The Bizarreness Effect and Individual Differences in Imaging Ability

2002 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 533-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Toyota
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Target Word ◽  
Mental Imagery ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Sentence Frame ◽  
Bizarreness Effect ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Target Words

The bizarreness effect refers to the superior performance in recall of bizarre sentences as compared to common sentences. The subjects studied each target word and in Exp. 1 rated its congruity with its sentence frame. In Exp. 2 they rated the vividness of the image for each sentence frame in which it was included. Four types of sentence frames were provided: bizarre image sentences, bizarre nonimage sentences, common image sentences, and common nonimage sentences. Good imagers and poor imagers were assessed on the Questionnaire Upon Mental Imagery. Both experiments showed that good imagers recalled target words in bizarre image sentences better than target words in common image sentences A difference between the two sentence types was not observed for poor imagers. The differences between bizarre nonimage sentences and common nonimage sentences were not found for both type of imagers. The results were interpreted as showing that a difference in imaging ability was critical for the occurrence of a bizarreness effect.

Individual Differences in Skilled Performance following Imagery of Bilateral Skill

1982 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 771-780 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul E. Turner ◽  
Robert M. Kohl ◽  
Larry W. Morris
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Mental Imagery ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dominant Hand ◽  
Eysenck Personality Inventory ◽  
Skilled Performance ◽  
Pursuit Tracking ◽  
Practice Trials ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Better Than

The present study examined individual differences related to imagery about bilateral skill. 100 males were pretested on the Betts and Gordon scales for competency of imagery and the Eysenck Personality Inventory (to assess introversion-extraversion), and randomly assigned to an experimental or control group. Experimental subjects were given 15 30-sec. sessions performing rotary pursuit, 5 min. rest, and 15 30-sec. trials with the non-dominant hand. Controls received identical treatment but recited the multiplication table instead of generating mental imagery. As expected, skill imagery facilitated bilateral transfer of pursuit tracking. Limited support for competency in generating imagery as a prerequisite for effective imagery of one skill was given only to the extent that subjects who could control imagery, practiced mental imagery, and were given 10 to 15 physical practice trials, performed better than those with less control. Contrary to prediction, there was no evidence of personality effects either in correlations of personality scores with performance or in a post hoc analysis of variance in which subjects were assigned to treatment versus control and extravert versus introvert groups.

Reactivity of Judgments of Learning in a Levels-of-Processing Paradigm

2020 ◽  
Vol 228 (4) ◽  
pp. 278-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eylul Tekin ◽  
Henry L. Roediger
Keyword(s):  
Target Word ◽  
Paired Associate ◽  
Judgments Of Learning ◽  
Paired Associate Learning ◽  
Levels Of Processing ◽  
Pleasantness Rating ◽  
Associate Learning ◽  
Counting Task ◽  
Reactive Effect ◽  
Target Words

Abstract. Recent studies have shown that judgments of learning (JOLs) are reactive measures in paired-associate learning paradigms. However, evidence is scarce concerning whether JOLs are reactive in other paradigms. In old/new recognition experiments, we investigated the reactivity effects of JOLs in a levels-of-processing (LOP) paradigm. In Experiments 1 and 2, for each word, subjects saw a yes/no orienting question followed by the target word and a response. Then, they either did or did not make a JOL. The yes/no questions were about target words’ appearances, rhyming properties, or category memberships. In Experiment 3, for each word, subjects gave a pleasantness rating or counted the letter “e ”. Our results revealed that JOLs enhanced recognition across all orienting tasks in Experiments 1 and 2, and for the e-counting task in Experiment 3. This reactive effect was salient for shallow tasks, attenuating – but not eliminating – the LOP effect after making JOLs. We conclude that JOLs are reactive in LOP paradigms and subjects encode words more effectively when providing JOLs.

Large-Scale Demonstration Experiment of Mental Imagery Ability

1993 ◽  
Vol 76 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1089-1090 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Richard Ferraro
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Mental Imagery ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Introductory Psychology Class ◽  
Imagery Ability ◽  
Psychology Class ◽  
Demonstration Experiment ◽  
And Gender

The present article describes a demonstration experiment used in a large introductory psychology class pertaining to mental imagery ability. The experiment is effective in providing a concrete instance of mental imagery as well as an effective discussion regarding individual differences and gender differences in imagery ability.

scholarly journals Injection-rolling nozzle in an imprint system with continuous injection direct rolling for ultra-thin microstructure guide light plate

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 168781402110112
Author(s):  
Yan Lou ◽  
Kewei Chen ◽  
Xiangwei Zhou ◽  
Yanfeng Feng
Keyword(s):  
Flow Velocity ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Light Transmittance ◽  
Velocity Difference ◽  
Orthogonal Experiments ◽  
Width Direction ◽  
Direct Rolling ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Continuous Injection ◽  
Better Than

