Effects of Ball Size, Ball Color, and Preferred Color on Catching by Young Children

1980 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 583-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry D. Isaacs
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Ball Size ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Better Than

45 males and 45 females between 7 and 8 years of age were required to catch rubber playground balls which varied in both size and color. Prior to the administration of the criterion catch test, subjects indicated their choice for a preferred color ball. Analysis indicated that the 6-in. balls (diameter) were caught significantly better than were 10-in. balls. Although the main effect of ball color was nonsignificant, the children caught balls of preferred color significantly better than those of non-preferred colors. Males scored significantly higher than the females on the catching task.

The Relationship between Goal Proximity and Specificity in Bowling: A Field Experiment

1990 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven H. Frierman ◽  
Robert S. Weinberg ◽  
Allen Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Goal Setting ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Questionnaire Data ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Level Of Confidence ◽  
Goal Condition ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Better Than

The purpose of this investigation was twofold: to determine if individuals who were assigned specific, difficult goals perform better than those assigned “do your best” goals, and to examine the importance of goal proximity (longterm vs. short-term) on bowling performance. Subjects were 72 students enrolled in two beginning bowling courses at a 4-year university. They were matched according to baseline bowling averages and then randomly assigned to one of four goal-setting conditions. A 4 × 5 (Goal Condition × Trials) ANOVA with repeated measures on the last factor revealed a significant goal condition main effect, with the long-term goal group improving more than the do-your-best group. No other performance comparisons reached significance. Questionnaire data revealed that subjects in all three numerical goal conditions rated their level of confidence significantly higher than the do-your-best goal group in Week 1, but the long-term goal group displayed a significantly higher level of confidence than the other three goal groups in Week 4. All other questions indicated that all groups tried hard and were committed to and accepted their goals.

scholarly journals A Tale of Two Sections: An Experiment to Compare the Effectiveness of a Hybrid versus a Traditional Lecture Format in Introductory Microbiology

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. ar6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison E. M. Adams ◽  
Shelby Randall ◽  
Tinna Traustadóttir
Keyword(s):  
Traditional Lecture ◽  
Lecture Material ◽  
Class Standing ◽  
Online Lectures ◽  
Traditional Format ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Hybrid Section ◽  
Section Analysis ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Traditional Section

Two sections of an introductory microbiology course were taught by one instructor. One was taught through a hybrid format and the other through a traditional format. Students were randomly assigned to the two sections. Both sections were provided with identical lecture materials, in-class worksheets, in-class assessments, and extra credit opportunities; the main difference was in the way the lecture material was delivered—online for the hybrid section and in person for the traditional section. Analysis of final grades revealed that students in the traditional section did significantly better than those in the hybrid section (p < 0.001). There was a significant main effect of class standing (p < 0.01). When performance in the two sections was compared for each class year separately, the differences were only significant for sophomores (p < 0.001); freshmen, juniors, and seniors did not perform differently in the hybrid versus the traditional section. An anonymous midterm survey suggested factors likely contributing to the overall lower success of students in the hybrid section: some students in the hybrid section did not take lecture notes and/or use the audio component of the online lectures, suggesting minimal interaction with the lecture material for these students.

Syntactic categories in the speech of young children: the case of the determiner

1996 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 369-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian M. Pine ◽  
Helen Martindale
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
Phrase Structure ◽  
Syntactic Category ◽  
Positive Evidence ◽  
Children's Speech ◽  
Limited Scope ◽  
Better Than

ABSTRACTThere has been a growing trend in recent years towards the attribution of adult-like syntactic categories to young language-learning children. This is based, at least in part, on studies which claim to have found positive evidence for syntactic phrase structure categories in young children's speech. However, these claims contradict the findings of previous research which suggest that the categories underlying children's early multi-word speech are much more limited in scope. The present study represents an attempt to reconcile the findings of these different lines of research by focusing specifically on Valian's (1986) criteria for attributing the syntactic category of determiner to young children. The aim is, firstly, to replicate Valian's results regarding her determiner criteria on a new sample of seven children between the ages of 1;20 and 2;6; secondly, to investigate the extent to which children show overlap in the contexts in which they use different determiner types; and, thirdly, to compare this with a controlled measure of the overlap shown by competent adult speakers. The results suggest that Valian's criteria for attributing a syntactic determiner category are too generous and could be passed by children with a relatively small amount of limited scope knowledge. They also provide at least some evidence that a limited scope formula account of children's early determiner use may fit the data better than an adult-like syntactic account.

