Stimulus Uncertainty and Reaction Time for Identification and Recognition

1976 ◽  
Vol 42 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1151-1158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick J. Gravetter
Keyword(s):  
Response Selection ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Matching Condition ◽  
Stimulus Uncertainty ◽  
Verbal Responses ◽  
Manual Responses ◽  
Unique Identity ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Stimulus Identification ◽  
Selection Of

The process of stimulus identification was examined by comparing reaction times for two identification tasks. In Exp. 1, 12 subjects made manual responses for 2, 4, and 6 stimulus alternatives in a simple identification condition and in a matching condition which required a unique identity for each stimulus but not a unique response. In Exp. 2, 16 subjects made verbal responses in each condition. Results from both experiments showed that stimulus uncertainty directly affected RT for identification but had no significant effect on matching. It was concluded that the time required to recognize the identity of a stimulus is essentially independent of stimulus uncertainty, while response selection is directly dependent on uncertainty. Because this result was obtained for both verbal and manual responses, it was concluded that stimulus uncertainty primarily affects selection of responses rather than their execution.

Faster Choice-Reaction Times to Positive than to Negative Facial Expressions

2003 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 113-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jukka M. Leppänen ◽  
Mirja Tenhunen ◽  
Jari K. Hietanen
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Response Selection ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Happy Face ◽  
Response Onset ◽  
Response Execution ◽  
Onset Response ◽  
Positive Stimuli ◽  
Choice Reaction Times

Abstract Several studies have shown faster choice-reaction times to positive than to negative facial expressions. The present study examined whether this effect is exclusively due to faster cognitive processing of positive stimuli (i.e., processes leading up to, and including, response selection), or whether it also involves faster motor execution of the selected response. In two experiments, response selection (onset of the lateralized readiness potential, LRP) and response execution (LRP onset-response onset) times for positive (happy) and negative (disgusted/angry) faces were examined. Shorter response selection times for positive than for negative faces were found in both experiments but there was no difference in response execution times. Together, these results suggest that the happy-face advantage occurs primarily at premotoric processing stages. Implications that the happy-face advantage may reflect an interaction between emotional and cognitive factors are discussed.

Ultra-fast selection of grasping points

2013 ◽  
Vol 110 (7) ◽  
pp. 1484-1489 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Voudouris ◽  
J. B. J. Smeets ◽  
E. Brenner
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Times ◽  
Preferred Orientation ◽  
Reach To Grasp ◽  
Contact Points ◽  
Selection Of

To grasp an object one needs to determine suitable positions on its surface for placing the digits and to move the digits to those positions. If the object is displaced during a reach-to-grasp movement, the digit movements are quickly adjusted. Do these fast adjustments only guide the digits to previously chosen positions on the surface of the object, or is the choice of contact points also constantly reconsidered? Subjects grasped a ball or a cube that sometimes rotated briefly when the digits started moving. The digits followed the rotation within 115 ms. When the object was a ball, subjects quickly counteracted the initial following response by reconsidering their choice of grasping points so that the digits ended at different positions on the rotated surface of the ball, and the ball was grasped with the preferred orientation of the hand. When the object was a cube, subjects sometimes counteracted the initial following response to grasp the cube by a different pair of sides. This altered choice of grasping points was evident within ∼160 ms of rotation onset, which is shorter than regular reaction times.

Aesthetic Preference and Lateral Dominance

1988 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 555-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Ann Valentino ◽  
James W. Brown ◽  
W. A. Cronan-Hillix
Keyword(s):  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Response Mode ◽  
Psychology Student ◽  
Manual Response ◽  
Verbal Responses ◽  
Left Handed ◽  
Manual Responses ◽  
Student Subjects ◽  
The Right ◽  
Aesthetic Preferences

Aesthetic preferences for photographs with the main focal content either to the left or right of the photograph's center were examined in right- and left-handed subjects. Verbal responses or manual responses were required. In one experiment with 261 introductory psychology student-subjects, left-handers more often preferred photographs with the more important part on the left (“left-geared”) than did right-handers. Exp. 2, involving 84 right-handed student subjects, showed that left-geared photographs presented on the left side were preferred more often than left-geared photographs presented on the right side, and left-geared photographs presented on the left side were more often chosen when a left-handed manual response was required. Interactions between handedness, position of the stimulus, language hemisphere, and response mode make it extremely difficult to ascertain whether the right hemisphere is really more involved in aesthetic decisions.

scholarly journals Assessment of reproductive potential in patients after myomectomy

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-39
Author(s):  
Yan Van ◽  
Yuliya A. Romadanova ◽  
Alla A. Bakhvalova ◽  
Ekaterina V. Fedina ◽  
Aleksandr A. Zinov’yev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Approach ◽  
Ovarian Function ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Clinical Situation ◽  
Functional Restoration ◽  
Hormonal Profile ◽  
Abdominal Myomectomy ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Selection Of