A novel Injection-rolling Nozzle (IRN) in an imprint system with continuous injection direct rolling (CIDR) for ultra-thin microstructure polymer guide light plates was developed to achieve uniform flow velocity and temperature at the width direction of the cavity exit. A novel IRN cavity was designed. There are eight of feature parameters of cavity were optimized by orthogonal experiments and numerical simulation. Results show that the flow velocity at the width direction of the IRN outlet can reach uniformity, which is far better than that of traditional cavity. The smallest flow velocity difference and temperature difference was 0.6 mm/s and 0.24 K, respectively. The superior performance of the IRN was verified through a CIDR experiment. Several 0.35-mm thick, 340-mm wide, and 10-m long microstructural Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA) guide light plates were manufactured. The average filling rates of the microgrooves with the aspect ratio 1:3 reached above 93%. The average light transmittance is 88%.

Relationship between the target word form and children’s productions: place of articulation in Consonant-Vowel-Consonant (C1VC2) words in American English

Phonetica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-94
Author(s):  
Katsura Aoyama ◽  
Barbara L. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Target Word ◽  
American English ◽  
English Word ◽  
Word Form ◽  
Single Word ◽  
Place Of Articulation ◽  
Target Words

Abstract The aim of the present study was to investigate relationships between characteristics of children’s target words and their actual productions during the single-word period in American English. Word productions in spontaneous and functional speech from 18 children acquiring American English were analyzed. Consonant sequences in 3,328 consonant-vowel-consonant (C1VC2) target words were analyzed in terms of global place of articulation (labials, coronals, and dorsals). Children’s actual productions of place sequences were compared between target words containing repeated place sequences (e.g., mom, map, dad, not) and target words containing variegated place sequences (e.g., mat, dog, cat, nap). Overall, when the target word contained two consonants at the same global place of articulation (e.g., labial-labial, map; coronal-coronal, not), approximately 50% of children’s actual productions matched consonant place characteristics. Conversely, when the target word consisted of variegated place sequences (e.g., mat, dog, cat, nap), only about 20% of the productions matched the target consonant sequences. These results suggest that children’s actual productions are influenced by their own production abilities as well as by the phonetic forms of target words.

scholarly journals Skill and strategic control

Synthese ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen Fridland
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Mental Imagery ◽  
Sports Psychology ◽  
Mental Practice ◽  
Strategic Control ◽  
Cognitive Representations ◽  
Personal Level ◽  
The Right ◽  
Better Than

AbstractThis paper provides an account of the strategic control involved in skilled action. When I discuss strategic control, I have in mind the practical goals, plans, and strategies that skilled agents use in order to specify, structure, and organize their skilled actions, which they have learned through practice. The idea is that skilled agents are better than novices not only at implementing the intentions that they have but also at forming the right intentions. More specifically, skilled agents are able formulate and modify, adjust and adapt their practical intentions in ways that are appropriate, effective, and flexible given their overall goals. Further, to specify the kind of action plans that are involved in strategic control, I’ll rely on empirical evidence concerning mental practice and mental imagery from sports psychology as well as evidence highlighting the systematic differences in the cognitive representations of skills between experts and non-experts. I’ll claim that, together, this evidence suggests that the intentions that structure skilled actions are practical and not theoretical, that is, that they are perceptual and motor and not abstract, amodal, or linguistic. Importantly, despite their grounded nature, these plans are still personal-level, deliberate, rational states. That is, the practical intentions used to specify and structure skilled actions are best conceived of as higher-order, motor-modal structures, which can be manipulated and used by the agent for the purpose of reasoning, deliberation, decision-making and, of course, the actual online structuring and organizing of action.

Assessment of different selective agar media for enumeration and isolation ofListeriafrom dairy products

1988 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 579-583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas Dominguez ◽  
José Francisco Fernández ◽  
Victor Briones ◽  
José Luis Blanco ◽  
Guillermo Suárez
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Products ◽  
Agar Medium ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Direct Plating ◽  
Selective Agar ◽  
Natural Microflora ◽  
Agar Media ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Better Than

SummaryDifferent selective agar media were compared for the recovery and isolation of five species ofListeriafrom raw milk and cheese. The selective media examined were Beerens medium, MacBride medium and that described by Dominguezet al.(1984) with 6 mg/1 acriflavine, listeria selective agar medium (LSAM), and LSAM with 12 mg/1 acriflavine (LSAM × 2A); a non-selective yeast glucose Lemco agar was included for comparison. When the difference between listeria and the natural microflora of raw milk and cheese was 102cfu/ml, listeria could be isolated by direct plating on all media tested. When it was lower than 103–104cfu/ml, listeria were isolated by direct plating only on LSAM and LSAM × 2A. When the difference was greater than 104cfu/ml, a previous enrichment was necessary to isolate them. LSAM and LSAM × 2A media performed better than the other media tested for isolating listeria by direct plating and improved their isolation from dairy products. This superior performance was evaluated by the ability of these media to support colony formation of different species ofListeriatested, the easy recognition of these colonies from those formed by other microorganisms and by their capacity to inhibit the natural microflora of these foods.

