Key genetic disorders in the pathogenesis of neuroblastoma

Neuroblastoma (NB) is a malignant neoplasm of the sympathetic nervous system of embryonic origin, consisting of undifferentiated neuroectodermal cells of the neural crest.In the structure of the incidence of malignant neoplasms in patients under one year of age, NB is the most common tumor. At the same time, mortality of this disease ranks third, behind leukemias and tumors of the central nervous system, and amounts to 13% in the structure of child mortalityfrom malignant tumors in developed countries. The stratification of patients to the risk groups and the subsequent determination of treatment tactics depends on several prognostic factors, including genetic aberrations identified in tumor cells. Moreover, processes such as spontaneous regression and transformation into benign tumors are due to the genetic characteristics of NB. Thus, the study of genetic disorders underlying the pathogenesis of NB is necessary for adequate subdivision of patients into risk groups and developing of new methods of treatment.

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REVIEW OF THE CURRENT STATE OF THE PROBLEM OF PRIMARY DETECTION OF MALIGNANT TUMORS OF THE CAVITY

The actual problems in dentistry ◽

10.18481/2077-7566-2019-15-2-50-55 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 50-55

Author(s):

Наталья Нуриева ◽

Natal'ya Nurieva ◽

Александр Гузь ◽

Aleksandr Guz ◽

Александр Захаров ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oral Cavity ◽

Head And Neck ◽

Malignant Tumors ◽

Malignant Neoplasm ◽

Diagnostic Procedures ◽

Primary Diagnosis ◽

Malignant Neoplasms ◽

Dental Rehabilitation ◽

Late Treatment ◽

Clinically Significant

Subject: malignant neoplasms of the oral cavity, primary detectability, appeal to specialists, terms of treatment before hospitalization. Objective: based on a five-year analysis of the medical records of patients with a verified diagnosis of malignant neoplasm of the oral cavity, to identify significant criteria for primary diagnosis, doctors of the first contact, including non-cancer profile. Methodology. Malignant neoplasms occupy one of the leading places among all medical and social problems. This is due to a number of reasons, among which are particularly high rates of morbidity and mortality, late treatment of patients and frequent disability. the Purpose of early detection of malignant tumors of the oral cavity is to increase the effectiveness and radicality of treatment, increase the possibility of dental rehabilitation, reduction of disability. To write this article, we conducted a five-year analysis of the primary detection of malignant tumors of the oral cavity in 76 patients hospitalized for treatment in the head and neck Department of the Chelyabinsk district Oncology center. All patients with histologically confirmed diagnosis. Everyone needs specialized anti-tumor treatment. In addition to standard diagnostic procedures, all patients were surveyed on the issues of primary complaints and appeals to medical specialists. Results. On the example of the received questionnaires as well as the standard medical examinations conducted upon admission to the head and neck Department, the trends of the primary referral of patients to primary contact doctors, the terms of treatment before referral to a specialized oncological institution, the stage of the process and the presence of metastasis of the primary focus during treatment, the presence of aggravating factors are analyzed. Conclusions. The results for the five-year period in patients with primary malignant neoplasm of the oral cavity were evaluated, practical recommendations on clinically significant symptoms of malignant tumors of the oral cavity, orientation on the timing of observation were given.

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Spontaneous Tumors and Non-Neoplastic Proliferative Lesions in Pet Degus (Octodon degus)

Veterinary Sciences ◽

10.3390/vetsci7010032 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 32

Author(s):

Tanja Švara ◽

Mitja Gombač ◽

Alessandro Poli ◽

Jožko Račnik ◽

Marko Zadravec

Keyword(s):

Malignant Tumors ◽

Single Case ◽

Case Reports ◽

Hepatocellular Adenoma ◽

Benign Tumors ◽

Malignant Neoplasms ◽

Octodon Degus ◽

Hind Limbs ◽

Neoplastic Lesion ◽

Veterinary Faculty

In recent years, degus (Octodon degus), rodents native to South America, have been becoming increasingly popular as pet animals. Data about neoplastic diseases in this species are still sparse and mainly limited to single-case reports. The aim of this study was to present neoplastic and non-neoplastic proliferative changes in 16/100 pet degus examined at the Veterinary Faculty University of Ljubljana from 2010 to 2015 and to describe the clinic-pathological features of these lesions. Twenty different lesions of the integumentary, musculoskeletal, genitourinary and gastrointestinal systems were diagnosed: amongst these were 13 malignant tumors, six benign tumors, and one non-neoplastic lesion. Cutaneous fibrosarcoma was the most common tumor (7/16 degus). It was detected more often in females (6/7 degus) and lesions were located mainly in hind limbs. The gastrointestinal tract was frequently affected, namely with two malignant neoplasms - an intestinal lymphoma and a mesenteric mesothelioma, four benign tumors – two biliary cystadenomas, an oral squamous papilloma and a hepatocellular adenoma, and a single non-neoplastic proliferative lesion. In one animal, two organic systems were involved in neoplastic lesions.

