Toward the Development of a Screening Scale for Assertive Training

1971 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry D. Bates ◽  
Saundra F. Zimmerman
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Behavior Therapy ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Test Items ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
Test Retest Reliability ◽  
Screening Scale ◽  
Assertive Training

A self-report scale was designed to select constricted (non-assertive) candidates for Assertive Training. Test items sampled stimulus persons, situations, and overt and covert responses. The scale was administered to 600 college students to assess reliability and validity. Coefficients of internal consistency and test-retest reliability were of acceptable magnitude. Constriction scores were related to, but distinct from, measures of dominance, deference, and autonomy. Constriction was positively associated with measures of neuroticism and fear and negatively related to extraversion and affiliation scores. Self-reports of satisfaction from environmental stimuli were inversely related to constriction scores. The assumption that constricted individuals are more compliant to external demands than their more assertive peers was supported by the finding that scholastic grades are a function of constriction level. Directions for future research and implications for behavior therapy are discussed.

scholarly journals Anxiety Symptoms Questionnaire (ASQ): development and validation

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. e100144
Author(s):  
Amanda Baker ◽  
Naomi Simon ◽  
Aparna Keshaviah ◽  
Amy Farabaugh ◽  
Thilo Deckersbach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Anxiety Symptoms ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Retest Reliability ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Clinical Control ◽  
Test Retest Reliability

BackgroundThe Anxiety Symptoms Questionnaire (ASQ) is a brief self-report questionnaire which measures frequency and intensity of symptoms and was developed to improve assessment of anxiety symptoms in a clinical setting. We examined the reliability and validity of the ASQ in patients with anxiety disorders and/or depression, non-clinical control subjects and college students.Methods240 outpatients with generalised anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder or major depressive disorder were administered the ASQ and additional questionnaires measuring depression and anxiety, as were 111 non-clinical control subjects and 487 college students. Factor analysis, Pearson’s correlation coefficients and logistic regression were used to assess reliability and validity. Test–retest reliability of the ASQ was measured using a subset who were re-administered the ASQ after 4 weeks.ResultsFactor analysis revealed measurement of a single dimension by the ASQ. Internal consistency and test–retest reliability were strong. The ASQ total score also significantly distinguished patients with an anxiety disorder from the clinical controls above and beyond the clinician-rated Hamilton Anxiety Scale.ConclusionsThe ASQ is a valid, reliable and effective self-rated measure of anxiety and may be a useful tool for screening and assessing anxiety symptoms in psychiatric as well as college settings.

Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale Screener Ratings in College Students: Concurrent Validity and Test–Retest Reliability

2021 ◽  
pp. 073428292110343
Author(s):  
Benjamin J. Lovett ◽  
David E. Ferrier ◽  
Tina Wang ◽  
Alexander H. Jordan
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Concurrent Validity ◽  
Adult Adhd ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Retest Reliability ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
Psychometric Data ◽  
Test Retest Reliability

The Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale screener is commonly used to determine if further evaluation of ADHD is required. However, despite use in college settings, the ASRS was not developed for this population, and limited relevant psychometric data exist. In this study, 190 college students completed the ASRS screener as well as a lengthier measure of the 18 DSM symptoms of ADHD. A subgroup ( n = 141) completed the ASRS twice, with at least 1 week in between measures. Concurrent validity of ASRS scores was substantial ( r = 0.73 with DSM inattentive symptoms and r = 0.57 with DSM hyperactive/impulsive symptoms) and test–retest reliability was adequate ( r = 0.69 with an average interval of 42 days). However, the sensitivity of the screener was only moderate (66%), and approximately one-fifth of the students changed screening status (positive vs. negative) across the time interval. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.

Is There a Measurement Crisis in Disgust Research?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Armstrong ◽  
Danica Wilbanks ◽  
Daniel Leong ◽  
Kean J. Hsu
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Clinical Psychology ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Behavioral Therapies ◽  
Cognitive Behavioral Therapies ◽  
Societal Problems ◽  
Test Retest Reliability ◽  
Pathogen Avoidance ◽  
Corrective Information

Once a forgotten emotion, disgust is now studied in fields from evolutionary to clinical psychology. Although highly adaptive as a pathogen avoidance mechanism, disgust is prone to false positives. Indeed, several anxiety-related disorders involve excessive and irrational disgust. Furthermore, disgust resists corrective information, making it difficult to treat through cognitive-behavioral therapies. A deeper understanding of disgust could improve the treatment of mental disorders and other societal problems involving this peculiar emotion. However, researchers may need to improve the measurement of disgust to gain such insights. In this paper, we review psychology’s “measurement crisis” in the context of disgust. We suggest that self-report measures, though optimal in reliability, have compromised validity because the vernacular usage of disgust captures neighboring states of discomfort and disapproval. In addition to potential validity issues, we find that most non-self-report measures of disgust have questionable reliability. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability were rarely reported for psychophysiological and neural measures, but the information available suggests that these measures of disgust have poor reliability and may not support individual difference research crucial to clinical psychology. In light of this assessment, we provide several recommendations for improving the reliability and validity of disgust measurement, including renewed attention to theory.

