Effects of Gender on Listeners' Judgments of Speech Intelligibility

1996 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 771-775 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee Ellis ◽  
Donald Fucci ◽  
Loriann Reynolds ◽  
Barbaranne Benjamin
Keyword(s):  
Magnitude Estimation ◽  
Speech Intelligibility ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Speaker ◽  
Gender Biases ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Male Speaker ◽  
Female Subjects

Effects of gender on listeners' judgments of intelligibility were investigated. Subjects (15 women; 15 men) provided magnitude-estimation scaling responses and over-all impressions of the intelligibility of a male and female speaker's comparable versions of audiotaped speech samples varying systematically in terms of the number of phonemes produced correctly. There was no significant difference between male and female subjects' magnitude-estimation scaling responses; however, their over-all impressions of the intelligibility of the speakers tended to differ. Women indicated that the male speaker was more understandable, and men indicated that the female speaker was more understandable. Magnitude-estimation scaling may provide an objective means for evaluating a speaker's intelligibility. It appears to transcend gender-biases associated with judgments of speech intelligibility.

Effects of gender and verbal aggression on perceptions of U.S. political speakers

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Nau ◽  
Craig O. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Verbal Aggression ◽  
The Other ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Speaker ◽  
Perceived Credibility ◽  
Male Speaker ◽  
Political Speeches

Abstract Two experiments tested whether male and female political speakers in the United States are judged differently when they use verbal attacks. Participants read eight short excerpts of political speeches, half of which contained character and competence attacks (the other half without such attacks), and half of which were attributed to a female speaker (the other half a male speaker), and rated these in terms of agreement with the message, and perceptions of credibility, appropriateness, and aggressiveness. In both experiments, messages containing verbally aggressive attacks resulted in less perceived credibility and appropriateness, and these negative effects were consistent regardless of the speaker’s gender. In Experiment 1, women tended to penalize aggressive speakers more so than did men, suggesting the men are less sensitive to verbal aggression in their evaluations of political speakers. However, women tended to perceive non-aggressive female speakers as more aggressive than male speakers. Most of these interaction effects were not replicated in Experiment 2.

scholarly journals Variation of Facial Soft Tissue Thickness in Nepalese Adult Orthodontic Subjects

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 22-28
Author(s):  
Ravi Kumar Mahto ◽  
Dashrath Kafle ◽  
Pankaj Kumar Singh ◽  
Sonika Khanal ◽  
Siddhartha Khanal
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Tissue Thickness ◽  
Facial Soft Tissue ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Skeletal Class ◽  
Skeletal Malocclusion ◽  
Soft Tissue Thickness ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Female Subjects

Introduction: Variations in facial soft tissue thickness have been established previously by studies conducted in different population. Hence, it is essential to obtain facial soft tissue thickness measurement data specific to a population and develop individual standards. The objective of this research is to obtain facial soft tissue thickness data of Nepalese adult male and female subjects seeking orthodontic treatment with different sagittal skeletal malocclusion and evaluate variations in facial soft tissue thickness. Materials & Method: Facial soft tissue thicknesses was measured manually on ninety pretreatment lateral cephalogram at eleven points (Glabella, Nasion, Rhinion, Subnasale, Labrale superius, Stomion, Labrale inferius, Labiomentale, Pogonion,Gnathion and Menton). One-way Analysis of variances [one-way ANOVA] followed by Least significant difference (LSD) post hoc test was used to determine difference in facial soft tissue thickness measurements among three sagittal skeletal group for both sexes. In addition, Student’s t-test was used to find difference in facial soft tissue thickness between the male and female subjects in each skeletal Class. Result: Statistically significant differences were found at points Rhinion, Subnasale, Labrale superius, Stomion and Gnathion in males and at Subnasale, Labrale superius, Stomion and Labrale inferius in females while comparing facial soft tissue thickness among three sagittal skeletal classes. Also, it was observed that mean facial soft tissue thickness was greater for males as compared to female subjects with significant differences at Subnasale, Labrale superius, and Labrale inferius in each skeletal Class. Conclusion: Facial soft tissue thickness varies considerably among different population group, sex and sagittal relationship of jaws.

