Anxiety and Burnout in Female Collegiate Ice Hockey and Soccer Athletes

The purpose of this study was to assess whether athletes who perceived their scores on trait anxiety to be debilitative to performance also experienced higher burnout scores. 84 NCAA Division I female ice hockey and soccer athletes, ages 18 to 23 years, volunteered. Participants were given a trait version of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 with an added direction scale to collect general perceptions of anxiety. They also completed the Burnout Inventory for Athletes. A one-way multivariate analysis of variance for group anxiety yielded an overall significant effect, with the Facilitative group ( n = 40) reporting a lower mean burnout score. Mean intensity of cognitive anxiety was significantly higher for the Debilitative group ( n = 44), while mean self-confidence intensity was significantly higher for the Facilitative group.

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Measures of Anxiety among Tennis Players in Singles and Doubles Matches

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1996.83.2.595 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 83 (2) ◽

pp. 595-603 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Peter C. Terry ◽

Jennifer A. Cox ◽

Andrew M. Lane ◽

Costas I. Karageorghis

Keyword(s):

Multivariate Analysis ◽

Analysis Of Variance ◽

Discriminant Function Analysis ◽

State Anxiety ◽

Function Analysis ◽

Male And Female ◽

Tennis Players ◽

Self Confidence ◽

Cognitive Anxiety ◽

Outcome Scores

Male and female tennis players ( N = 100) completed the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 about 1 hr. before playing singles and doubles matches. Multivariate analysis of variance of anxiety and self-confidence responses by match result indicated that winners of singles matches bad significantly lower scores on Cognitive Anxiety and higher ones on Self-confidence than losers. Winners of doubles matches had significantly higher Self-confidence scores than losers. Discriminant function analysis indicated that 72% of results for singles matches and 70% of results for doubles matches could be correctly classified from responses to the precompetition measures. A comparison of anxiety responses by playing condition indicated that, irrespective of the match outcome, scores on Cognitive and Somatic Anxiety were higher and scores on Self-confidence were lower before playing singles than before playing doubles. The findings suggest that precompetition scores on measures of anxiety provide significant indicators of performance in tennis but that responses vary for singles and doubles play.

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Response Distortion on Self-Report Questionnaires with Female Collegiate Golfers

The Sport Psychologist ◽

10.1123/tsp.3.3.212 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 3 (3) ◽

pp. 212-218 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Jean M. Williams ◽

Vikki Krane

Keyword(s):

Sport Psychology ◽

Social Desirability ◽

Trait Anxiety ◽

Ncaa Division I ◽

Self Report ◽

Division I ◽

Psychological States ◽

Future Studies ◽

Self Confidence ◽

Cognitive Anxiety

Self-report measures of psychological states are commonly used in sport psychology research and practice, yet the possibility of response bias due to social desirability (repressive defensiveness) often has been overlooked. The present study was designed to examine whether or not a significant relationship exists between social desirability and competitive trait anxiety and the CSAI-2 subscales measuring state somatic anxiety, cognitive anxiety, and self-confidence. The participants were 58 female collegiate golfers representing 13 NCAA Division I universities. Pearson product-moment correlations indicated that competitive trait anxiety (−.24), self-confidence (.45, .38), and cognitive anxiety (−.24) appeared to be influenced by social desirability distortion. If the present findings are replicated in future studies using the SCAT, CSAI-2, and other inventories, the field of sport psychology may need to reexamine some of the theoretical and application conclusions drawn from previous research in which no attempt was made to eliminate data from subjects who may have distorted their responses.