The Student Risk Screening Scale: A Reliability and Validity Generalization Meta-Analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 143-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen P. Kilgus ◽  
Katie Eklund ◽  
Daniel M. Maggin ◽  
Crystal N. Taylor ◽  
Amanda N. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Internal Consistency ◽  
Externalizing Behavior ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Risk Screening ◽  
Validity Generalization ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Student Risk ◽  
Screening Scale

The purpose of this study was to conduct reliability and validity generalization meta-analyses of evidence regarding the Student Risk Screening Scale (SRSS), a universal screener for externalizing behavior problems. A systematic review of the literature resulted in the identification of 17 studies inclusive of evidence regarding SRSS score (a) internal consistency reliability (i.e., alpha coefficients), and/or (b) criterion-related validity (e.g., correlations between the SRSS and various outcomes). Multilevel meta-analyses indicated that across studies, SRSS scores were associated with adequate internal consistency (α = .83). Analyses further suggested the SRSS was a valid indicator of both social and behavioral outcomes ( r = .52) and academic outcomes ( r = .42). Follow-up analyses suggested that in accordance with theory-driven expectations, the SRSS was a stronger indicator of externalizing problems and broad behavior outcomes relative to alternative outcomes (e.g., internalizing problems). Limitations and directions for future research are discussed, including recommendations for the collection of additional SRSS diagnostic accuracy evidence.

Reliability and Validity of the Ladder Agility Test Among Children

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 370-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bouwien Smits-Engelsman ◽  
Wendy Aertssen ◽  
Emmanuel Bonney
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Motor Coordination ◽  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Test Items ◽  
Explosive Power ◽  
Explained Variance ◽  
Test Retest Reliability

Purpose: This study aimed (1) to evaluate the test–retest reliability of a new agility test among children and (2) to determine the physical performance and anthropometric variables that may influence agility performance in this population. Methods: For aim 1, participants (n = 34) completed the Ladder Agility Test (LAT) twice, with a 2-week interval between the first and second test occasions. For aim 2, participants (n = 125) were assessed on the LAT as well as other measures thought to be necessary for agility such as motor coordination, explosive power of the lower extremity, dynamic balance, age, and body mass index. Results: Intraclass correlation coefficient of the LAT total score was .94 (95% confidence interval, .88–.97). Cronbach alpha of .85 was found between the 4 test items. An R2 of .466 was found to represent the explained variance of the LAT total score by the predicting variables. Dynamic balance (2-legged side jumps) (P < .001), motor coordination (P < .01), and age (P < .06) were found to be the major predictors of the LAT total score. Conclusions: This study shows that the LAT is a reliable and valid field-based test that can be used to evaluate agility performance in children. Factors such as dynamic balance, motor coordination, and age may influence agility performance.

Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the Empathy Quotient

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 911-920 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. LAWRENCE ◽  
P. SHAW ◽  
D. BAKER ◽  
S. BARON-COHEN ◽  
A. S. DAVID
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Reactivity ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Cognitive Empathy ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Reactivity Index ◽  
Empathy Quotient ◽  
Inference Test ◽  
Eyes Task ◽  
Test Retest Reliability ◽  
State Inference

Background. Empathy plays a key role in social understanding, but its empirical measurement has proved difficult. The Empathy Quotient (EQ) is a self-report scale designed to do just that. This series of four studies examined the reliability and validity of the EQ and determined its factor structure.Method. In Study 1, 53 people completed the EQ, Social Desirability Scale (SDS) and a non-verbal mental state inference test, the Eyes Task. In Study 2, a principal components analysis (PCA) was conducted on data from 110 healthy individuals and 62 people reporting depersonalisation (DPD). Approximately 1 year later, Study 3, involved the re-administration of the EQ (n=24) along with the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI; n=28). In the last study, the EQ scores of those with DPD, a condition that includes a subjective lack of empathy, were examined in depth.Results. An association was found between the Eyes task and EQ, and only three EQ items correlated with the SDS. PCA revealed three factors: (1) ‘cognitive empathy’; (2) ‘emotional reactivity’, and (3) ‘social skills’. Test–retest reliability was good and moderate associations were found between the EQ and IRI subscales, suggesting concurrent validity. People with DPD did not show a global empathy deficit, but reported less social competence.Conclusions. The EQ is a valid, reliable scale and the different subscales may have clinical applications.

scholarly journals Determining at What Age Children Provide Sound Self-Reports: An Illustration of the Validity-Index Approach

Assessment ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (7) ◽  
pp. 1604-1618 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith M. Conijn ◽  
Niels Smits ◽  
Esther E. Hartman
Keyword(s):  
Self Report ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Person Fit ◽  
Validity Index ◽  
Index Approach ◽  
Validity Indices ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
Report Data ◽  
Self Report Data