Efficacy of Mental Imagery in Enhancing Mental Rehearsal of Motor Skills

1982 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Dean Ryan ◽  
Jeff Simons
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Style ◽  
Mental Imagery ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Motor Performance ◽  
Visual Images ◽  
Single Session ◽  
Physical Practice ◽  
Mental Rehearsal ◽  
Learning Improvement ◽  
Better Than

To investigate the mental imagery aspect of mental rehearsal, 80 male traffic officers from the California Highway Patrol learned a novel balancing task during a single session. Based on a pretest questionnaire, subjects were categorized as imagers, nonimagers, or occasional imagers and assigned to one of six groups accordingly: imagers asked to use imagery in mental rehearsal, imagers asked to try not to use imagery, nonimagers asked not to use imagery, nonimagers asked to try to use imagery, physical practice, or no practice. It was hypothesized that a person's preferred cognitive style would prove most effective for use in mental rehearsal and that using another style would cause a decrement in learning. Improvement scores indicated no differences between subjects who initially reported typically using imagery and those reported typically not using it, but groups asked to use imagery in mental rehearsal were superior to those asked not to (p<.001). Overall, physical practice was better than the grouped mental rehearsal conditions, and both were better than no practice. Subjects reporting strong visual imagery were superior to those with weak visual images (p<.03), and those reporting strong kinesthetic imagery were superior to those with weak kinesthetic images (p<.03). Regardless of one's typical cognitive style, the use of vivid imagery appears quite important for enhancement of motor performance through mental rehearsal.

scholarly journals A motor imagery during blind action is guided by the same foci of attention as actual performance in a sample comprising females

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 11-16
Author(s):  
Bassem Khalaf
Keyword(s):  
Mental Imagery ◽  
Focus Of Attention ◽  
Direct Role ◽  
Actual Performance ◽  
External Focus ◽  
Deviation Measure ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Internal Focus ◽  
Perceptual Representations ◽  
Better Than

There is strong evidence that focussing on the goal of an action improves performance relative to focussing on the concrete motor behaviours. The current study tests whether blind action guided by imagery relies on the same foci of attention. Thirty female participants took part in an experiment. In each condition there were 20 trials, they were asked to close their eyes and draw a straight line between two landmarks on a graphics tablet. We instructed them, in three conditions, to focus on (1) mental imagery of the goal landmark (external focus of attention), (2) drawing a straight line with the fingers (internal focus), or (3) without a specific focus of attention (control). We tested to what extent these attention instructions affected drawing performance, in terms of both deviations of the participants’ lines from an ideal straight line, and the time it took to complete the line. The study revealed that the manipulation specifically affected the deviation measure and that an external focus of attention was better than an internal focus and the control condition. These findings reveal that that mental imagery during blind action relies on same processes as actual performance. These data give perceptual representations of a direct role in motor control. They will be related to current theories of action control (constrained action hypothesis, ideomotor theories, and dual task accounts).

scholarly journals The effects of increase and variations in time presentations for second language vocabulary learning

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Radina Mohamad Deli
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Target Word ◽  
Vocabulary Learning ◽  
Word Retrieval ◽  
Time Lags ◽  
Order Of Presentation ◽  
Target Words

Barcroft (2007) found opportunities for word retrieval to be advantageous during second language vocabulary learning. This study extended such a finding and investigated the effect of increased time in target-word retrieval for learning new vocabulary in the L2, as well as the effect of presentation orders of different time conditions on word retrieval. The data were obtained from 17 native Arab speakers who attempted to learn 24 new English words by viewing 24 word-picture pairs. Each picture and its corresponding word were viewed with different time lags of 0, 6 and 12 seconds between them in different presentation orders. The results showed that, although the increased time does not positively affect word retrieval, the overall findings correspond to Barcroft’s (2007) view, at least in the case of 6 seconds lag. The results also showed that the production of target words in both the control and retrieval-oriented conditions depend on and vary according to the order of presentation, particularly in the case of 6 seconds lag in which word gain is found to be highest when the lag is presented first and second.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document