Learning and Retention in the Estimation of Short Time Intervals: A Circuit and a Study

1965 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 509-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lewis R. Aiken
Keyword(s):  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Time Estimates ◽  
Temporal Course ◽  
Response Feedback ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Feedback Phase

An investigation of the temporal course of learning and retention in the estimation of short time intervals is reported. In addition, a versatile response feedback circuit used in this investigation and appropriate for other studies concerned with time estimation or delayed responding is described. The experimental design was a 6 time intervals (1½, 3, 4½, 6, 7½, and 9 sec.) by 6 Ss balanced Latin square in which 6 adult female Ss made 10 pre-feedback, 25 feedback, and 15 post-feedback time estimates by terminating a 500-cps stimulus tone when they judged it to have been on for a certain time interval. Feedback consisted of informing S if she had responded too soon, too late, or at the correct time. Analysis of the 1800 absolute differences in milliseconds between real and estimated interval gave the following results. (1) During the pre-feedback phase, there was a moderate negative relationship between accuracy of time estimation and duration of interval estimated. (2) Accuracy of estimation improved on the trial following the first feedback trial, but little further improvement during the feedback phase was noted. (3) Amount of improvement in accuracy of estimation with feedback had a moderate negative relationship to duration of interval estimated. (4) Accuracy of estimation declined rather rapidly during the post-feedback phase. Some implications of these findings and suggestions for further research are presented.

Time Estimation and Juvenile Delinquency

1994 ◽  
Vol 79 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1559-1565 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. T. Carrillo-De-La-Peña ◽  
M. A. Luengo
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Delinquency ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Time Perception ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Delinquent Activity ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Short Time ◽  
The Relationship

Certain empirical evidence suggests that subjects prone to delinquent activity may have faster internal clocks than others. To investigate the relationship between antisocial behavior and time perception and its dependence on the experimental time interval and method and on whether the subject is institutionalized we obtained verbal and production estimates of 5-, 15-, 30-, and 60-sec. intervals from 249 adolescents (156 school attenders and 93 institutionalized subjects) classified into 3 groups according to the intensity of their antisocial activity. Results provide no support for the hypothesis that overestimation of short time intervals is associated with either juvenile delinquency or institutionalization.

Time Estimation by Healthy Subjects and Schizophrenic Patients: A Methodological Study

1983 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 983-988 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lennart Tysk
Keyword(s):  
Pulse Rate ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Oral Temperature ◽  
Methodological Study ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Verbal Estimation ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Short Time

Three different methods were used to investigate the perception of short time intervals by 60 healthy subjects and a pilot group of 15 schizophrenic patients. The usefulness of metronome adjustment, verbal estimation, and operative estimation was evaluated. Estimation of longer time intervals was also studied. The influence of age, sex, oral temperature, and pulse rate was assessed. Earlier findings that schizophrenic subjects tend to overestimate short time intervals were supported by data from all three methods. Operative estimation—the subject's production of a requested time interval—could possibly best discriminate between the two groups. Estimation of longer time intervals did not differ significantly for the two groups.

scholarly journals Neural Network Approach for Global Solar Irradiance Prediction at Extremely Short-Time-Intervals Using Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 1213
Author(s):  
Ahmed Aljanad ◽  
Nadia M. L. Tan ◽  
Vassilios G. Agelidis ◽  
Hussain Shareef
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Particle Swarm Optimization ◽  
Solar Irradiance ◽  
Particle Swarm ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Swarm Optimization ◽  
Backpropagation Neural Networks ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Short Time