In psychological assessment of children, it is pivotal to establish from what age on self-reports can complement or replace informant reports. We introduce a psychometric approach to estimate the minimum age for a child to produce self-report data that is of similar quality as informant data. The approach makes use of statistical validity indicators such as person-fit and long-string indices, and can be readily applied to data commonly collected in psychometric studies of child measures. We evaluate and illustrate the approach, using self-report and informant-report data of the PedsQL, a pediatric health-related quality of life measure, from 651 child–mother pairs. To evaluate the approach, we tested various hypotheses about the validity of the self-report data, using the [Formula: see text] person-fit index as the validity indicator and the mother informant-data as a benchmark for validity. Results showed that [Formula: see text] discriminated between self-reports of younger and older children, between self-reports of children that completed the PedsQL alone or with a parent, and between self-reports and informant reports. We conclude that the validity-index approach has good potential for future applications. Future research should further evaluate the approach for different types of questionnaires (e.g., personality inventories) and using different validity indices (e.g., response-bias indices).

scholarly journals Assessing Children's Anxiety Using the Modified Short State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and Talking Mats: A Pilot Study

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Nilsson ◽  
Margret Buchholz ◽  
Gunilla Thunberg
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Trait Anxiety ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
State Trait Anxiety Inventory ◽  
Typically Developing Children ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
Study Support ◽  
Children’S Anxiety

Background. Preoperative anxiety complicates treatment and requires assessment by nurses in children. Children, with or without disability, are helped when pictures are used to support communication. The purpose of this pilot study was to test the reliability and validity of the modified short State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) using a modified Talking Mats method in children undergoing day surgeries.Method. A modified short STAI with pictorial support along the lines of the Talking Mats method was pre- and postoperatively administered to 42 typically developing children aged three to nine years. The parents assessed the children’s anxiety, simultaneously and independently, by scoring the short STAI by proxy.Results. The modified short STAI showed moderate internal consistency and good construct validity in the age group seven to nine years.Conclusions. The results of this study support the use of the instrument for self-reports in children aged seven to nine years. Future research will explore the possibilities of also using this instrument for children with cognitive and communicative difficulties.

scholarly journals What Do People With Schizophrenia Do All Day? Ecological Momentary Assessment of Real-World Functioning in Schizophrenia

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Granholm ◽  
Jason L Holden ◽  
Tanya Mikhael ◽  
Peter C Link ◽  
Joel Swendsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Real World ◽  
Ecological Momentary Assessment ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Supported Housing ◽  
Self Report ◽  
New Treatments ◽  
Test Retest Reliability ◽  
Ecological Momentary ◽  
Momentary Assessment

Abstract Schizophrenia is a major cause of disability worldwide. As new treatments for functioning are tested, the need grows to demonstrate real-world functioning gains. Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) may provide a more ecologically valid measure of functioning. In this study, smartphone-based EMA was used to signal participants with schizophrenia (N = 100) and controls (N = 71) 7 times a day for 7 days to respond to brief questionnaires about social interactions and functioning behaviors. Excellent adherence was found, with both groups completing an average of 85% of surveys and only 3% of participants with schizophrenia excluded for poor adherence. Four-week test–retest reliability was high (r = .83 for total productive behaviors). Relative to controls, participants with schizophrenia reported significantly less total productive activity (d = 1.2), fewer social interactions (d = 0.3), more nonproductive behaviors (d = 1.0; watching TV, resting), and more time at home (d = 0.8). Within the schizophrenia group, participants living independently showed better functioning on EMA relative to participants in supported housing (d = 0.8) and participants engaged in vocational activities showed better functioning than individuals not engaged in vocational activities (d = 0.55). Modest correlations were found between EMA and an in-lab self-report measure of functioning activities performed in the community, but not between EMA and measures of functional capacity or potential. This study demonstrated the feasibility, sensitivity reliability, and validity of EMA methods to assess functioning in schizophrenia. EMA provides a much-needed measure of what individuals with schizophrenia are actually doing in real-world contexts. These results also suggest that there may be important disjunctions between indices of abilities and actual real-world functioning.

Descriptive Statistics, Reliability and Validity of a Short Form of Rotter's Locus of Control Scale Given to Iranian College Students

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 229-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reza Shapurian ◽  
Mohammadreza Hojat
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Locus Of Control ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Control Scale ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Iranian Students ◽  
Test Retest Reliability

A short form of Rotter's locus of control scale was administered to two samples of Iranian students. Sample I comprised 305 students in Iranian universities and Sample II consisted of 232 Iranian college students in the USA. Descriptive statistics for each sample are reported. Test-retest reliability over 3 wk. was .84, and the alpha estimates were .82 for both samples. Scores were correlated in expected directions with measures of depression, neuroticism, anxiety, self-esteem, and loneliness.

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