Relationships of Awareness to Verbal Learning Efficiency and Meaning Change

1966 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 875-883 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. William Miller
Keyword(s):  
Classical Conditioning ◽  
Factorial Design ◽  
Operant Conditioning ◽  
Verbal Learning ◽  
The Other ◽  
Response Frequency ◽  
Learning Efficiency ◽  
Meaning Change ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Verbal Operant

The general relationship of awareness to learning efficiency was investigated in a 2 × 2 factorial design with 20 Ss in each of four groups. Classical conditioning of meaning and verbal operant conditioning procedures were studied under two sets of instructions: one stated vague experimental purposes and the other, exact purposes. Ss' awareness of experimental procedures and purposes was measured Results indicated that with both classical and operant conditioning change in meaning occurred without awareness by Ss. A classical conditioning explanation of change in meaning was supported, but an operant conditioning explanation of change in terms of response frequency was not strengthened.

Awareness, Verbal Conditioning and Meaning Conditioning

1967 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 681-691 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam W. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Factorial Design ◽  
Operant Conditioning ◽  
Verbal Conditioning ◽  
Empirical Relationships ◽  
Verbal Responses ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Verbal Operant ◽  
Two Independent Variables

Empirical relationships basic to two controversial hypotheses concerning the relationship of awareness to verbal operant conditioning and conditioning of meaning were studied. Experimental procedures integrated the two conditioning processes, systematically varied verbal reinforcements for Ss' verbal responses, measured awareness by questionnaire, and measured rated meaning of nonsense syllables, which had been associated with meaningful words. 15 Ss were assigned to each of six experimental groups in a 2 × 3 factorial design. The two independent variables involved variations in reinforcement of (a) word responses and (b) awareness statements. Results supported four hypotheses: (1) Conditioning of meaning and verbal operant conditioning can occur together. (2) Awareness statements are operantly conditionable. (3) Verbal reinforcements can be arranged to produce either covariation of awareness statements and verbal conditioning or lack of covariation. (4) Awareness statements during conditioning relate significantly to awareness measured by postconditioning questionnaire. Also, questionnaire awareness is unrelated to conditioning of meaning.

Failure and its Relationship to the Social Facilitation Effect: Evidence for a Learned Drive Interpretation of the Social Facilitation Effect

1978 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 823-829 ◽  
Author(s):  
John P. Lombardo ◽  
John F. Catalano
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
Classical Conditioning ◽  
Factorial Design ◽  
Social Facilitation ◽  
Motor Task ◽  
The Other ◽  
Facilitation Effect ◽  
The Social ◽  
Complex Motor ◽  
Drive Effect

Social facilitation theory states that an audience functions as a conditioned stimulus for generalized drive and that this drive effect is learned through classical conditioning. In the present study an attempt was made to condition classically an aversive drive to an audience by having a subject fail a task in front of an audience. A sample of 61 subjects took part in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Half of the subjects did not perform a first task but only a complex motor task. Half of these subjects performed in the presence of an audience, half without an audience present. Of those subjects exposed to failure on the first task, half performed a second complex motor task in the presence of the same audience. Results indicated that performance of subjects who failed a first task in the presence of an audience and then performed the second task in the presence of that audience was significantly poorer than all of the other groups. The findings were taken as evidence that the social facilitation effect may be based on an aversive learned drive.

Awareness, Social Deprivation and Verbal Operant Conditioning for Adults

1970 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 893-894 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Miller ◽  
Randolph Hood
Keyword(s):  
Factorial Design ◽  
Operant Conditioning ◽  
Social Deprivation ◽  
Sentence Construction ◽  
Verbal Operant

In a 2 × 2 × 5 factorial design the effects of social deprivation and reinforcement upon Taffel sentence construction were studied for 40 adults. Only reinforced Ss conditioned, and of them both aware and unaware Ss conditioned. Social deprivation did not affect conditioning or awareness.

scholarly journals Two Factors in Face Recognition: Whether You Know the Person’s Face and Whether You Share the Person’s Race

Perception ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 030100662110140
Author(s):  
Xingchen Zhou ◽  
A. M. Burton ◽  
Rob Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Face Recognition ◽  
Factorial Design ◽  
Performance Measures ◽  
Recognition Accuracy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Familiarity Effect ◽  
Race Effect ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Unfamiliar Face

One of the best-known phenomena in face recognition is the other-race effect, the observation that own-race faces are better remembered than other-race faces. However, previous studies have not put the magnitude of other-race effect in the context of other influences on face recognition. Here, we compared the effects of (a) a race manipulation (own-race/other-race face) and (b) a familiarity manipulation (familiar/unfamiliar face) in a 2 × 2 factorial design. We found that the familiarity effect was several times larger than the race effect in all performance measures. However, participants expected race to have a larger effect on others than it actually did. Face recognition accuracy depends much more on whether you know the person’s face than whether you share the same race.

scholarly journals On Newcomb's method of investigating periodicities and its application to Brückner's weather cycle

1914 ◽  
Vol 90 (619) ◽  
pp. 349-355
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Radiation ◽  
The Other ◽  
New Method ◽  
Critical Examination ◽  
Numerical Work ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Great Simplicity