Hourly global solar irradiance (GSR) data are required for sizing, planning, and modeling of solar photovoltaic farms. However, operating and controlling such farms exposed to varying environmental conditions, such as fast passing clouds, necessitates GSR data to be available for very short time intervals. Classical backpropagation neural networks do not perform satisfactorily when predicting parameters within short intervals. This paper proposes a hybrid backpropagation neural networks based on particle swarm optimization. The particle swarm algorithm is used as an optimization algorithm within the backpropagation neural networks to optimize the number of hidden layers and neurons used and its learning rate. The proposed model can be used as a reliable model in predicting changes in the solar irradiance during short time interval in tropical regions such as Malaysia and other regions. Actual global solar irradiance data of 5-s and 1-min intervals, recorded by weather stations, are applied to train and test the proposed algorithm. Moreover, to ensure the adaptability and robustness of the proposed technique, two different cases are evaluated using 1-day and 3-days profiles, for two different time intervals of 1-min and 5-s each. A set of statistical error indices have been introduced to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm. From the results obtained, the 3-days profile’s performance evaluation of the BPNN-PSO are 1.7078 of RMSE, 0.7537 of MAE, 0.0292 of MSE, and 31.4348 of MAPE (%), at 5-s time interval, where the obtained results of 1-min interval are 0.6566 of RMSE, 0.2754 of MAE, 0.0043 of MSE, and 1.4732 of MAPE (%). The results revealed that proposed model outperformed the standalone backpropagation neural networks method in predicting global solar irradiance values for extremely short-time intervals. In addition to that, the proposed model exhibited high level of predictability compared to other existing models.

scholarly journals Optimal Perturbations of an Oceanic Vortex Lens

Fluids ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Meunier ◽  
Claire Ménesguen ◽  
Xavier Carton ◽  
Sylvie Le Gentil ◽  
Richard Schopp
Keyword(s):  
Normal Mode ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Horizontal Structure ◽  
Azimuthal Wave ◽  
Wave Numbers ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Short Time

The stability properties of a vortex lens are studied in the quasi geostrophic (QG) framework using the generalized stability theory. Optimal perturbations are obtained using a tangent linear QG model and its adjoint. Their fine-scale spatial structures are studied in details. Growth rates of optimal perturbations are shown to be extremely sensitive to the time interval of optimization: The most unstable perturbations are found for time intervals of about 3 days, while the growth rates continuously decrease towards the most unstable normal mode, which is reached after about 170 days. The horizontal structure of the optimal perturbations consists of an intense counter-shear spiralling. It is also extremely sensitive to time interval: for short time intervals, the optimal perturbations are made of a broad spectrum of high azimuthal wave numbers. As the time interval increases, only low azimuthal wave numbers are found. The vertical structures of optimal perturbations exhibit strong layering associated with high vertical wave numbers whatever the time interval. However, the latter parameter plays an important role in the width of the vertical spectrum of the perturbation: short time interval perturbations have a narrow vertical spectrum while long time interval perturbations show a broad range of vertical scales. Optimal perturbations were set as initial perturbations of the vortex lens in a fully non linear QG model. It appears that for short time intervals, the perturbations decay after an initial transient growth, while for longer time intervals, the optimal perturbation keeps on growing, quickly leading to a non-linear regime or exciting lower azimuthal modes, consistent with normal mode instability. Very long time intervals simply behave like the most unstable normal mode. The possible impact of optimal perturbations on layering is also discussed.

Active Optimum Control of Orthotropic Plates Using Piezoelectric Stiffeners

1993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Birman ◽  
Sarp Adali
Keyword(s):  
Time Interval ◽  
Short Time Interval ◽  
Bending Moments ◽  
Optimum Control ◽  
Orthotropic Plates ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Control Forces ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Alternating Voltage ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Active control of orthotropic plates subjected to an impulse loading is considered. The dynamic response is minimized using in-plane forces or bending moments induced by piezoelectric stiffeners bonded to the opposite surfaces of the plate and placed symmetrically with respect to the middle plane. The control forces and moments are activated by a piece-wise constant alternating voltage with varying switch-over time intervals. The magnitude of voltage is bounded while the switch-over time intervals are constantly adjusted to achieve an optimum control. Numerical examples presented in the paper demonstrate the effectiveness of the method and the possibility of reducing the vibrations to very small amplitudes within a short time interval which is in the order of a second.

scholarly journals Design and interpretation of cell trajectory assays

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (88) ◽  
pp. 20130630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucie G. Bowden ◽  
Matthew J. Simpson ◽  
Ruth E. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Cell Biology ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Short Time Interval ◽  
Trajectory Data ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Long Time ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Cell Trajectory ◽  
Short Time

Cell trajectory data are often reported in the experimental cell biology literature to distinguish between different types of cell migration. Unfortunately, there is no accepted protocol for designing or interpreting such experiments and this makes it difficult to quantitatively compare different published datasets and to understand how changes in experimental design influence our ability to interpret different experiments. Here, we use an individual-based mathematical model to simulate the key features of a cell trajectory experiment. This shows that our ability to correctly interpret trajectory data is extremely sensitive to the geometry and timing of the experiment, the degree of motility bias and the number of experimental replicates. We show that cell trajectory experiments produce data that are most reliable when the experiment is performed in a quasi-one-dimensional geometry with a large number of identically prepared experiments conducted over a relatively short time-interval rather than a few trajectories recorded over particularly long time-intervals.