The aim of the study is to assess the restoration of anatomical and functional integrity of the uterus and identify changes in hormonal profile in women after laparoscopic and abdominal myomectomy. Material and methods. 58 patients aged 36,2 5,9 years old with uterine myoma underwent myomectomy: 31 patients underwent laparoscopic myomectomy and 27 patients underwent abdominal myomectomy. The selection of surgical approach didnt depend on the size, the number and localization of uterine myomas and the patients concomitant pathology. The hormonal profile of the patients including AMH level was assessed befor myomectomy and in the 6 months after the operation. Postoperative assessment was performed on day 5th8th after surgery and in 1 and 6 months after myomectomy. Results. No significant differences were found in the processes of reparation of the uterus and in hormonal profile of the patients after laparoscopic or abdominal myomectomy. The time required for the patients reabilitation and for the restoration of the ovarian function and uterine morphological structure was similar in both groups. Conclusion. The hormonal profile of the patients and the anatomical and functional restoration of myometrium after myomectomy doesnt depend on the surgical approach if myomectomy is performed by an experienced surgeon after the correct assessment of the clinical situation.

scholarly journals Critical appraisal of speech in noise tests: a systematic review and survey

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suhani Sharma ◽  
Rajesh Tripathy ◽  
Udit Saxena
Keyword(s):  
Critical Appraisal ◽  
Measurement Model ◽  
Test Time ◽  
Hearing Research ◽  
Speech In Noise ◽  
Hearing In Noise ◽  
Instrument Bias ◽  
Noise Test ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Selection Of

Speech in noise tests that measure the perception of speech in presence of noise are now an important part of audiologic tests battery and hearing research as well. There are various tests available to estimate the perception of speech in presence of noise, for example, connected sentence test, hearing in noise test, words in noise, quick speech-in-noise test, bamford-kowal-bench speech-in-noise test, and listening in spatialized noise-sentences. All these tests are different in terms of target age, measure, procedure, speech material, noise, normative, etc. Because of the variety of tests available to estimate speech-in-noise abilities, audiologists often select tests based on their availability, ease to administer the test, time required in running the test, age of the patient, hearing status, type of hearing disorder and type of amplification device if using. A critical appraisal of these speech-in-noise tests is required for the evidence based selection and to be used in audiology clinics. In this article speech-in-noise tests were critically appraised for their conceptual model, measurement model, normatives, reliability, validity, responsiveness, item/instrument bias, respondent burden and administrative burden. Selection of a standard speech-in-noise test based on this critical appraisal will also allow an easy comparison of speech-in-noise ability of any hearing impaired individual or group across audiology clinics and research centers. This article also describes the survey which was done to grade the speech in noise tests on the various appraisal characteristics.

scholarly journals A Simple and Effective Way to Study Executive Functions by Using 360° Videos

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Borgnis ◽  
Francesca Baglio ◽  
Elisa Pedroli ◽  
Federica Rossetto ◽  
Giuseppe Riva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functions ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Executive Dysfunction ◽  
Physiological Data ◽  
Planning Problem ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Verbal Responses ◽  
Executive Dysfunctions

Executive dysfunctions constitute a significant public health problem due to their high impact on everyday life and personal independence. Therefore, the identification of early strategies to assess and rehabilitate these impairments appears to be a priority. The ecological limitations of traditional neuropsychological tests and the numerous difficulties in administering tests in real-life scenarios have led to the increasing use of virtual reality (VR) and 360° environment-based tools for assessing executive functions (EFs) in real life. This perspective aims at proposing the development and implementation of Executive-functions Innovative Tool 360° (EXIT 360°), an innovative, enjoyable, and ecologically valid tool for a multidimensional and multicomponent evaluation of executive dysfunctions. EXIT 360° allows a complete and integrated executive functioning assessment through an original task for EFs delivered via a mobile-powered VR headset combined with eye tracker (ET) and electroencephalograms (EEG). Our tool is born as a 360°-based instrument, easily accessible and clinically usable, that will radically transform clinicians’ and patient’s assessment experience. In EXIT 360°, patients are engaged in a “game for health,” where they must perform everyday subtasks in 360° daily life environments. In this way, the clinicians can obtain quickly more ecologically valid information about several aspects of EFs (e.g., planning, problem-solving). Moreover, the multimodal approach allows completing the assessment of EFs by integrating verbal responses, reaction times, and physiological data (eye movements and brain activation). Overall, EXIT 360° will allow obtaining simultaneously and in real time more information about executive dysfunction and its impact in real life, allowing clinicians to tailor the rehabilitation to the subject’s needs.