During the last few years of his life Prof. Simon Newcomb was keenly interested in the problem of periodicities, and devised a new method for their investigation. This method is explained, and to some extent applied, in a paper entitled "A Search for Fluctuations in the Sun's Thermal Radiation through their Influence on Terrestrial Temperature." The importance of the question justifies a critical examination of the relationship of the older methods to that of Newcomb, and though I do not agree with his contention that his process gives us more than can be obtained from Fourier's analysis, it has the advantage of great simplicity in its numerical work, and should prove useful in a certain, though I am afraid, very limited field. Let f ( t ) represent a function of a variable which we may take to be the time, and let the average value of the function be zero. Newcomb examines the sum of the series f ( t 1 ) f ( t 1 + τ) + f ( t 2 ) f ( t 2 + τ) + f ( t 3 ) f ( t 3 + τ) + ..., where t 1 , t 2 , etc., are definite values of the variable which are taken to lie at equal distances from each other. If the function be periodic so as to repeat itself after an interval τ, the products are all squares and each term is positive. If, on the other hand, the periodic time be 2τ, each product will be negative and the sum itself therefore negative. It is easy to see that if τ be varied continuously the sum of the series passes through maxima and minima, and the maxima will indicated the periodic time, or any of its multiples.

Loss of Spatial Orientation, Constructional Apraxia and Gerstmann'S Syndrome

1944 ◽  
Vol 90 (380) ◽  
pp. 753-760 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Stengel
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Orientation ◽  
Parietal Lobe ◽  
The Other ◽  
Angular Gyrus ◽  
Dominant Hemisphere ◽  
Comprehensive Description ◽  
War Injuries ◽  
Constructional Apraxia ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Gerstmann’S Syndrome

In recent years important additions to the knowledge of the symptomatology in cases with involvement of the parietal lobe have been made. Both constructional apraxia (Kleist, 1922) and Gerstmann's syndrome, consisting of finger-agnosia, disturbance of right-left orientation, agraphia and acalculia (1924) have been related to lesions of the angular gyrus of the dominant hemisphere. Before the description of those symptoms, a loss of spatial orientation had been described in cases with lesions of the same localization. Balint (1910), Riddoch (1917), and others had observed that symptom in single cases, but the most comprehensive description was given by Gordon Holmes (1918), who studied it in a case-material of war injuries. When Holmes and his co-workers published their observations, constructional apraxia and Gerstmann's syndrome were still unknown. Loss of spatial orientation as a fully developed symptom is rare, while the other two disorders are not uncommon. For this reason the psychopathological relationship of those symptoms is still insufficiently understood. The following case offers an opportunity for studying the problem:

scholarly journals Physical Activity and Psychological Well-Being: Testing Alternative Sociological Interpretations

1990 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 329-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
William McTeer ◽  
James E. Curtis
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Social Interaction ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Other ◽  
Positive Zero ◽  
Psychological Well Being ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

This study examines the relationship between physical activity in sport and feelings of well-being, testing alternative interpretations of the relationship between these two variables. It was expected that there would be positive relationships between physical activity on the one hand and physical fitness, feelings of well-being, social interaction in the sport and exercise environment, and socioeconomic status on the other hand. It was also expected that physical fitness, social interaction, and socioeconomic status would be positively related to psychological well-being. Further, it was expected that any positive zero-order relationship of physical activity and well-being would be at least in part a result of the conjoint effects of the other variables. The analyses were conducted separately for the male and female subsamples of a large survey study of Canadian adults. The results, after controls, show a modest positive relationship of physical activity and well-being for males but no such relationship for females. The predicted independent effects of the control factors obtained for both males and females. Interpretations of the results are discussed.

Relationship of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties in Er-Containing Aluminum Alloy

2015 ◽  
Vol 1120-1121 ◽  
pp. 1109-1114
Author(s):  
Xin Lei ◽  
Hui Huang ◽  
S.P. Wen
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Aluminum Alloy ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Mg Alloys ◽  
The Other ◽  
Heat Treatment Process ◽  
Comprehensive Performance ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Al Mg Alloys

This study investigated the mechanical properties and microstructures of Er-containing Al–Mg alloys. The research found that the H114-T sheet of Er-containing Al–Mg alloys showed a relative good comprehensive performance in mechanical properties. With the special rolling and heat treatment process, this H114-T sheet showed different morphology of microstructures with the other sheets in Er-containing Al–Mg alloys. Grains in H114-T sheet performed irregular shape polygon, a number of subgrains appeared in grains, the amount of dislocations in grains decreased. H114-T sheet possessed a lot of Copper texture, this may be one of important factors influenced the mechanical properties.

618. Host-phage relationship of cheese starter organisms: I. Interaction of phage races with a strain of Streptococcus lactis and its lysogenic and resistant derivatives

1956 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Czulak ◽  
Jill Naylor
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Strain ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Secondary Growth ◽  
The Other ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Streptococcus Lactis ◽  
Lysogenic Culture ◽  
Relationship Of

A lysogenic culture, prepared in the laboratory from a strain of Streptococcus lactis, was used as a cheese starter in commercial factories. It was attacked in turn by two other unrelated phage races. The lysogenic condition, which involved slight morphological and physiological changes, persisted in the subsequent forms resistant to one or both the new phage races. Acquired resistance to any one of the three phages did not protect the culture from the other two phages.In nature such interactions between phage races and lactic acid bacteria must be constantly taking place, giving rise to similarly related strains.Two of the three phage races produced spreading haloes around their plaques due to a lysin released during phage action. The lysin may also interfere with the survival of secondary growth after attack by these phage races. Production of this type of lysin is thus a property of the phage race and not of the bacterial strain.

Verbal operant conditioning of hospitalized psychiatric patients.

1969 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 454-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Drennen ◽  
William Gallman ◽  
Gene Sausser
Keyword(s):  
Operant Conditioning ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Verbal Operant
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