Immediate versus Remote Judgements: Delay of Response and Rate of Stimulus Presentation in Time Estimation

1998 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
William F. Vitulli ◽  
Kathleen A. Crimmins
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Factorial Analysis ◽  
Subjective Time ◽  
Target Interval ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Time Estimates ◽  
Verbal Estimation ◽  
Main Effects

A systematic replication of Vitulli and Shepard's 1996 study showed that a change in response requirements (verbal estimation) from circling time intervals on a scoring sheet in the older study to writing subjective time estimates in the present study did not alter the robust effects of a delay in retrospective judgement. A complete 2×2×2 factorial analysis of variance showed main effects for rate (fast versus slow) of stimulus (random digits, 1–5) presentation and delay of estimate (immediate versus remote), yet there were no interactions among rate, delay, or sex. The interpolation of “filler tasks” between the end of the target interval and subjective estimate of the duration of the target interval significantly increased perceived time compared to estimates made immediately after the target interval.

Time Estimation: Effects of Cognitive Task, Presentation Rate, and Delay

1996 ◽  
Vol 83 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1387-1394 ◽  
Author(s):  
William F. Vitulli ◽  
Heather A. Shepard
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
Presentation Rate ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Subjective Time ◽  
Allocation Model ◽  
Mixed Analysis ◽  
Within Subjects

The variables of which subjective time is a function extend throughout a myriad of “people, places, and things.” This study measured subjective estimations of time as a function of complexity of cognitive task including arithmetic and recall (within subjects), the rate of stimulus (digit span) information (between subjects), and the delay between stimulus presentation and estimations of time (between subjects). A mixed analysis of variance 2 × 2 × 3 (repeated-measures) factorial design showed that retrospective time estimations were significantly different as a function of the main effects of rate of digit presentation and delay. Men and women showed no differences with no significant interactions so their data were pooled. Quotient values for ratios of delayed versus immediate estimates and slow versus fast rates showed overestimates of “real time.” Explanations based on the “storage-size model,” the “attention-allocation” model, and comparisons with Pedri and Hesketh's 1993 data are discussed.

Subjective Time and Perceptual Skill

1986 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 873-874 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradford Dean Wixen
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
College Men ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Subjective Time ◽  
Discrete Events ◽  
Time Estimates ◽  
Perceptual Skill

Subjective time estimation was hypothesized as correlated with the number of discrete events one discerns per interval and one's attentiveness, interest in the experience, and efficiency. It was predicted that one who recognizes many discrete events per interval and rates high on these personality traits tends to underestimate time. For personality attributes, tapped by questionnaire, high scores denote an individual who shows the predicted characteristics of underestimaters. Estimations were made of a 3-min. tone of 191 Hz by 40 college men. Pearson correlation between questionnaire scores and time estimates was —.30. All 8 subjects with scores below 100 overestimated.

Gestalt Study of Time Estimation

1965 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 603-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles M. Friel ◽  
William T. Lhamon
Keyword(s):  
Time Estimation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Temporal Duration ◽  
Temporal Proximity ◽  
Time Estimates ◽  
Experience Of Time ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Nonsense Syllables

In order to investigate the relationship between the temporal proximity of associational processes and the experience of time, 40 male Ss were asked to reproduce a series of 1-min. time intervals in which they wrote down words input to them at various rates. Half the group was given nonsense syllables and the other half was given words with high associational value. Ss who heard nonsense syllables gave progressively shorter estimates of the 1-min. interval as the rate of input of these stimuli was increased. However, Ss who heard words with high associational value showed no difference in their time estimates as the rate of input was increased. The study suggests that time estimates are in part a function of the frequency of associational processes initiated during a given temporal duration.

Time Estimation: Dependence and Independence of Modality-Specific Effects

1965 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 727-734 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Brown ◽  
Lloyd Hitchcock
Keyword(s):  
Time Estimation ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Consistent Effect ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Interval Reproduction

80 Ss were required to reproduce 9 time intervals, ranging from 1 to 17 sec. duration, under 8 experimental conditions: the factorial arrangement of auditory and visual interval presentation, auditory and visual interval reproduction, and patterned and unpatterned stimulus filling the interval. Mode of stimulus presentation and of reproduction had no consistent effect on time estimation. Significant modifications occurred with repeated trials and reliabilities of duration estimations were consistently high.

scholarly journals Confabulations on Time: Relationship between Confabulations and Timing Deviations in Alzheimer’s Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 377-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamad El Haj ◽  
Frank Larøi
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Time Perception ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Ongoing Activity ◽  
Elapsed Time ◽  
Verbal Estimation ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Objectives We investigated the relationship between confabulations and the ability to process chronological characteristics of memories in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). Methods We evaluated provoked confabulations, spontaneous confabulations, and time perception in 31 AD patients. We evaluated provoked confabulations with questions probing general and personal knowledge. We evaluated spontaneous confabulations with a scale rated by nursing and medical staff. Regarding time perception, we invited the participants to perform a simple ongoing activity (i.e., deciding whether words were abstract or concrete), in order to provide a verbal estimation of the elapsed time intervals. Results We observed significant positive correlations between provoked/spontaneous confabulations and deviations in time estimation on the time perception task. Conclusions These findings demonstrate a relationship between confabulations in AD and difficulties in processing the chronological characteristics of elapsed events.