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Indications for, Contraindications to, and Interruption of Craniofacial Procedures

Annals of Otology Rhinology & Laryngology ◽

10.1177/000348949710601108 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 106 (11) ◽

pp. 927-933 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Claudio R. Cernea ◽

Gilberto V. Teixeira ◽

Eduardo A. S. Vellutini ◽

Luiz R. Medina dos Santos ◽

Mário G. Siqueira

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Skull Base ◽

Malignant Tumors ◽

Purulent Discharge ◽

Benign Tumors ◽

Histologic Diagnosis ◽

Lateral Skull Base ◽

Central Nervous System Invasion ◽

Orbital Invasion

In spite of increasing experience with skull base surgery, some of the guidelines for indications for operations may vary according to the institution. One-hundred two patients underwent craniofacial oncologic resections at our institution from 1982 to 1995. A retrospective analysis of the indications for and contraindications to these procedures was undertaken. The main indications for malignant tumors were skin lesions with direct invasion of the anterior or lateral skull base (69%) and nasal-paranasal sinus tumors (21%). The main indications for benign tumors were glomus lesions (26%), menigiomas (22%), and fibro-osseous lesions of the anterior skull base (19%). The main contraindications were extensive invasion of the central nervous system, invasion of the cavernous sinus and/or internal carotid artery by aggressive malignancies, and bilateral orbital invasion in a nonblind patient. Also, 6 patients had their procedures interrupted during craniotomy for several reasons — extensive central nervous system invasion (2 cases), bilateral orbital invasion (1), lack of brain retraction (1), lack of histologic diagnosis during the operation (1), and purulent discharge at the frontal sinus (1). Craniofacial oncologic operations are extensive surgical procedures that have to be properly indicated in order to obtain low levels of morbidity and mortality. The selection of cases is of paramount importance. In some instances, it seems advisable even to interrupt these operations in the first phase.

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Risk Factors of Malignant Neoplasms of Female Genital Organs (Review of Literature)

Journal of New Medical Technologies ◽

10.12737/3326 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 115-121 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Сулейманова ◽

N. Suleymanova

Keyword(s):

Malignant Tumors ◽

Pathological Process ◽

The Body ◽

Morbidity Rate ◽

Benign Tumors ◽

Malignant Neoplasms ◽

Scientific Review ◽

Papillomavirus Infection ◽

Hormone Homeostasis ◽

Female Genital

The scientific review discusses the correlation between the MN morbidity rate of the female genitalia and the factors of the external and internal environment of the body: genetic (hereditary) and environmental (exogenous and endogenous). The author notes that the significance of the factors in the development of oncological process is different depending on the form and localizations of malignant tumors. Identified genes are responsible for the appearance of hereditary ovarian cancer (however, the genes of predisposition to cancer of body and cervix of the uterus don’t identified so far). The role of human papillomavirus infection (in the genesis of pre-cancerous lesions and cervical cancer) in hormone homeostasis due to functional and anatomical changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian system (in formation of cancer of the womb and ovaries) is proved, including the background processes and pre-cancerous changes in the occurrence of all forms of genital cancer. A number of researchers consider benign tumors as an intermediate in the pathological process changes that lead with time under the influence of certain factors to be precancerous and malignant transformation. Significant fluctuations in the frequency of malignant tumors of female genital organs in different ethnic groups of the population are scientifically confirmed. Correlation frequency of cancer of the genitalia in women with age, and state of the immune system are noted.

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Neurofibromatosis in Children: Actually and Perspectives

Children ◽

10.3390/children9010040 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 40

Author(s):

Maria Lucia Sur ◽

Ionel Armat ◽

Genel Sur ◽

Diana-Cristina Pop ◽

Gabriel Samasca ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cellular Proliferation ◽

Malignant Tumors ◽

Correct Diagnosis ◽

Neurofibromatosis Type ◽

Benign Tumors ◽

Malignant Neoplasms ◽

Nf1 Gene ◽

Clear Delineation ◽

Tumor Management

The three types of neurofibromatosis, namely type 1, type 2, and schwannomatosis, are generally associated with various benign tumors affecting the skin and the nervous system. On rare occasions, especially in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), malignant neoplasms may also be present, several of them possessing a more aggressive course than in individuals without this syndrome. As such, a clear delineation between the three variants of neurofibromatosis is crucial to establish the correct diagnosis and management, as well as predict the neoplasm-related outcomes. Neurofibromin, the principal product of the NF1 gene, is a potent inhibitor of cellular proliferation, having been linked to several key signaling pathways involved in tumor growth. Therefore, it may provide a useful therapeutic target for tumor management in these patients. In this article, we want to present the association between deficiency of neurofibromin and the consequences of the lack of this protein leading to different kinds of malignant tumors. The therapy is still uncertain and most therapeutic options are in development or clinical trials.