Combined oral midazolam-ketamine better than midazolam alone for sedation of young children: a randomized controlled trial

2012 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 207-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
THIAGO ANDERSON MOREIRA ◽  
PAULO SUCASAS COSTA ◽  
LUCIANE REZENDE COSTA ◽  
CRISTIANA MARINHO JESUS-FRANÇA ◽  
DENISE ESPÍNDOLA ANTUNES ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Controlled Trial ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Oral Midazolam ◽  
Better Than

Language and Gesture in Late Talkers

1988 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donna Thal ◽  
Elizabeth Bates
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Early Language ◽  
Symbolic Gesture ◽  
Late Talkers ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Better Than

The relationship between language and symbolic gesture was studied in a group of young children who were in the lowest 10% for language production for their age based on information obtained from language inventories filled out by their parents. On a single scheme imitation task, designed to be a gestural analog of lexical production, subjects performed like controls matched for language production. On a multischeme imitation task, designed to be a gestural analog of syntax, subjects performed like age-matched controls, and significantly better than langnage-matched controls. Potential reasons for this dissociation are discussed in the context of predictors of early language success or impairment.

Physical Activity Levels of Non-overweight, Overweight, and Obese Children During Physical Education

2016 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neeti Pathare ◽  
Kelly Piche ◽  
Andrea Nicosia ◽  
Esther Haskvitz
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Physical Education ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Obese Children ◽  
Type Method ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Physical Activity Levels

Purpose:The purpose of this study was to examine physical activity (PA) levels of young children classified by body mass index (BMI) (nonoverweight, overweight, and obese) during physical education classes.Method:Participants included 82 children (45 boys, 37 girls; 7.5 ± 1.2 years). PA was determined by the number of steps measured with pedometers. Data were analyzed with a three-way ANOVA (BMI × grade × gender).Results:No interaction was observed. There was a significant main effect for BMI. Children in the nonoverweight group took more steps than the children in overweight and obese groups during physical education classes.Discussion/Conclusion:The findings suggest that differences existed in PA during physical education classes in young children dependent on their BMI.

scholarly journals Can young children learn words from a robot?

2011 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yusuke Moriguchi ◽  
Takayuki Kanda ◽  
Hiroshi Ishiguro ◽  
Yoko Shimada ◽  
Shoji Itakura
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Preschool Children ◽  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Word Learning ◽  
Human Condition ◽  
Chance Level ◽  
Developmental Difference ◽  
Novel Objects ◽  
Better Than

Young children generally learn words from other people. Recent research has shown that children can learn new actions and skills from nonhuman agents. This study examines whether young children could learn words from a robot. Preschool children were shown a video in which either a woman (human condition) or a mechanical robot (robot condition) labeled novel objects. Then the children were asked to select the objects according to the names used in the video. The results revealed that children in the human condition were more likely to select the correct objects than those in the robot condition. Nevertheless, the five-year-old children in the robot condition performed significantly better than chance level, while the four-year olds did not. Thus there is a developmental difference in children’s potential to learn words from a robot. The results contribute to our understanding of how children interact with non-human agents. Keywords: developmental cybernetics; word learning; social cognition; cognitive development

Same talker, different language

2000 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 383-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
VERNA STOCKMAL ◽  
DANNY R. MOATES ◽  
ZINNY S. BOND
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
Multidimensional Scaling ◽  
Foreign Languages ◽  
Language Discrimination ◽  
Language Characteristics ◽  
Test Languages ◽  
Better Than

