The Limits of Defaults: The Influence of Decision Time on Default Effects

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 543-569
Author(s):  
Benjamin X. White ◽  
Duo Jiang ◽  
Dolores Albarracín
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Decision Time ◽  
Contextual Factor ◽  
Time Constraints ◽  
Contextual Cues ◽  
Psychological Science ◽  
Health Finance ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Decision Times

The stability of default effects to contextual features is critical to their use in policy. In this paper, decision time was investigated as a contextual factor that may pose limits on the efficacy of defaults. Consistent with the hypothesis that time constraints may increase reliance on contextual cues, four experiments, including a preregistered one of a nationally representative sample, and a meta-analysis that included four additional pilot experiments, indicated that short decision times increased the advantage of action defaults (i.e., the default option automatically endorsed the desired behavior) and that the default advantage was trivial or nonexistent when decision times were longer. These effects replicated for naturalistic as well as externally induced decision times and were present even when participants were unaware that time was limited. This research has critical implications for psychological science and allied disciplines concerned with policy in the domains of public health, finance and economics, marketing, and environmental sciences.

scholarly journals Blood eosinophil count-guided corticosteroid therapy and as a prognostic biomarker of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 204062232110287
Author(s):  
Tao Liu ◽  
Zi-Jian Xiang ◽  
Xiao-Meng Hou ◽  
Jing-Jing Chai ◽  
Yan-Li Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Prognostic Biomarker ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Blood Eosinophil ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Copd Patients ◽  
The Stability

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by persistent respiratory symptoms and dyspnea, as well as an increase in the number of leukocytes in the airways, lungs, and pulmonary vessels. A ‘One size fits all’ approach to COPD patients with different clinical features may be considered outdated. The following are the two major objectives of this meta-analysis: the first is to determine if blood eosinophil counts (BEC) can serve as a prognostic biomarker of COPD outcomes, and the second is to determine which level of BEC is effective for inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) treatment. Methods: We searched articles published before 15 May 2021 in the following four electronic databases: Web of Science, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and PubMed. Results: A total of 42 studies, comprising a sampling of 188,710 subjects, were summarized and compared in this meta-analysis. The rate ratio (RR) of exacerbations of COPD (ECOPD) between ICS and non-ICS treatment was statistically significant for the COPD patients with a baseline BEC ⩾ 2% or ⩾ 200 cells/μl, RR = 0.82 (0.73, 0.93) or 0.79 (0.70, 0.89) respectively, while the RR of ECOPD between ICS and non-ICS treatment was statistically insignificant for the COPD patients with baseline BEC < 2% or <200 cells/μl, RR = 0.97 (0.87, 1.08) or 0.97 (0.86, 1.08), suggested that ICS therapy was beneficial to the improvement of ECOPD in patients with a baseline BEC ⩾ 2% or BEC ⩾ 200 cells/μl. Conclusion: Our research shows that a BEC ⩾ 200 cells/μl or ⩾2% is likely to become the cutoff value of ICS treatment for ECOPD. Moreover, we believe that the baseline BEC can be used as a biomarker for predicting ECOPD. The stability of BEC requires special attention.

scholarly journals Can Vaccination Trigger Autoimmune Disorders? A Meta-Analysis

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 821
Author(s):  
Marek Petráš ◽  
Ivana Králová Lesná ◽  
Jana Dáňová ◽  
Alexander M. Čelko
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Autoimmune Disorders ◽  
Risk Of Bias ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Primary Analysis ◽  
Measures Of Association ◽  
Assessment Development ◽  
Extensive Literature Search ◽  
The Stability

Vaccination as an important tool in the fight against infections has been suggested as a possible trigger of autoimmunity over the last decades. To confirm or refute this assumption, a Meta-analysis of Autoimmune Disorders Association With Immunization (MADAWI) was conducted. Included in the meta-analysis were a total of 144 studies published in 1968–2019 that were available in six databases and identified by an extensive literature search conducted on 30 November 2019. The risk of bias classification of the studies was performed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. The strength of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation. While our primary analysis was conducted in terms of measures of association employed in studies with a low risk of bias, the robustness of the MADAWI outcome was tested using measures independent of each study risk of bias. Additionally, subgroup analyses were performed to determine the stability of the outcome. The pooled association of 0.99 (95% confidence interval, 0.97–1.02), based on a total of 364 published estimates, confirmed an equivalent occurrence of autoimmune disorders in vaccinated and unvaccinated persons. The same level of association reported by studies independently of the risk of bias was supported by a sufficient number of studies, and no serious limitation, inconsistency, indirectness, imprecision, and publication bias. A sensitivity analysis did not reveal any discrepancy in the primary result. Current common vaccination is not the cause of any of the examined autoimmune disorders in the medium and long terms.

