Below Ground Pot-in-Pot Effects on Growth of Two Southwest Landscape Trees was Related to Root Membrane Thermostability

Abstract Two southwestern desert landscape trees, Acacia smallii L. (sweet acacia) and Cercidium floridum Benth. ex A. Gray (blue palo verde), were grown outdoors in full sun during Summer 1997 in 19-liter (#5) containers placed either pot-in-pot (PIP) below ground or unshielded in above-ground containers (AGC). Soil moisture sensors wired to electronic solenoid valves regulated occurrence of six cyclic micro-irrigation pulses per day (0600, 0900, 1200, 1500, 1800, and 2100 HR) such that container substrate moisture tensions were continuously maintained between −0.005 to −0.01 MPa (90% of water holding capacity) in both PIP and AGC. Mean maximum recorded root-zone temperatures in PIP containers were 19C (34F) lower than for AGC. Micro-irrigation volumes were 40% less for trees grown PIP compared with those in AGC. Growth of sweet acacia was enhanced by PIP placement while in containers and one year after transplanting trees into field plots in 1998. Only caliper growth of blue palo verde was increased by PIP placement while in containers, but had no effect on blue palo verde growth one year after transplanting into field plots. The critical killing temperature (TM) for root tissues of sweet acacia and blue palo verde were 45.3 ± 1.8C (113.5 ± 3.2F) and 49.4 ± 0.8C (120.9 ± 1.4F), respectively, indicating differences in root membrane thermostability. Based on our data, we suggest that sweet acacia trees benefitted from PIP placement more than blue palo verde trees because root-zone temperatures in PIP containers were lower than for AGC in central Arizona, and sweet acacia roots were more susceptible to injury by supraoptimal root zone temperatures.

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Below-ground Pot-in-Pot (PIP) System and Substrate Moisture Regimen Affect Growth of Two Desert Trees

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.33.3.504b ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 504b-504

Author(s):

Chris A. Martin ◽

S. Bhattacharya

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Root Zone ◽

Substrate Surface ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Container Wall ◽

Soil Moisture Sensors ◽

Below Ground ◽

Maximum Root ◽

Substrate Moisture ◽

Cercidium Praecox

Acacia smalli (sweet acacia) and Cercidium praecox (palo brea) trees were grown during June–Oct. 1997 outdoors in full sun in 19-L containers positioned either PIP or above ground on the soil surface. The 38-L PIP holder containers were placed in the ground. Cyclic pulses of water were controlled by soil moisture sensors interfaced with electronic solenoid irrigation valves. Rooting substrate water potentials at 20 cm below the substrate surface and 10 cm inside the container wall were consistently maintained at either >–0.01 MPa (wet) or between –0.02 and –0.03 MPa (dry) for both above ground and PIP container substrates. Less than 1.25 cm of rainfall occurred during the study period. No incidences of rooting-out were observed with PIP trees. Maximum root-zone temperatures of PIP containers were 19 °C lower than temperatures measures in substrate of aboveground containers. Growth of both species was stimulated by the wet substrate regimen compared with the dry regimen. Positioning trees in a below-ground PIP configuration under the wet substrate regimen stimulated growth of sweet acacia compared with the PIP dry regimen. The PIP configuration did not affect growth of palo brea trees.

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Application of SVEN model to estimate evapotranspiration on a coffee plantation using MODIS and Sentinel products.

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-13739 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ana María Durán-Quesada ◽

Ioanna Pateromichelaki ◽

Mónica García ◽

Sheng Wang ◽

Yolande Serra ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Southern Oscillation ◽