scholarly journals Hockey Concussion Education Project, Part 1. Susceptibility-weighted imaging study in male and female ice hockey players over a single season

2014 ◽  
Vol 120 (4) ◽  
pp. 864-872 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl G. Helmer ◽  
Ofer Pasternak ◽  
Eli Fredman ◽  
Ronny I. Preciado ◽  
Inga K. Koerte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ice Hockey ◽  
Susceptibility Weighted Imaging ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Hockey Players ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Female Subjects

Object Concussion, or mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), is a commonly occurring sports-related injury, especially in contact sports such as hockey. Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs), which appear as small, hypointense lesions on T2*-weighted images, can result from TBI. The authors use susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) to automatically detect small hypointensities that may be subtle signs of chronic and acute damage due to both subconcussive and concussive injury. The goal was to investigate how the burden of these hypointensities changes over time, over a playing season, and postconcussion, in comparison with subjects who did not suffer a medically observed and diagnosed concussion. Methods Images were obtained in 45 university-level adult male and female ice hockey players before and after a single Canadian Interuniversity Sports season. In addition, 11 subjects (5 men and 6 women) underwent imaging at 72 hours, 2 weeks, and 2 months after concussion. To identify subtle changes in brain tissue and potential CMBs, nonvessel clusters of hypointensities on SWI were automatically identified, and a hypointensity burden index was calculated for all subjects at the beginning of the season (BOS), the end of the season (EOS), and at postconcussion time points (where applicable). Results A statistically significant increase in the hypointensity burden, relative to the BOS, was observed for male subjects with concussions at the 2-week postconcussion time point. A smaller, nonsignificant rise in the burden for female subjects with concussions was also observed within the same time period. There were no significant changes in burden for nonconcussed subjects of either sex between the BOS and EOS time points. However, there was a statistically significant difference in the burden between male and female subjects in the nonconcussed group at both the BOS and EOS time points, with males having a higher burden. Conclusions This method extends the utility of SWI from the enhancement and detection of larger (> 5 mm) CMBs, which are often observed in more severe cases of TBI, to cases involving smaller lesions in which visual detection of injury is difficult. The hypointensity burden metric proposed here shows statistically significant changes over time in the male subjects. A smaller, nonsignificant increase in the burden metric was observed in the female subjects.

scholarly journals THE RELATIONSHIP OF CERVICAL VERTEBRAL MATURATION (CVM) STAGE AND ANTEROPOSTERIOR FACIAL DIMENSIONS IN INDONESIAN POPULATION

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 66
Author(s):  
MAHINDRA AWWALUDIN ROMDLON ◽  
Setiadi W Logamarta ◽  
Yulia Anggraeni
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Vertebrae ◽  
T Test ◽  
Growth Spurt ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Bone Maturation ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Face ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
Female Subjects

Background: Growth and development are two different but interrelated and difficult to separate factors. The growth spurt in boys is different from girls. Facial growth is closely related to overall body growth, one of which is the growth of the cervical vertebrae. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the anteroposterior dimensions of the face based on the maturation levels of cervical vertebrae in 12-14 years old children. Method: Quantitative research using an analytic observational method with a cross-sectional approach was conducted on 21 boys and 21 girls. Measurement of anteroposterior facial length (S-A' and PTM-A) and assessment of cervical vertebral bone maturation level using the Hassel and Farman method. Results: Independent t-test results showed that there was a significant difference (p <0.05) in facial length (S-A') between male and female subjects at all maturation levels of cervical vertebrae. There was a significant difference (p <0.05) in facial length (S-A') based on the maturation level of the cervical vertebrae (CVMS) in male subjects. Independent t-test results showed that there was a significant difference in facial length (PTM-A) based on the maturation level of cervical vertebrae in female subjects (p <0.05). Conclusion: There was a difference in facial length (S-A ') between male and female subjects at all maturation levels of the cervical vertebrae. There is a difference in facial length (S-A') based on the maturation level of the cervical vertebrae (CVMS) in male subjects. There are differences in anteroposterior facial length (PTM-A) based on the maturation level of the cervical vertebrae in female subjects. There is a relationship between the maturation level of the cervical vertebrae with the anteroposterior dimensions of the face S-A' and PTM-A in male subjects.