Category Accessibility, Ratings of Prototypicality, and Perceptions of Managerial Role Attributes

1988 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 195-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce J. Avolio ◽  
Karl Galen Kroeck ◽  
Barry R. Nathan
Keyword(s):  
Women Students ◽  
Processing Time ◽  
Decision Time ◽  
Performance Information ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
University Employees ◽  
Managerial Role ◽  
Female Managers ◽  
Decision Times ◽  
Differential Access

The hypothesis that people have differential access (as measured by decision-processing time) to descriptive categories of what is applicable to male and female managers, who were effective or ineffective, was tested. A list of adjectives was presented sequentially on a CRT screen to 96 participants (48 men and 48 women, students and university employees), who evaluated each item as to “how characteristic” or “how uncharacteristic” the adjective was in describing a male or female effective (ineffective) manager. “How characteristic,” or rated prototypicality and decision-time were dependent measures. Analysis indicated that sex of target had little influence on either rated prototypicality or decision times when performance information was presented. Differences in correlations between decision times and prototypicality ratings varied primarily with the manipulation of effectiveness.

Abstract 3789: Nessun Dorma : Have the Risks of Rosiglitazone been Exaggerated?

Circulation ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 116 (suppl_16) ◽  
Author(s):  
George A Diamond ◽  
Sanjay Kaul
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Intervals ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Cardiovascular Death ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Odds Ratios ◽  
True Effect Size ◽  
Index Study ◽  
The Stability

Background A highly publicized meta-analysis of 42 clinical trials comprising 27,844 diabetics ignited a firestorm of controversy by charging that treatment with rosiglitazone was associated with a “…worrisome…” 43% greater risk of myocardial infarction ( p =0.03) and a 64% greater risk of cardiovascular death ( p =0.06). Objective The investigators excluded 4 trials from the infarction analysis and 19 trials from the mortality analysis in which no events were observed. We sought to determine if these exclusions biased the results. Methods We compared the index study to a Bayesian meta-analysis of the entire 42 trials (using odds ratio as the measure of effect size) and to fixed-effects and random-effects analyses with and without a continuity correction that adjusts for values of zero. Results The odds ratios and confidence intervals for the analyses are summarized in the Table . Odds ratios for infarction ranged from 1.43 to 1.22 and for death from 1.64 to 1.13. Corrected models resulted in substantially smaller odds ratios and narrower confidence intervals than did uncorrected models. Although corrected risks remain elevated, none are statistically significant (*p<0.05). Conclusions Given the fragility of the effect sizes and confidence intervals, the charge that roziglitazone increases the risk of adverse events is not supported by these additional analyses. The exaggerated values observed in the index study are likely the result of excluding the zero-event trials from analysis. Continuity adjustments mitigate this error and provide more consistent and reliable assessments of true effect size. Transparent sensitivity analyses should therefore be performed over a realistic range of the operative assumptions to verify the stability of such assessments especially when outcome events are rare. Given the relatively wide confidence intervals, additional data will be required to adjudicate these inconclusive results.

scholarly journals Speed, Accuracy, and the Optimal Timing of Choices

2018 ◽  
Vol 108 (12) ◽  
pp. 3651-3684 ◽  
Author(s):  
Drew Fudenberg ◽  
Philipp Strack ◽  
Tomasz Strzalecki
Keyword(s):  
Sequential Sampling ◽  
Decision Time ◽  
Optimal Timing ◽  
Drift Diffusion Model ◽  
Drift Diffusion ◽  
Prior Beliefs ◽  
Constant Cost ◽  
Speed Accuracy ◽  
Decision Times ◽  
Choice Probabilities