National Income ◽

Surface Fluxes ◽

Coffee Plantation ◽

Diurnal Variability ◽

Coffee Plantations ◽

Soil Moisture Sensors ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

One Year ◽

Soil Measurements

<div> <p>Warming conditions represent a threat to food security and livelihood in countries in which agriculture is an important share of the national income. Central America is regarded as a climate change hotspot where significant changes in temperature and rainfall have been projected. Coffee is one of the most traditional crops in the area, with Costa Rican coffee recognized worldwide for its quality. However, increasing temperatures and rainfall extremes will likely compromise coffee plantations. A similar challenge has already been faced by farmers on interannual time scales related to the El Ni&#241;o-Southern Oscillation phenomena, which is associated with yield disruptions and the spread of the coffee rust. A better understanding of the weather and climate dependency of coffee crops is needed to develop water use efficiency strategies for farms. To this end, the present study centers on the integration of long-term meteorological records and a set of measurements that cover the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum. Surface fluxes derived using the eddy covariance technique and the deployment of soil moisture sensors are combined to evaluate the performance of the Soil Vegetation Energy TraNsfer (SVEN) model. One year of micrometeorological and soil measurements in a sun-exposed coffee plantation is used to assess the skills of the SVEN model using a scheme based on MODIS and Sentinel derived products. The aim of this work is to evaluate the skills of the SVEN model to reproduce the intraseasonal seasonal and diurnal variability of evapotranspiration. Given the size of Costa Rica and the scale of the crops, satellite products are often considered of limited use. Nevertheless, given the strong need, the goal of this project is to provide a detailed evaluation of the use of these products in models and support strategies that could expand the use of satellite retrievals in areas currently considered marginal.</p> </div>

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Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Orange Trees to Different Deficit Irrigation Regimes

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants8100423 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (10) ◽

pp. 423 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Puglisi ◽

Nicolosi ◽

Vanella ◽

Piero ◽

Stagno ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Deficit Irrigation ◽

Crop Production ◽

Root Zone ◽

Irrigation Season ◽

Regulated Deficit Irrigation ◽

Resistivity Tomography ◽

Micro Irrigation ◽

Response To Water ◽

Orange Trees ◽

Physiological And Biochemical

The article presents the results of research consisting of the application of deficit irrigation (DI) criteria, combined with the adoption of micro-irrigation methods, on orange orchards (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) in Sicily (Italy) during the irrigation season of 2015. Regulated deficit irrigation (RDI, T3) and partial root-zone drying (PRD, T4) strategies were compared with full irrigation (T1) and sustained deficit irrigation (SDI, T2) treatments in terms of physiological, biochemical, and productive crop response. A geophysical survey (electrical resistivity tomography, ERT) was carried out to identify a link between the percentages of drying soil volume in T4 with leaves abscisic acid (ABA) signal. Results highlight that the orange trees physiological response to water stress conditions did not show particular differences among the different irrigation treatments, not inducing detrimental effects on crop production features. ABA levels in leaves were rather constant in all the treatments, except in T4 during late irrigation season. ERT technique identified that prolonged drying cycles during alternate PRD exposed more roots to severe soil drying, thus increasing leaf ABA accumulation.

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Container Type and Substrate Affect Root Zone Temperature and Growth of ‘Green Giant’ Arborvitae

Horticulturae ◽

10.3390/horticulturae6020022 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 22 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Anthony L. Witcher ◽

Jeremy M. Pickens ◽

Eugene K. Blythe

Keyword(s):

Growth Response ◽

Root Zone ◽

Radiant Heat ◽

Crop Growth ◽

Root Zone Temperature ◽

Substrate Moisture ◽

Temperature And Growth ◽

Light Color ◽

Container Type ◽

Zone Temperature

Root zone temperature (RZT) in nursery containers commonly exceeds ambient temperature during the growing season, negatively impacting crop growth and quality. Black nursery containers absorb radiant heat resulting in excessive RZT, yet other types of containers and different substrates can moderate RZT. We conducted studies in Tennessee and Alabama to evaluate the effects of container type and substrate on RZT and growth of ‘Green Giant’ arborvitae (Thuja standishii × plicata ‘Green Giant’). Trade gallon arborvitae were transplanted into black, white, or air pruning containers filled with pine bark (PB) or 4 PB: 1 peatmoss (v:v) (PB:PM). Plants grown in PB:PM were larger and had greater shoot and root biomass than plants grown in PB, likely due to increased volumetric water content. Plant growth response to container type varied by location, but white containers with PB:PM produced larger plants and greater biomass compared with the other container types. Root zone temperature was greatest in black containers and remained above 38 °C and 46 °C for 15% and 17% longer than white and air pruning containers, respectively. Utilizing light color containers in combination with substrates containing peatmoss can reduce RZT and increase substrate moisture content thus improving crop growth and quality.