Concentrations of ionic, total, and bound fluoride in plasma.

1979 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 523-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Singer ◽  
R H Ophaug
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Older Age ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Ionic Fluoride ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Female Subjects

Abstract We found no significant difference between the means for ionic, bound, and total fluoride concentrations in the plasma of male and female subjects of the same age, living in a community with fluoridated water. When results for the 264 fasting subjects were therefore combined according to age, they indicated that persons over 60 years of age have a significantly higher mean ionic (3.89 mumol/L) and total (6.58 mumol/L) fluoride concentration in plasma than do younger age groups. For younger age groups, means ranged from 2.74 to 3.05 mumol/L for ionic fluoride and from 4.74 to 5.58 mumol/L for total. The bound fluoride concentration was lower in individuals 21 to 30 years of age (1.89 mumol/L) than in older age groups (for whom means ranged from 2.42 to 2.68 mumol/L), but was not significantly different from that of individuals who were younger (2.21 mumol/L). A tendency for the mean ionic fluoride concentration to increase with age was noted, but the concentration was significantly higher than the preceding decade group only in those persons over 60 years of age.

Magnitude-Estimation Scaling of Speech Intelligibility: Effects of Listeners' Experience and Semantic-Syntactic Context

1991 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 295-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee W. Ellis ◽  
Donald J. Fucci
Keyword(s):  
Magnitude Estimation ◽  
Speech Intelligibility ◽  
Previous Experience ◽  
Speech Language Pathologists ◽  
Extensive Experience ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Syntactic Context

Fifteen speech-language pathologists with extensive experience judging speakers' intelligibility and 15 control subjects with no such previous experience provided magnitude-estimation responses for two sets of nine audiotaped speech samples. These samples were three utterances composed of a group of 17 words that contained all the consonant phonemes of English. These words were arranged to form a set of either meaningful or nonsense utterances. Nine separate versions of both the meaningful and nonsense utterances were created by systematically increasing the number of phonemes produced incorrectly on each of the nine recordings. The analysis indicated no significant difference between the magnitude-estimation scaling responses of experienced and inexperienced listeners. A significant over-all difference was found for listeners' responses to meaningful versus nonsense utterances. The advantages of magnitude-estimation scaling as a measure of speakers' intelligibility are discussed.

scholarly journals Analysis of Facial Height between Prepubertal and Postpubertal Subjects in Rivers State, Nigeria

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
B. O. Akinbami ◽  
Mark Ikpeama
Keyword(s):  
Normal Growth ◽  
Craniofacial Growth ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Facial Height ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Rivers State ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Female Subjects

Background. Appropriate craniofacial growth is vital both for aesthesis and normal growth of the brain. Cranial indices and facial heights are relevant parameters that are useful for anthropometric analyses of the growth of the entire craniofacial skeletal complex. The aim of this study was to determine differences in facial heights between prepubertal and postpubertal subjects. Method. The study consists of four hundred subjects, two hundred males and two hundred females who were selected at random on the ages ranging 12–16 and 17–25 years and were categorized into prepubertal and postpubertal. The facial parameters that were measured were upper facial height, lower facial height, and posterior facial height. Result. There was no significant difference found in the upper facial height between prepubertal and postpubertal females (). Conclusion. This study has shown that facial parameters are sexually dimorphic between male and female subjects and that male facial dimension was significantly higher than that of females. Also, it has been established that prepubertal subjects had higher facial dimension compared to corresponding postpubertal subjects.

scholarly journals Study of Anxiety, Stress and Depression among Flood Affected People in Kashmir Valley

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. R. Sankar ◽  
Wani M. Amin
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Research Paper ◽  
T Test ◽  
Kashmir Valley ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Stress Scale ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Anxiety Depression ◽  
Female Subjects

This research paper is an attempt to study the level of anxiety, stress and depression among flood affected people in Kashmir valley. This study is based on sample of 100 subjects divided into two equal groups (male and female) selected through sample random sampling. The level of anxiety, stress and depression were measured by anxiety, depression and stress scale (ADSS-BSPSA) developed by Pallavi Bhatnagar et al., Department of Psychology Lucknow University. Mean, S.D, SED and t-test were applied for data analysis. The results reveal that the significant difference was found between the male and female subjects in respect to anxiety, stress and depression scores. Significant difference was found at 0.05 and 0.01 levels respectively.

