references for soil and water conservation and river health protection in the upper stream of Huaihe river.

Comparison of Salt and Ester Formulations of Picloram

Weed Science ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 447-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Bovey ◽  
M. L. Ketchersid ◽  
M. G. Merkle
Keyword(s):  
Potassium Salt ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Diesel Oil ◽  
Acacia Farnesiana ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Live Oak ◽  
Petri Dishes ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Extensive Degradation ◽  
Ulmus Alata

Under Texas conditions, the potassium salt of 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram) usually was more effective than the isooctyl ester formulation for control of live oak (Quercus virginianaMill.), yaupon(Ilex vomitoriaAit.), winged elm(Ulmus alataMichx.), huisache (Acacia farnesiana(L.) Willd.), and honey mesquite(Prosopis juliflora(Swartz) DC. var.glandulosa(Torr.) Cockerell). Possible reasons for the difference in effectiveness of picloram formulations were studied in the laboratory. Extensive degradation of the ester of picloram (96%) occurred in open Petri dishes after 72 hr exposure to ultraviolet (uv) light, compared to a loss of 26% for the salt of picloram. Forty-five percent of the isooctyl ester of picloram was lost at high temperatures (60 C), whereas only 2% of the potassium salt of picloram was lost after 1 week at 60 C from open Petri dishes in a dark oven. Application of the ester to soils reduced thermal and ultraviolet light degradation losses compared to losses from open Petri dishes. Loss of the ester was greater when applied in diesel oil to Petri dishes than in either water or paraffin oil. The salt of picloram leached most after 12.5 cm simulated rainfall in soil columns to the 17.5 to 30-cm level (907 μg), followed by the acid (360 μg), and last the isooctyl ester (0 μg). However, considerable acid (161 μg) was recovered at the 32.5 to 45-cm depth from the isooctyl ester treatment exposed to wet soils for 3 days, indicating hydrolysis of the ester to acid.

Study on the joint probability distribution of irrigation water volume and irrigation water efficiency

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 802-809
Author(s):  
Yong Zhao ◽  
Jinping Zhang ◽  
Weihua Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Probability Distribution ◽  
Conditional Probability ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Joint Probability ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Joint Probability Distribution ◽  
Water Efficiency ◽  
Copula Method ◽  
Joint Return ◽  
Water Volumes

Using the copula method, the joint probability distribution of irrigation water volume and efficiency is constructed, and their joint return period is also described to reveal the encounter probability of irrigation water volume and efficiency. Furthermore, the conditional probability of irrigation water efficiency with different water volumes is built to show the quantitative effects of flow on irrigation water efficiency. The results show that the copula-based function can present the encounter risk and conditional probability of irrigation water volume and efficiency at their different magnitudes.

scholarly journals Production of Pre-finished Northern Woody Plants in Florida

1989 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-68
Author(s):  
Dewayne L. Ingram ◽  
David Zimet ◽  
Steven Still ◽  
Larry J. Kuhns
Keyword(s):  
Woody Plants ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Berberis Thunbergii ◽  
Viburnum Opulus ◽  
Southern States ◽  
Landscape Plants ◽  
Production Scheme ◽  
Production Practices

Abstract The physiological and economic feasibility of producing pre-finished woody landscape plants normally considered restricted to northern climates in the southern states was investigated. Several years of work in Florida indicates that this production scheme is feasible for Ilex × meserveae S.Y. Hu ‘Blue Prince’, Viburnum opulus L., V. × juddii Rehd. and Berberis thunbergii DC. ‘Crimson Pigmy’. Euonymus alata Thunb. ‘Compacta’, Acer rubrum L., Magnolia × soulangiana Soul. -Bod. and Hamamelis virginiana L. were not viable candidates under production practices considered to date. The estimated costs for producing these plants in 930 cm3 (1 qt) containers is $0.66, with about 38% of this cost associated with labor.

scholarly journals The Abnormal Phenomena of Entropy Weighting Method in the Dynamic Evaluation of Agricultural Water Conservation

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Liangzhen Zhu ◽  
Xigang Xing ◽  
Feng Yan
Keyword(s):  
Water Conservation ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Water Efficiency ◽  
Agricultural Water ◽  
Conservation Assessment ◽  
Weighting Method ◽  
Dynamic Evaluation ◽  
Agricultural Conservation ◽  
Irrigation Projects

Through a simple and intuitive example of the agricultural water conservation assessment in 3 provinces, China, the abnormal phenomena of the entropy weighting method (EWM) in the dynamic evaluation are revealed. The results show the following. (i) The irrigation water efficiency percentages (IWEPs) of these 3 provinces are improved from 53%, 53%, and 55% to 55%, 56%, and 56%, respectively. And their water-saving irrigation projects percentages (WSIPPs) are improved from 40%, 41%, and 41% to 42%, 42%, and 42%, respectively. However, their comprehensive agricultural conservation indices deteriorate from 52.11, 52.45, and 56.1 to 46.07, 46.74, and 48.57, respectively. (ii) EWM leads to the following paradox in the dynamic evaluation. All the indicators show improving trends, but the comprehensive evaluation results show a deteriorating trend. (iii) These abnormal phenomena of EWM are induced by that though all the indicators are improved, the discrimination of the worse indicators becomes larger while the discrimination of the better indicators becomes smaller. (iv) The abnormal phenomena of EWM in dynamic evaluation can be avoided by the trend analysis of the observation data and entropy values. When all the indicators have improvement trends, but the entropies of the better indicators are increasing and the entropies of the worse indicators are decreasing, EWM should not be used for assigning weights.

scholarly journals 014 Effects of Preemergence Herbicides on Weeds and Eighteen Containerized Crops

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 390C-390
Author(s):  
Robert H. Stamps ◽  
Daniel W. McColley
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Combination Treatment ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Weed Growth ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Herbicide Effects ◽  
Cycas Revoluta ◽  
Preemergence Herbicides

Five preemergence herbicides (prodiamine 0.5 G, prodiamine 65 WDG, dithiopyr 0.27 G, thiazopyr 2.5 G, and oxyfluorfen + pendimethalin 3 G) were evaluated for weed control and crop safety on 18 plants (Acer rubrum, Agapanthus africanus, Asparagus densiflorus, Camellia sasanqua, × Cupressocyparis leylandii, Cycas revoluta, Galphimia gracillis, Gelsemium sempervirens, Illicium parviflorum, Lantana camara, Loropetalum chinense, Myrtis communis, Ophiopogon jaburan, Plumbago, Quercus virginiana, Rhododendron, Viburnum suspensum, and Zamia floridana. Herbicides were applied at 1.7 kg a.i./ha, except for oxyfluorfern + pendimethalin, which was applied at 3.4 kg a.i./ha. Treatments were applied twice at 4-month intervals. Untreated and weed-free controls were used to determine herbicide effects on weeds and crops, respectively. All herbicide treatments reduced weed growth (dry-weight basis) and weeding times. Major weeds were dogfennel [Eupatorium capillifolium (Lam.) Small], southern crabgrass [Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler], yellow woodsorrel (Oxalis stricta L.), tasselflower (Emilia spp.), and hairy crabweed [Fatoua villosa (Thumb.) Nakai]. Based on weed dry weights, overall weed control for the first 4 months was higher for diazopyr, thiazopyr, and prodiamine G than for the combination treatment. At 8 months, weed growth was similar for all herbicide treatments. The combination treatment was acutely phytotoxicity to more crops than the other treatments; however, phytotoxicity varied with crop, active ingredient, and formulation.

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