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MALIGNANT TUMORS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM IN THE CHILDREN OF THE NUCLEAR PRODUCTION WORKERS

Problems in oncology ◽

10.37469/0507-3758-2018-64-6-745-751 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 64 (6) ◽

pp. 745-751

Author(s):

Svetlana Sosnina ◽

Irina Martinenko ◽

Mikhail Sokolnikov

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Gamma Irradiation ◽

Malignant Tumors ◽

Morphological Type ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Malignant Neoplasms ◽

Average Value ◽

Mayak Production Association ◽

The Central Nervous System

The incidence of malignant neoplasms of the brain and the spinal medulla in children of Mayak Production Association workers who exposed preconceptive gamma irradiation was analyzed in the paper. The retrospective analysis was carried out within the cohort of children under the age of 15 born in 1948-2013 which includes 72316 people born and have been living in Ozersk, located near the nuclear plant. Overall 13 cases of malignant neoplasms of the central nervous system were registered among descendants of persons exposed in the workplace. The average value of the total dose of preconceptive gamma irradiation among mothers reached 251.95 mGy, among fathers - 211.42 mGy. The most frequent localization of malignant process was cerebellum, the most frequent morphological type of tumor was astrocytoma. Comparative analysis of morbidity was carried out by the method of indirect standardization, herewith regional and national age-sex incidence rates were applied. There was no significant excess of the incidence of malignant neoplasms of the central nervous system among children of nuclear workers. Standardized incidence ratio in comparison with the national statistics for children under 15 generally amounted in 1.04 in boys (95% confidence interval 0.5-1.87), in girls - 0.58 (0.18-1.35); in comparison with the regional statistics: in boys - 1.16 (0.56-2.09), in girls - 0.36 (0.11-0.85).

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Incidence and Survival of Brain Tumors: A Population-Based Study

Tumori Journal ◽

10.1177/030089168807400301 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 74 (3) ◽

pp. 243-252 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Milena Sant ◽

Paolo Crosignani ◽

Bianca Maria Bordo ◽

Giancarlo Nicola ◽

Mario Bianchi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nervous System ◽

Choroid Plexus ◽

Incidence Rate ◽

Survival Probability ◽

Malignant Tumors ◽

Age Groups ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Benign Tumors ◽

Probability Of Survival ◽

Age Class

Since 1976 the Lombardy Cancer Registry (RTL) has recorded all malignant tumors and the benign tumors of the nervous system, bladder and liver occurring in the Varese province. The aims of this report are: to describe age-specific incidence rates of the different oncotypes of primary nervous system tumors (PNSTs) and to analyze the duration of survival of the patients according to the histotype of the neoplasm. From 1976 to 1981, the RTL recorded 498 PNST: 213 tumors of glial origin, 132 tumors of mesodermal tissues, 15 tumors of multipotential cell origin, 37 tumors of nerve roots, 8 of vascular origin, and 54 PNST in which the histotype was not specified. For tumors of glial origin, the 60–69 year age class showed the highest incidence rate: 16 per 100,000/year. The incidence rate of tumors of mesodermal tissues reached the maximum value of 7.9 per 100,000/year in the age group of 75 years and over. Tumors of multipotential cell origin had a maximum incidence of 2.2 in the 60–69 year age class. The probability of survival at 5 years after diagnosis was computed by the method of Kaplan and Meier (15), and the log rank procedure was used to test statistical differences among survivors. Tumors of glial origin, excluding ependymomas and papillomas of choroid plexus, had a 5-year survival probability of 14%. Age (categorized in ≤50 and > 50 years) and histologic grade (grades I+II and grades III+IV) were analyzed as prognostic factors for tumors of glial origin: a younger age was the most predictive prognostic factor in grade I+II tumors (probability of survival = 53% in the group ≤50 years vs 0 in the group > 50 years; p < 0.005). In the less differentiated tumors there were no differences between the two age groups. Patients with tumors of mesodermal tissues had a 5-year probability of survival of 83%. Subjects younger than 50 years had a probability of survival of 95%, whereas older patients had a probability of 79%. For the other oncotypes, the 5-year survival probability was: 50% for tumors of multipotential cell origin, 63% for ependymomas and papillomas of the choroid plexus, 64% for tumors of vascular derivation, and 21% for PNST with not specified histotype.