When discriminating between unknown foreign languages, infants, young children, and adult listeners are able to make same-language/different-language discrimination judgments at better than chance levels. In these studies (Lorch & Meara, 1989; Mehler et al., 1988; Stockmal, 1995), foreign language samples have often been provided by different talkers, confounding voice characteristics and language characteristics. In Experiments 1 and 2, using the same talkers for different pairs of languages, we found that listeners were able to discriminate between languages they did not know, even when spoken by the same talker. That is, listeners were able to separate talker from language characteristics. Experiment 3 used multidimensional scaling to explore the bases of listener judgments. Listeners were attentive to prosodic properties and influenced by their familiarity with the test languages.

scholarly journals Incident atrial fibrillation and its risk prediction in patients developing COVID-19: A machine learning based algorithm approach

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ash Genaidy
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Good Prediction ◽  
Main Effect Model ◽  
Effect Model ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Index Value ◽  
Treat All ◽  
Better Than

Background The elderly multi-morbid patient is at high risk of adverse outcomes with COVID-19 complications, and in the general population, the development of incident AF is associated with worse outcomes in such patients. We therefore investigated incident AF risks in a large prospective population of elderly patients with/without incident COVID-19 cases and baseline cardiovascular/non-cardiovascular multi-morbidities. We used two approaches: main-effect modeling and secondly, a machine-learning (ML) approach accounting for complex dynamic relationships. Methods We studied a prospective elderly US cohort of 280592 patients from medical databases in a 8-month investigation of new COVID19 cases. Incident AF outcomes were examined in relationship to diverse multi-morbid conditions, COVID-19 status and demographic variables, with ML accounting for the dynamic nature of changing multimorbidity risk factors. Results Multi-morbidity contributed to the onset of confirmed COVID-19 cases with cognitive impairment (OR 1.69; 95%CI 1.52-1.88), anemia (OR 1.41; 95%CI 1.32-1.50), diabetes mellitus (OR 1.35; 95%CI 1.27-1.44) and vascular disease (OR 1.30; 95%CI 1.21-1.39) having the highest associations. A main effect model (C-index value 0.718) showed that COVID-19 had the highest association with incident AF cases (OR 3.12; 95%CI 2.61-3.710, followed by congestive heart failure (1.72; 95%CI 1.50-1.96), then coronary artery disease (OR 1.43; 95%CI 1.27-1.60) and valvular disease (1.42; 95%CI 1.26-1.60). The ML algorithm demonstrated improved discriminatory validity incrementally over the statistical main effect model (training: C-index 0.729, 95%CI 0.718-0.740; validation: C-index 0.704, 95%CI 0.687-0.72). Calibration of ML based formulation was satisfactory and better than the main-effect model. Decision curve analysis demonstrated that the clinical utility for the ML based formulation was better than the ‘treat all’ strategy and the main effect model. Conclusion COVID-19 status has major implications for incident AF in a cohort with diverse cardiovascular/non-cardiovascular multi-morbidities. Our approach accounting for dynamic multimorbidity changes had good prediction for incident AF amongst incident COVID19 cases.

Books Reconsidered: Fears and Phobias: Isaac M. Marks

1991 ◽  
Vol 159 (3) ◽  
pp. 450-451
Author(s):  
C. P. Seager
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Clinical Psychiatry ◽  
Mentally Ill ◽  
Psychodynamic Psychotherapy ◽  
William James ◽  
Research Protocol ◽  
Physical Treatment ◽  
Dynamic Psychotherapy ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Better Than

A week may be a long time in politics, but how fares a book on an aspect of clinical psychiatry, published more than two decades ago? Isaac Marks wrote his book, Fears and Phobias, in 1969, at a time when a third intruder, behavioural psychotherapy, had intervened in the battle between physical treatment and psychodynamic psychotherapy as the two polarised options for correct care of the mentally ill and particularly for the neuroses. Eysenck had annoyed many by his study demonstrating that patients receiving dynamic psychotherapy did no better than those on the waiting list; psychoanalysis was an expensive way of passing the time until the condition resolved spontaneously. Clinical psychologists and a few psychiatrists began to take an interest in the work of Wolpe and looked back to the 1920s when William James and Mary Cover-Jones had demonstrated the induction and the treatment of fears in young children. No ethical committee would accept a research protocol on these lines today.

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