Can intubation be improved with endotracheal tubes marked with a color scale? Randomized controlled study.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Pablo Berazategui ◽  
Ramon Pio Larcade ◽  
Nestor Vain ◽  
Adriana Andrea Castro ◽  
Rose Mari Soria ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Study ◽  
Endotracheal Tubes ◽  
Correct Placement ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Color Scale ◽  
Clinical Scenarios ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Different Color ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Selection Of

Objective: To assess if a color scale in the endotracheal tube (ETT) helps operators to correctly select the size and depth of placement of the ETT and decrease the time required, compared with the usual numeric ETT scale, in a mannequin model. Design/Methods: The study was conducted in 8 centers. Each size of the ETT was identified with different color by size. All experimental ETT had two painted zones: the mouthpiece and an area of 1 cm marked with the same color (to identify where the ETT should be taped above the lip). The operators were trained as part of the protocol using a video. Four clinical scenarios requiring endotracheal intubation were designed and randomly assigned. Each operator had to select the size and depth of ETT based on the BW, and then had to perform 4 intubation procedures. Results: 108 operators performed 432 intubations. No difference were found in the correct placement and selection of the ETT. Median time (in seconds) required for intubation using numeric vs. experimental tube was: for ETT Ø 2.5, 11.5 vs. 8 (p<0.001), ETTØ3,12 vs. 10 (p<0.001), ETT Ø 3.5, 15.5 vs.12 (p 0.003), ETT Ø4 12 vs.11 (p 0.019). Conclusions: No significant difference was observed in the selection and correct placement of the ETT. However, the intubation time was significantly shorter using the experimental ETT. This device could improve the effectiveness of intubation by reducing the time needed to properly place the ETT at mid trachea.

Proficient Normalised Fuzzy K-Means With Initial Centroids Methodology

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-59
Author(s):  
Deepali Virmani ◽  
Nikita Jain ◽  
Ketan Parikh ◽  
Shefali Upadhyaya ◽  
Abhishek Srivastav
Keyword(s):  
Unsupervised Learning ◽  
Real World ◽  
Learning Algorithms ◽  
Clustering Algorithms ◽  
Real World Data ◽  
World Data ◽  
Clustering Problem ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Selection Of

This article describes how data is relevant and if it can be organized, linked with other data and grouped into a cluster. Clustering is the process of organizing a given set of objects into a set of disjoint groups called clusters. There are a number of clustering algorithms like k-means, k-medoids, normalized k-means, etc. So, the focus remains on efficiency and accuracy of algorithms. The focus is also on the time it takes for clustering and reducing overlapping between clusters. K-means is one of the simplest unsupervised learning algorithms that solves the well-known clustering problem. The k-means algorithm partitions data into K clusters and the centroids are randomly chosen resulting numeric values prohibits it from being used to cluster real world data containing categorical values. Poor selection of initial centroids can result in poor clustering. This article deals with a proposed algorithm which is a variant of k-means with some modifications resulting in better clustering, reduced overlapping and lesser time required for clustering by selecting initial centres in k-means and normalizing the data.

Automation Tool Preparation in the Conditions of Production

2015 ◽  
Vol 770 ◽  
pp. 739-743 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.S. Yuanyushkin ◽  
D.V. Lobanov ◽  
D.A. Rychkov
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Rational Design ◽  
Economic Effect ◽  
Optimal Choice ◽  
Processing Efficiency ◽  
Time Required ◽  
The Given ◽  
High Processing ◽  
Selection Of

The key task of the tool manufacturing is to create or to choose such a type of tool, which would permit to provide high processing efficiency, the best tool`s workability and the quality of the machined surfaces with minimum expenses and resources. The optimal choice of the constructive tool modifications from a variety of options takes much time required for the preparation of the tool to work. To solve this problem, we have developed software that allows you to create, organize and carry out a comparative analysis of structural instruments in order to identify rational option for the given conditions of production. Ordering and selection of a rational design of the instrument is carried out in accordance with established procedures of modeling and comparative analysis of design solutions. Application software can reduce design time technological process by 80...90%, and get a substantial annual economic effect.

Fluidized bed heat treatment of aluminum cast components

2004 ◽  
Vol 120 ◽  
pp. 555-562
Author(s):  
D. Apelian ◽  
S. K. Chaudhury
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Fluidized Bed ◽  
Processing Time ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Fluidized Bed Reactors ◽  
The Past ◽  
Conventional Furnace ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Solutionizing Time

Heat Treatment and post casting treatments of cast components has always been an important step in the control of microstructure, and resultant properties. In the past, the solutionizing, quenching and ageing process steps may have “required” in total over 20 hours of processing time. With the advent of fluidized bed reactors (FB), processing time has been dramatically reduced. For example, instead of 8-10 hours solutionizing time in a conventional furnace, the time required in FB is less than an hour. Experiments with Al-Si-Mg alloy, (both modified with Sr, and unmodified) were performed, having different diffusion distances (different DAS), and for different reaction times and temperatures. Both the model and the experimental results are presented and discussed.

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