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The role of mRNA in the development, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of neural tumors

Molecular Cancer ◽

10.1186/s12943-021-01341-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Yiyang Zheng ◽

Yanyan Luo ◽

Xixi Chen ◽

Huiting Li ◽

Baojun Huang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Genetic Disorders ◽

Future Application ◽

Future Research ◽

Benign Tumors ◽

Central Nervous System Tumors ◽

Nervous System Tumors ◽

The Future

AbstractNeural tumors can generally be divided into central nervous system tumors and peripheral nervous tumors. Because this type of tumor is located in the nerve, even benign tumors are often difficult to remove by surgery. In addition, the majority of neural tumors are malignant, and it is particular the same for the central nervous system tumors. Even treated with the means such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy, they are also difficult to completely cure. In recent years, an increasingly number of studies have focused on the use of mRNA to treat tumors, representing an emerging gene therapy. The use of mRNA can use the expression of some functional proteins for the treatment of genetic disorders or tissue repair, and it can also be applied to immunotherapy through the expression of antigens, antibodies or receptors. Therefore, although these therapies are not fully-fledged enough, they have a broad research prospect. In addition, there are many ways to treat tumors using mRNA vaccines and exosomes carrying mRNA, which have drawn much attention. In this study, we reviewed the current research on the role of mRNA in the development, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of neural tumors, and examine the future research prospects of mRNA in neural tumors and the opportunities and challenges that will arise in the future application of clinical treatment.

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Metastatic adrenal lesions in cancer patients.

Vestnik of Experimental and Clinical Surgery ◽

10.18499/2070-478x-2018-11-3-179-182 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 179-182

Author(s):

Ivan Petrovich Moshurov ◽

Olga Valerievna Andreeva

Keyword(s):

Cancer Patients ◽

Adrenal Glands ◽

Malignant Neoplasm ◽

Needle Aspiration ◽

Adrenal Tumors ◽

Benign Tumors ◽

Malignant Neoplasms ◽

Fine Needle ◽

History Of

Relevance.The col lective concept of" incidence " of the adrenal glands includes a group of neoplasms of more than 1 cm in diameter, accidentally revealed by radiation methods of research. With the development of methods of instrumental diagnostics, the number of adrenal glands detected by the incident is steadily increasing, including in patients with a history of malignant neoplasm (ZNO). Objective.Study of the frequency of occurrence metastaties of adrenal tumors in cancer patients. Materials and methods. Made 137 fine-needle aspiration biopsies (TAB) of adrenal tumors in the patients in whom during follow-up were detected adrenal incidence. Results. According to the results of morphological verification in 44(32%) cases of adrenal tumors were metastatic. Conclusion. Adrenal tumors, detected in patients with malignant neoplasms of different localization, can be provided as metastatic and benign tumors. However, each revealed a tumor in the adrenal glands of patients undergoing treatment after testing shall be considered as potentially metastatic.

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Cytokines and Prognostic Factors in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer

Clinical Medicine Insights Oncology ◽

10.4137/cmo.s38333 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 10 ◽

pp. CMO.S38333 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Millena Prata Jammal ◽

Agrimaldo Martins-Filho ◽

Thales Parenti Silveira ◽

Eddie Fernando Candido Murta ◽

Rosekeila Simões Nomelini

Keyword(s):

Ovarian Cancer ◽

Prognostic Factors ◽

Malignant Tumors ◽

Histological Grade ◽

Tumor Development ◽

Delayed Diagnosis ◽

Disease Free Survival ◽

Benign Tumors ◽

Malignant Neoplasms ◽

Benign Neoplasms

Introduction Ovarian cancer has a high mortality and delayed diagnosis. Inflammation is a risk factor for ovarian cancer, and the inflammatory response is involved in almost all stages of tumor development. Immunohistochemical staining in stroma and epithelium of a panel of cytokines in benign and malignant ovarian neoplasm was evaluated. In addition, immunostaining was related to prognostic factors in malignant tumors. Method The study group comprised 28 ovarian benign neoplasias and 28 ovarian malignant neoplasms. A panel of cytokines was evaluated by immunohistochemistry (Th1: IL-2 and IL-8; Th2: IL-5, IL-6, and IL-10; and TNFR1). Chi-square test with Yates’ correction was used, which was considered significant if less than 0.05. Results TNFR1, IL-5, and IL-10 had more frequent immunostaining 2/3 in benign neoplasms compared with malignant tumors. Malignant tumors had more frequent immunostaining 2/3 for IL-2 in relation to benign tumors. The immunostaining 0/1 of IL 8 was more frequent in the stroma of benign neoplasms compared with malignant neoplasms. Evaluation of the ovarian cancer stroma showed that histological grade 3 was significantly correlated with staining 2/3 for IL-2 ( P = 0.004). Women whose disease-free survival was less than 2.5 years had TNFR1 stromal staining 2/3 ( P = 0.03) more frequently. Conclusion IL-2 and TNFR1 stromal immunostaining are related prognostic factors in ovarian cancer and can be the target of new therapeutic strategies.

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