We model the joint distribution of choice probabilities and decision times in binary decisions as the solution to a problem of optimal sequential sampling, where the agent is uncertain of the utility of each action and pays a constant cost per unit time for gathering information. We show that choices are more likely to be correct when the agent chooses to decide quickly, provided the agent’s prior beliefs are correct. This better matches the observed correlation between decision time and choice probability than does the classical drift-diffusion model (DDM), where the agent knows the utility difference between the choices. (JEL C41, D11, D12, D83)

scholarly journals A meta-analysis of the influence of the external conditions on the biosensor receptor layer component stability

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Kłos-Witkowska ◽  
Vasyl Martsenyuk
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
External Factors ◽  
External Conditions ◽  
Precision And Accuracy ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Receptor Layer

The manuscript presented here contains meta-analysis of the influence of the external conditions on the biosensor receptor layer component stability. The novelty of this paper is due to compilation and comparison of studies, based on proposed collective analyses. The presented meta-analysis allows to increase the precision and accuracy of the results by combining and co-analyzing data from five smaller experiments. To understand the significance of presented meta-analysis, the most important conclusions and observations resulting from the conducted five types of research [F1] to [F5] are given. The conducted meta-analysis showed the magnitude of stability differences caused by different external factors. An approach of numerical interpretation of the qualitative stability changes has been offered. The conducted meta-analysis showed that the tested factors influence the stability of the BSA in different ways

scholarly journals Overview of Methods for Determining Parameters of Synchronous Generators

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 103-113
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Synchronous Generator ◽  
Adaptive Model ◽  
Operational Control ◽  
Synchronous Generators ◽  
Computing Power ◽  
The Stability

A synchronous generator is one of the key elements of any power system, having a significant impact on the stability and reliability of consumers’ power supply. Nowadays, the power systems emergency and operational control issues are being solved using computational models, the parameters whereof are determined using the reference data, or the data obtained during testing. High dependence of the models’ parameters on various external factors leads to a significant decrease in the accuracy of solving the issues of emergency and operational control. Identification based on the traditional telemetry systems or synchrophasor measurements is used to improve the accuracy of parameters of the power systems’ computational models. The purpose of this research lies in a meta-analysis of the available studies aimed at developing a methodology for determining parameters of a synchronous generator on the basis of measurement data. Russian and foreign studies were analyzed and grouped to achieve this goal. After that, for each group, advantages, disadvantages, and the area of application were identified. As a result, it is shown that the existing methods for determining parameters of synchronous generators based on measurement data cannot adapt to the source dataset and also require significant computing power. As a way to overcome these shortcomings, an adaptive model of a synchronous machine is proposed.

Clinical Value of MRI in Assessing the Stability of Osteochondritis Dissecans Lesions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 213 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hai Hu ◽  
Chuan Zhang ◽  
Junhui Chen ◽  
Panpan Li ◽  
Xi-e Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Osteochondritis Dissecans ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Clinical Value ◽  
The Stability

scholarly journals Relationships between biodiversity and the stability of marine ecosystems: Comparisons at a European scale using meta-analysis

2015 ◽  
Vol 98 ◽  
pp. 5-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathieu Cusson ◽  
Tasman P. Crowe ◽  
Rita Araújo ◽  
Francisco Arenas ◽  
Rebbecca Aspden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Marine Ecosystems ◽  
The Stability

scholarly journals The Behavioral Immune System Shapes Political Intuitions: Why and How Individual Differences in Disgust Sensitivity Underlie Opposition to Immigration

2017 ◽  
Vol 111 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
LENE AARØE ◽  
MICHAEL BANG PETERSEN ◽  
KEVIN ARCENEAUX
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Behavioral Immune System ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
First Time ◽  
Representative Samples

We present, test, and extend a theoretical framework that connects disgust, a powerful basic human emotion, to political attitudes through psychological mechanisms designed to protect humans from disease. These mechanisms work outside of conscious awareness, and in modern environments, they can motivate individuals to avoid intergroup contact by opposing immigration. We report a meta-analysis of previous tests in the psychological sciences and conduct, for the first time, a series of tests in nationally representative samples collected in the United States and Denmark that integrate the role of disgust and the behavioral immune system into established models of emotional processing and political attitude formation. In doing so, we offer an explanation for why peaceful integration and interaction between ethnic majority and minorities is so hard to achieve.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document