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Cognitive Anxiety and Mental Errors in Sport

Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology ◽

10.1123/jsep.12.3.217 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 217-222 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Anne Marie Bird ◽

Melanie A. Horn

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

Analysis Of Variance ◽

State Anxiety ◽

Self Confidence ◽

Subject Selection ◽

Cognitive Anxiety ◽

Bipolar Scale ◽

Main Effect ◽

Female High School ◽

The Relationship

This investigation tested the relationship between level of cognitive anxiety and degree of mental errors in a sport setting. Subjects were female high school varsity softball players. The dimensions of cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, and self-confidence were assessed by the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2). Coaches evaluated mental errors during game play by ratings on a 10-point bipolar scale. Final subject selection was determined by dichotomizing individuals who scored lower on the scale (1-4) and higher on the scale (7-10). Analysis of variance yielded a single significant main effect which indicated that the two mental-error groups differed in cognitive anxiety. This supports the major prediction tested. Discussion centers on the apparent benefits of investigating variables more intimately associated with the attentional/cognitive disruption process versus focusing solely on objective sport outcome.

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Anxiety, Self-Confidence and Performance in Tae Kwon-Do

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1997.85.3f.1275 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 85 (3_suppl) ◽

pp. 1275-1278 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Chris Chapman ◽

Andrew M. Lane ◽

John H. Brierley ◽

Peter C. Terry

Keyword(s):

Multivariate Analysis ◽

Analysis Of Variance ◽

Discriminant Function ◽

Discriminant Function Analysis ◽

State Anxiety ◽

Function Analysis ◽

Tae Kwon Do ◽

Somatic Anxiety ◽

Self Confidence ◽

And Performance

142 male Tae Kwon-do competitors completed the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory–2 about 1 hr. before competition. Multivariate analysis of variance showed that the players who won reported lower cognitive and somatic anxiety and higher self-confidence than those who lost. Discriminant function analysis indicated that 89 (62.68%) participants could be correctly classified as winners or losers on the basis of their precompetition Competitive State Anxiety Inventory–2 scores. The findings concur with previous research in karate.

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Salivary oxytocin, cognitive anxiety and self-confidence in pre-competition athletes

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-96392-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Irene La Fratta ◽

Sara Franceschelli ◽

Lorenza Speranza ◽

Antonia Patruno ◽

Carlo Michetti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stress Response ◽

State Anxiety ◽

Young Male ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Soccer Match ◽

Self Confidence ◽

Cognitive Anxiety ◽

Psychophysiological Stress ◽

Different Levels

AbstractIt is well known that soccer sport has the potential for high levels of stress and anxiety and that these are linked to Cortisol (C) variations. To date, much research has been devoted to understanding how Oxytocin (OT) can affect anxiety in response to a challenge. The aim of this study was to investigate, in 56 young male soccer players, the psychophysiological stress response 96 and 24 h before one soccer match of a tournament, in order to establish whether athletes who won or lost, show different levels of C and OT or expressions of competitive state anxiety subcomponents. We found that winners had significantly lower Cognitive anxiety and higher Self-confidence scores than losers. Also, significant differences between winners and losers in C and OT concentrations were observed, with higher OT levels in who has won and higher C levels in who has lost. Our results showed interesting associations between OT, C, anxiety feelings, and the outcome of competition.

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A Controlled Study of Sensation Awareness and Verbal Disclosure for Regulation of Arousal and Anxiety

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1992.74.1.307 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 74 (1) ◽

pp. 307-320 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Stephen R. Scholle

Keyword(s):

Multivariate Analysis ◽

Analysis Of Variance ◽

State Anxiety ◽

Significant Interaction ◽

Controlled Study ◽

Multivariate Analysis Of Variance ◽

Directed Attention ◽

Self Talk ◽

Anxiety Levels

Interactions of attention and verbalization were investigated for effects of self-reported arousal and state-anxiety. Levels of verbalization from silence through talking-without-a-listener to disclosure were compared while self-directed attention was manipulated for sensation versus general thoughts and feelings. Following a stimulus, disclosure of sensations was expected to reduce state anxiety and increase energetic arousal significantly more than disclosure of thoughts. Based on a randomly assigned sample of 120 men, a 3 × 2 × 2 multivariate analysis of variance indicated a significant interaction in the predicted directions. A significant interaction was also found for the 3 × 2 interaction for energetic arousal. For state anxiety means were in the predicted direction. Results indicate that verbalization of sensations is more energizing and calming than silence, while for general thought, silence is more energizing and calming than verbalization. The results suggest efficacy in reframing self-talk to quiet awareness and in communicating sensed distinctions as they emerge.