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Soil fertility after logging in the northern Rocky Mountains

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x82-102 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 679-686 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

N. Stark

Keyword(s):

Nutrient Cycling ◽

Soil Fertility ◽

Rocky Mountains ◽

Root Zone ◽

Leaching Losses ◽

Northern Rocky Mountains ◽

Dry Biomass ◽

Below Ground ◽

Time Of Harvest ◽

Whole Tree

Measurements of dry biomass, the concentration of 10 biologically essential ions and other data from compartments of a Douglas-fir – western larch (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco – Larixoccidentalis Nutt.) forest were used to study the nutrient impacts of various harvest treatments. Precipitation additions about equalled leaching losses as has been shown elsewhere. Any ions lost in harvest must be replaced by available ions in the soil root zone and ions recycled from decay above and below ground. Conventional harvest of wood >7.6 cm removes about 1% of the total ecosystem cations. Data show that decay and available and accessible soil ions could easily replace the ions lost in a single rotation with conventional harvest. Total aboveground harvest would reduce the decomposer populations and remove the supporting substrate, resulting in possible ion deficiencies during the next rotation (excluding weathering additions). Whole-tree harvest would leave marginal amounts of Mn available or recyclable in the ecosystem on these young soils to support the next rotation. Two guidelines for harvest and nutrient cycling in the Rocky Mountains were developed: (i) The growth of a forest within a rotation should not be subsidized by ions released through weathering during that rotation because the soil will not mature in fertility. (ii) There should be enough biologically essential ions on site at the time of harvest to grow the next three to four forest rotations to maintain a healthy ecosystem.

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Interaction between bracken and its insect herbivores

Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh Section B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0269727000008046 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 86 ◽

pp. 125-131

Author(s):

J. H. Lawton ◽

M. MacGarvin

Keyword(s):

Host Plant ◽

Natural Enemies ◽

Host Plants ◽

Insect Species ◽

Insect Herbivores ◽

The World ◽

Below Ground ◽

One Year ◽

The Impact ◽

Typical Site

SynopsisBracken in Britain is a host for 27 species of insect herbivores, with a further 11 species that either feed below ground (and are poorly studied), or appear to be only rarely associated with the plant. A typical site in northern England has an average of 15–16 of these species in any one year. Compared with perennial herbaceous angiosperms with similar wide distributions, bracken is not noticeably depauperate in the number of insect species that feed upon it. Bracken in others parts of the world is attacked by a wide variety of insects, with more species present in the geographical areas where bracken is most common.The ‘feeding niches’ of some of these insects are reviewed. Most are very rare relative to the biomass of their host plants, probably because of the impact of natural enemies; the effect of most of the insects upon their host-plant is consequently negligible.Reverse effects, of host-plant upon the insects, are subtle but poorly understood. Experiments to elucidate these effects are briefly outlined.

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Effect of drip fertigation on pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp] – A review

Agricultural Reviews ◽

10.18805/ag.r-1528 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 38 (04) ◽

Author(s):

Vimalendran Loganathan ◽

D. Udhaya Nandhini ◽

K. R. Latha

Keyword(s):

Root Zone ◽

Irrigation System ◽

Optimum Moisture Content ◽

Irrigated Agriculture ◽

Large Section ◽

Food Legumes ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

Micro Irrigation ◽

The Right ◽

Drip Fertigation

Food legumes are important source of protein in the diets of a large section of vegetarian population in the developing countries in general and India in particular. Even though India has the largest area under pulses in the world, the average productivity is relatively low and the production is not adequate to meet the demand. For increasing the productivity of the pulses key inputs viz., water, seeds and nutrients need to be applied in the right quantity to enhance the production. The water use efficiency is increased through micro irrigation in the form of drips and sprinklers. Drip irrigation can be considered as an efficient irrigation system since it causes wetting of the soil only and maintain optimum moisture content in the root zone. It also offers several water management advantages like timely application of water and water supply. Micro irrigation provides many unique agronomic, water and energy conservation benefits that address many of the challenges facing irrigated agriculture, now and in the future

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Field scale root zone soil moisture estimation by coupling cosmic-ray neutron sensor with soil moisture sensors

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-4618 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Hami Said ◽