Immediate versus Remote Judgements: Delay of Response and Rate of Stimulus Presentation in Time Estimation

1998 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
William F. Vitulli ◽  
Kathleen A. Crimmins
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Factorial Analysis ◽  
Subjective Time ◽  
Target Interval ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Time Estimates ◽  
Verbal Estimation ◽  
Main Effects

A systematic replication of Vitulli and Shepard's 1996 study showed that a change in response requirements (verbal estimation) from circling time intervals on a scoring sheet in the older study to writing subjective time estimates in the present study did not alter the robust effects of a delay in retrospective judgement. A complete 2×2×2 factorial analysis of variance showed main effects for rate (fast versus slow) of stimulus (random digits, 1–5) presentation and delay of estimate (immediate versus remote), yet there were no interactions among rate, delay, or sex. The interpolation of “filler tasks” between the end of the target interval and subjective estimate of the duration of the target interval significantly increased perceived time compared to estimates made immediately after the target interval.

scholarly journals VARIABILITY OF ARTERIAL PRESSURE AT SHORT-TERM TIME INTERVALS

2019 ◽  
pp. 72-77
Author(s):  
S. M. Zakharov
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Spectral Analysis ◽  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Short Time

The time and spectral analysis of blood pressure signals (BP of systolic, diastolic, pulse) obtained in real time and reflecting the work of the heart at short time intervals is presented. As a time interval, a sequence of one hundred cardiac cycles was chosen. The main parameters of variability are determined. The proposed method of analysis is an analogue of heart rate variability (HRV), based on the study of RR cardiointervals. Spectral analysis of blood pressure signals shows differences in the degree of orderliness or disorder of individual frequencies or the spectrum as a whole. The presented methodology will allow to reveal further features for use in the diagnosis of various pathologies.

Geomagnetic secular variation from 14 C-dated lava flows on Hawaii and the question of the Pacific non-dipole low

1982 ◽  
Vol 306 (1492) ◽  
pp. 211-222 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Lava Flow ◽  
Secular Variation ◽  
Lava Flows ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Angular Dispersion ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Palaeomagnetic Data ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Geological Information ◽  
Short Time

New palaeomagnetic data from 106 14C-dated lava flows ranging in age from 200 to 31000 years b.p. yield an estimated angular dispersion value of 9.5°. These data and other new geological information permit a more precise estimate of the time interval recorded by lava flow sequences previously used to measure palaeosecular variation in Hawaii. When weighted according to revised estimates of recording interval, the combined Brunhes lava sequences yield an angular dispersion of 11.21));j) degrees, still lower than that predicted by global models of the secular variation. Several of the lava flow sequences previously thought to have recorded quiet intervals of geomagnetic behaviour actually record only very short time intervals.

scholarly journals Corrosion and Inhibition Effects of Mild Steel in Hydrochloric Acid Solutions Containing Organophosphonic Acid

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manish Gupta ◽  
Jyotsna Mishra ◽  
K. S. Pitre
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Rate ◽  
Mild Steel ◽  
Electrochemical Techniques ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Voltammetric Method ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Long Time ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Short Time

A study has been made on the mechanism of corrosion of mild steel and the effect of nitrilo trimethylene phosphonic (NTMP) acid as a corrosion inhibitor in acidic medium, that is, 10% HC1 using the weight loss method and electrochemical techniques, that is, potentiodynamic and galvanostatic polarization measurements. Although corrosion is a long-time process, but it takes place at a faster rate in the beginning which goes on decreasing with due course of time. The above-mentioned methods of corrosion rate determination furnish an average value for a long-time interval. Looking at the versatility and minimum detection limit of the voltammetric method, the authors have developed a new voltammetric method for the determination of corrosion rate at short-time intervals. The results of corrosion of mild steel in 10% HC1 solution with and without NTMP inhibitor at short-time intervals have been reported. The corrosion inhibition efficiency of NTMP is 93% after 24 h.

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