Perceptual Judgment of Voice Pitch during Pitch-Matching Tasks

2002 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 967-974 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianne Schueller ◽  
Donald Fucci ◽  
Z. S. Bond
Keyword(s):  
Perceptual Judgment ◽  
Speech Language Pathology ◽  
Voice Pitch ◽  
Pitch Range ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Speaker ◽  
Pitch Matching ◽  
Group I ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Language Pathology

This study investigated the perceptual judgment of voice pitch. 24 individuals were assigned to two groups to assess whether there is a difference in perceptual judgment of voice during pitch-matching tasks. Group I, Naïve listeners, had no previous experience in anatomy, physiology, or voice pitch-evaluation methods. Group II, Experienced listeners, were master's level speech-language pathologists having completed academic training in evaluation of voice. Both groups listened to identical stimuli, which required matching audiotaped voice-pitch samples of a male and female voice to a note on an electronic keyboard. The experiment included two tasks. The first task assessed pitch range, which required marching of the lowest and highest voice pitch of both a male and female speaker singing /a/ to a note on a keyboard. The second task assessed habitual pitch, which required matching of the voice pitch of a word spoken by a male and female speaker to a note on a keyboard. A one-way analysis of variance indicated a significant difference between groups occurred for only one of four conditions measured, perceptual judgment of the female pitch range. No differences between groups were found in the perceptual judgments of the male pitch range or during perceptual judgment of the female or male habitual pitch, suggesting that the skill possessed by speech-language pathology students is no different from that of inexperienced listeners.

scholarly journals Three-Dimensional Evaluation of Maxillary Sinus Changes in Growing Subjects: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cinzia Maspero ◽  
Marco Farronato ◽  
Francesca Bellincioni ◽  
Alessandro Annibale ◽  
Jacopo Machetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Maxillary Sinus ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Wilcoxon Test ◽  
Pairwise Comparisons ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Statistical Significant Difference ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Female Subjects

This study aims to evaluate changes of maxillary sinuses in growing subjects. Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) scans of 146 patients were divided according to gender and age (6–8, 9–11, 12–14 years old). Left, right and total maxillary sinus volume (MSV-R, MSV-L, MSV-Tot) and surface (MSS-R, MSS-L, MSS-Tot), left and right linear maximum width (LMW-L, LMW-R), depth (LMD-R, LMD-L) and height (LMH-R, LMH-R) were calculated using Mimics Research 22. Kruskal–Wallis Test and showed a statistically significant increase in both genders for all variables. Pairwise comparisons in females are always statistically significant in: LMH-R, LMH-R, MSS-Tot, MSV-Tot. All other variables showed a statistical significant increase between 9–11 and 12–14, and between 6–8 and 12–14 age groups, apart from LMSW-R, LMSW-L, LMSD-R, LMSD-L between 6–8 and 12–14 age groups. Pairwise comparisons in males are always and only statistically significant between 9–11 and 12–14, and between 6–8 and 12–14 groups. Symmetrical measurements (right and left) evaluated using Wilcoxon test retrieved no statistical significant difference. Comparisons between measurements on male and female subjects using Mann–Whitney test showed a statistical significant difference in 6–8 years group in MSV-R, MSV-L and MSV-Tot, and in 12–14 age group in MSV-R, MSV-L, MSV-Tot, MSS-r, MSS-l, MSS-Tot, MSW-R, MSW-L, MSD-R, MSD-L. Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) assessing inter-operator and intra-operator concordance retrieved excellent results for all variables. It appears that maxillary sinus growth resembles the differential peak of growth in male and female subjects. Sinuses starts to develop early in female subjects. However, in the first and last age group female sinuses are statistically significantly smaller compared to male ones. In male subjects, sinus growth occurs mainly between the second and third age group whilst in female subjects it starts between the first and second age group and continues between the second and the last. Sinus has a vertical development during the peak of growth, which is the main reason for its increase in volume.

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