Longitudinal Changes in Time Estimation in Affective Disorders: A Preliminary Study

1985 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lennart Tysk
Keyword(s):  
Affective Disorders ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Clinical State ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Verbal Estimation ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Manic Patients

8 patients with hospital diagnoses of major affective disorder were studied by repeated measurements of time estimation using the three different methods of metronome adjustment, verbal estimation and operative estimation (production) of short time intervals. Retrospective estimations of longer intervals were also studied. The diagnoses were evaluated according to DSM III criteria. The degree of mental disturbance was rated with subscales of the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale. Earlier findings had indicated that manic patients tend to overestimate short time intervals and that some depressed patients underestimated time, but some investigators have reported different results. A longitudinal study could possibly support the earlier findings if the time estimations should vary with the clinical states of the patients. Such a variation was suggested by the results of 5 of the 8 patients. In several cases there were statistically significant correlations between the results of time estimations and the rating scores. This partly supports earlier findings. Associations between time estimations and changes in clinical state seem to be present in some cases of major affective disorders. Operative estimations were best correlated with ratings in most cases.

Making Functional Time Estimates: Comparison of School-Aged, Learning-Disabled and other Children

1984 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 967-973 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry Burd ◽  
John M. Dodd ◽  
Wayne W. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Group Membership ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Learning Disabled ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Disabled Children ◽  
Time Estimates ◽  
Main Effects

A time-estimation survey was administered to 266 control children and 72 learning disabled children in Grades 4, 5, and 6. Using a 2 × 3 × 3 analysis of covariance significant main effects for group membership and grade were found. These data indicate that learning disabled youngsters frequently do not estimate time as accurately as normal ones.

Learning and Retention in the Estimation of Short Time Intervals: A Circuit and a Study

1965 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 509-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lewis R. Aiken
Keyword(s):  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Time Estimates ◽  
Temporal Course ◽  
Response Feedback ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Feedback Phase

An investigation of the temporal course of learning and retention in the estimation of short time intervals is reported. In addition, a versatile response feedback circuit used in this investigation and appropriate for other studies concerned with time estimation or delayed responding is described. The experimental design was a 6 time intervals (1½, 3, 4½, 6, 7½, and 9 sec.) by 6 Ss balanced Latin square in which 6 adult female Ss made 10 pre-feedback, 25 feedback, and 15 post-feedback time estimates by terminating a 500-cps stimulus tone when they judged it to have been on for a certain time interval. Feedback consisted of informing S if she had responded too soon, too late, or at the correct time. Analysis of the 1800 absolute differences in milliseconds between real and estimated interval gave the following results. (1) During the pre-feedback phase, there was a moderate negative relationship between accuracy of time estimation and duration of interval estimated. (2) Accuracy of estimation improved on the trial following the first feedback trial, but little further improvement during the feedback phase was noted. (3) Amount of improvement in accuracy of estimation with feedback had a moderate negative relationship to duration of interval estimated. (4) Accuracy of estimation declined rather rapidly during the post-feedback phase. Some implications of these findings and suggestions for further research are presented.

Human Sex Differences in Extreme Isolation

1975 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 387-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary McClure ◽  
Donald G. Forgays
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Subjective Time ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Time Estimates ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Sensory Isolation ◽  
Mean Heart Rate

This report compares the responses of male and female adult subjects in the water-immersion sensory-isolation environment. Endurance, subjective time estimates, and heart rate were dependent variables. Duration under water, with voluntary termination possible, was an average of about 4 hr. for both males and females. Subjective estimate of total time in isolation averaged about 3 ½ hr. for females and almost 4 hr. for males. Subjective time estimate of consecutive 30-min. time intervals was a bit more than 30 min. for males and about 33 min. for females. Mean heart rate (beats/minute) averaged in the 80s for both groups. None of these differences is statistically significant. This study clarifies the mixed findings reported in the literature as to sex differences in isolated environments.

Time Estimation and the Nosology of Schizophrenia

1966 ◽  
Vol 112 (482) ◽  
pp. 37-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Orme
Keyword(s):  
Time Estimation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Present Writer ◽  
Significant Feature ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Time Estimates ◽  
Individual Variations ◽  
Verbal Estimation ◽  
The One

Time judgments of various kinds are often disturbed in schizophrenia, but a review of the literature (Orme, 1962) suggests the disturbance is not characteristic in type. The present writer has studied (Orme, 1964) the verbal estimation of an elapsed “filled” interval with various clinical groups. Subjects were asked, after 30 minutes of interviewing, “How long have we been together, how long does it seem to you?” A summary of the distribution of time estimates is given in Table I. The most statistically significant feature (see Orme, 1964 for details) is the contrast between the hysteric, psychopathic and manic groups on the one hand, and the melancholic, anxious and depressed neurotic on the other. Individual variations in estimates appear unrelated to age, sex and intelligence.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document