Georg Weltin ◽

Lee Kheng Heng ◽

Trenton Franz ◽

Emil Fulajtar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Management ◽

Soil Moisture ◽

Root Zone ◽

Cosmic Ray ◽

Agricultural Water ◽

Field Scale ◽

Agricultural Water Management ◽

Soil Moisture Sensors ◽

Major Disadvantage ◽

Filter Approach

<p>Since it has become clear that climate change is having a major impact on water availability for agriculture and crop productivity, an accurate estimation of field-scale root-zone soil moisture (RZSM) is essential for improved agricultural water management. The Cosmic Ray Neutron Sensor (CRNS) has recently been used for field-scale soil moisture (SM) monitoring in large areas and is a credible and robust technique. Like other remote or proximal sensing techniques, the CRNS provides only SM data in the near surface. One of the challenges and needs is to extend the vertical footprint of the CRNS to the root zone of major crops. This can be achieved by coupling the CRNS measurements with conventional methods for soil moisture measurements, which provide information on soil moisture for whole rooting depth.</p><p>The objective of this poster presentation is to estimate field-scale RZSM by correlating the CRNS information with that from soil moisture sensors that provide soil moisture data for the whole root depth. In this study, the Drill and Drop probes which provide continuous profile soil moisture were selected. The RZSM estimate was calculated using an exponential filter approach.</p><p>Winter Wheat cropped fields in Rutzendorf, Marchfeld region (Austria) were instrumented with a CRNS and Drill & Drop probes. An exponential filter approach was applied on the CRNS and Drill and drop sensor data to characterize the RZSM. The preliminary results indicate the ability of the merging framework procedure to improve field-scale RZSM in real-time. This study demonstrated how to combine the advantages of CRNS nuclear technique (especially the large footprint and good representativeness of obtained data) with the advantages of conventional methods (providing data for whole soil profile) and overcome the shortcoming of both methods (the lack of information in the deeper part of soil profile being the major disadvantage of CRNS and the spatial limitation and low representativeness of point data being the major disadvantage of conventional capacitance sensors). This approach can be very helpful for improving agricultural water management.</p>

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Disturbance intensity and seasonality affect the resprouting ability of the neotropical dry-forest tree Acacia pennatula: do resources stored below-ground matter?

Journal of Tropical Ecology ◽

10.1017/s0266467411000290 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 27 (5) ◽

pp. 539-546 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Guille Peguero ◽

Josep Maria Espelta

Keyword(s):

Forest Tree ◽

Dry Season ◽

Dry Forest ◽

Tropical Species ◽

North West ◽

Disturbance Intensity ◽

Below Ground ◽

Neotropical Dry Forest ◽

One Year ◽

Resprouting Ability

Abstract:Many plant species in tropical dry forests partly base their ability to persist after disturbance on resprouting. Yet little is known if this ability can be affected by the intensity and seasonality of disturbance and whether the amount of resources (starch, N, P) stored in the taproot may constrain this response. We investigated resprouting after experimental clipping or burning, applied before or after the dry season and repeatedly in Acacia pennatula individuals in wooded rangelands of North-West Nicaragua. Each treatment was applied to 12 trees and replicated in six plots. One year after the onset of the experiment, survival and biomass recovery were significantly lower in burned than in clipped individuals (78% ± 4% and 75.3 ± 8.0 g vs. 94% ± 2% and 79.1 ± 6.8 g; mean ± SE). Whatever the disturbance applied, trees disturbed after the dry season significantly showed the lowest survival, growth and concentration of N and P. These results suggest that resprouting in dry tropical species may be constrained by intense disturbances (e.g. burning) but especially if they occur towards the end of the dry season. This phenological constraint could be due to the reduced availability of N and P as this dry season progresses.

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Influence of Irrigation and Wetting Agent on Fungicide Residues in Creeping Bentgrass

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-11-17-1844-re ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 102 (11) ◽

pp. 2352-2360 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Richard Latin ◽

Ling Ou

Keyword(s):

Mass Spectrometry ◽

Root Zone ◽

Irrigation Treatment ◽

Creeping Bentgrass ◽

Wetting Agent ◽

Fungicide Residues ◽

Cutting Height ◽

Field Plots ◽

Mass Spectrometry Mass Spectrometry ◽

Agent Treatment

Fungicides (azoxystrobin, propiconazole, pyraclostrobin, and thiophanate-methyl) were applied to field plots of creeping bentgrass established on a sand-based root zone substrate and maintained at a cutting height of 0.34 cm. The wetting agent, a modified alkylated polyol, was applied 24 h prior to fungicide application. Irrigation (0.51 cm) was applied to plots immediately after the fungicide spray. Turf was sampled nine times over 42 days to examine fungicide residues in three components of the turf profile: verdure/thatch, roots, and soil. Residues were extracted from samples and then quantified using a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) procedure. The experiment was run twice. Wetting agent had little or no effect on fungicide distribution in any of the turf components. Postapplication irrigation had little effect on residues observed in the verdure/thatch component. Significant irrigation treatment effects were observed in root and soil components, but results varied among fungicides and sampling dates. Where significant effects were observed for the irrigation plus wetting agent treatment, results generally mirrored outcomes for irrigation treatment.

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