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Relationship between Anxiety, Self-Confidence, and Evaluation of Coaching Behaviors

The Sport Psychologist ◽

10.1123/tsp.6.4.344 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 344-357 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Laura J. Kenow ◽

Jean M. Williams

Keyword(s):

Individual Difference ◽

Trait Anxiety ◽

Anxiety State ◽

Head Coach ◽

Coaching Behaviors ◽

Self Confidence ◽

Cognitive Anxiety ◽

Male Head ◽

Evaluation Of Coaching ◽

Coaching Behavior

Two experiments examined Smoll and Smith’s (1989) model of leadership behaviors in sport. The coaching behaviors of a male head coach of a collegiate women’s basketball team (n=11 players) were examined. The data supported competitive trait anxiety as an individual-difference variable that mediates athletes’ perception and evaluation of coaching behaviors. There also was support for adding athletes’ state cognitive anxiety, state self-confidence, and perception of the coach’s cognitive anxiety to the model as individual-difference variables. Athletes who scored high in trait anxiety (p<.001) and state cognitive anxiety (p<.05) and low in state self-confidence (p<.05), and athletes who perceived the coach as high in state cognitive anxiety (p<.001), evaluated coaching behavior more negatively. Game outcome may influence the effect of self-confidence in mediating athletes’ perception and evaluation of coaching behaviors. Additionally, athletes perceived several specific coaching behaviors more negatively than did the coach, and athletes drastically overestimated their coach’s self-reported pregame cognitive and somatic anxiety and underestimated his self-confidence. Overall, the results suggest that coaches should be more supportive and less negative with high anxious and low self-confident athletes.

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The Interactive Effects of Intensity and Direction of Cognitive and Somatic Anxiety and Self-Confidence upon Performance

Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology ◽

10.1123/jsep.18.3.296 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 296-312 ◽

Cited By ~ 46

Author(s):

Tara Edwards ◽

Lew Hardy

Keyword(s):

State Anxiety ◽

Significant Interaction ◽

Performance Measure ◽

Interactive Effects ◽

Somatic Anxiety ◽

Catastrophe Model ◽

Self Confidence ◽

Cognitive Anxiety ◽

Model Predictions ◽

Catastrophe Models

This study examines intensity and direction of competitive state anxiety symptoms, and the interactive influence of anxiety subcomponents upon netball performance. Netball players (N = 45) completed the modified Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2) and a retrospective performance measure over a season, utilizing an intraindividual design. The modified CSAI-2 includes a direction scale assessing the facilitative or debilitative interpretation of the original intensity symptoms. Although the facilitative influence of anxiety upon performance did not emerge directly through the direction scale, a significant interaction emerged from the two-factor Cognitive Anxiety × Physiological Arousal quadrant analyses, suggesting that anxiety may enhance performance, as proposed by catastrophe model predictions. Findings also highlighted the importance of self-confidence for possible inclusion in higher order catastrophe models.

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Stress Experienced While Travelling without Sight

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.1177/003151259508100210 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 81 (2) ◽

pp. 411-417

Author(s):

Karlheinz Pfeiffer

Keyword(s):

Special Education ◽

Analysis Of Variance ◽

Trait Anxiety ◽

State Anxiety ◽

Stress Reaction ◽

Relaxation Technique ◽

Relaxation Exercise ◽

Anxiety Questionnaire

The purpose of this study was to examine the stress reaction of pedestrians travelling without sight and the stress-reducing effect of a relaxation exercise immediately following travel. 16 students in special education volunteered for this experiment. They were blindfolded while travelling. A trait-state-anxiety questionnaire was administered. Analysis of variance indicated statistically significant effects. Travelling without sight increased state-anxiety as compared to trait-anxiety. With a simple relaxation technique, state-anxiety was reduced appreciably.

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