Experimental Manipulation of Acetylcholine Levels in Developing Rat Brain: Neurochemistry and Behavior

1979 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 811-818 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. B. Mathura ◽  
G. W. Meier ◽  
W. A. Himwich
Keyword(s):  
Rat Brain ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Experimental Manipulation ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Dose Response Relationship ◽  
Behavioral Measures ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
And Control ◽  
Developing Rat ◽  
Drug Manipulation

An attempt was made to manipulate experimentally the acetylcholine (ACh) system during rapid development of the rat brain. Developmental periods of ACh manipulated were 2 to 15 days and 15 to 28 days postnatally. The findings showed that the highest level of drug manipulation .75 mg/kg physostigmine and, .025 mg/kg methscopolamine significantly produced the highest level of ACh, lowest activity levels of both acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and choline acetyltransferease (ChAc) as compared to the intermediate, and control doses. This dose-response relationship was obtained in the animals injected over a 15- to 28-day period during the period of maximal growth of the acetylcholine system. These statistically significant differences measured at 24 hr. after injection support the thesis that injections during the critical period of development produce longer lasting effects than if administered at other periods. Behavioral measures, GO:NO-GO discrimination avoidance tasks, were also both significantly related to the highest dose group yet were not differentiated to developmental periods of injections.

Geophysical Variables and Behavior: XI. Open-Field Behaviors in Young Rats Exposed to an ELF Rotating Magnetic Field

1983 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 343-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus-Peter Ossenkopp ◽  
Margitta D. Ossenkopp
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Open Field ◽  
Rotating Magnetic Field ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
And Control

Male and female albino rats 27 days of age were exposed to a 0.5-Hz rotating magnetic field (RMF) (2-30 gauss) for 21 days. Both experimental and control rats were tested in an open-field apparatus prior to imposition of experimental conditions, at 7, 15, and 21 days after the start of the experiment, and a final test occurred 3 days after the magnets were removed from the RMF apparatus. Male rats increased their activity levels and decreased their latency to ambulate in the open field, relative to control rats. The female experimental rats did not differ from controls on these measures. Both male and female RMF-exposed rats defecated less than control rats. Effects on latency and activity were still evident 3 days after removal of the magnets. These results indicate that exposure to a 0.5-Hz RMF makes rats less emotionally reactive to novel situations. It is suggested that these effects may be mediated by an effect of the RMF on the pineal gland.

scholarly journals Lead Exposure: Expression and Activity Levels of Oct-2 in the Developing Rat Brain

2006 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 436-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Bakheet ◽  
Md. R. Basha ◽  
H. Cai ◽  
N. H. Zawia
Keyword(s):  
Rat Brain ◽  
Lead Exposure ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Developing Rat ◽  
Expression And Activity

The parent-offspring microbiome and neurobehavioral development

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey R. Alberts ◽  
Christopher Harshaw ◽  
Gregory E. Demas ◽  
Cara L. Wellman ◽  
Ardythe L. Morrow
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Social Emotional ◽  
Behavioral Measures ◽  
Neurobehavioral Development ◽  
Emotional Function ◽  
Neurobehavioral Outcomes ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
And Behavior

Abstract We identify the significance and typical requirements of developmental analyses of the microbiome-gut-brain (MGB) in parents, offspring, and parent-offspring relations, which have particular importance for neurobehavioral outcomes in mammalian species, including humans. We call for a focus on behavioral measures of social-emotional function. Methodological approaches to interpreting relations between the microbiota and behavior are discussed.

Awakening Children's Minds

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura E. Berk
Keyword(s):  
Adult Child ◽  
Educational Practice ◽  
Private Speech ◽  
Child Rearing ◽  
General Audience ◽  
Educational Environments ◽  
Problem Solving Strategies ◽  
Way Of Thinking ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
And Control

Parents and teachers today face a swirl of conflicting theories about child rearing and educational practice. Indeed, current guides are contradictory, oversimplified, and at odds with current scientific knowledge. Now, in Awakening Children's Minds, Laura Berk cuts through the confusion of competing theories, offering a new way of thinking about the roles of parents and teachers and how they can make a difference in children's lives. This is the first book to bring to a general audience, in lucid prose richly laced with examples, truly state-of-the-art thinking about child rearing and early education. Berk's central message is that parents and teachers contribute profoundly to the development of competent, caring, well-adjusted children. In particular, she argues that adult-child communication in shared activities is the wellspring of psychological development. These dialogues enhance language skills, reasoning ability, problem-solving strategies, the capacity to bring action under the control of thought, and the child's cultural and moral values. Berk explains how children weave the voices of more expert cultural members into dialogues with themselves. When puzzling, difficult, or stressful circumstances arise, children call on this private speech to guide and control their thinking and behavior. In addition to providing clear roles for parents and teachers, Berk also offers concrete suggestions for creating and evaluating quality educational environments--at home, in child care, in preschool, and in primary school--and addresses the unique challenges of helping children with special needs. Parents, Berk writes, need a consistent way of thinking about their role in children's lives, one that can guide them in making effective child-rearing decisions. Awakening Children's Minds gives us the basic guidance we need to raise caring, thoughtful, intelligent children.

The Oxford Handbook of Ethics of AI

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
International Human Rights Law ◽  
Human Knowledge ◽  
Human Rights Law ◽  
Ai Ethics ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Control Complex

This book explores the intertwining domains of artificial intelligence (AI) and ethics—two highly divergent fields which at first seem to have nothing to do with one another. AI is a collection of computational methods for studying human knowledge, learning, and behavior, including by building agents able to know, learn, and behave. Ethics is a body of human knowledge—far from completely understood—that helps agents (humans today, but perhaps eventually robots and other AIs) decide how they and others should behave. Despite these differences, however, the rapid development in AI technology today has led to a growing number of ethical issues in a multitude of fields, ranging from disciplines as far-reaching as international human rights law to issues as intimate as personal identity and sexuality. In fact, the number and variety of topics in this volume illustrate the width, diversity of content, and at times exasperating vagueness of the boundaries of “AI Ethics” as a domain of inquiry. Within this discourse, the book points to the capacity of sociotechnical systems that utilize data-driven algorithms to classify, to make decisions, and to control complex systems. Given the wide-reaching and often intimate impact these AI systems have on daily human lives, this volume attempts to address the increasingly complicated relations between humanity and artificial intelligence. It considers not only how humanity must conduct themselves toward AI but also how AI must behave toward humanity.

scholarly journals Real-World Implementation of an ICT-Based Platform to Promote Energy Efficiency

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 2416
Author(s):  
Marina Dorokhova ◽  
Fernando Ribeiro ◽  
António Barbosa ◽  
João Viana ◽  
Filipe Soares ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Real World ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Horizon 2020 ◽  
Flexible Devices ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Energy Consuming ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
And Control

The energy efficiency requirements of most energy-consuming sectors have increased recently in response to climate change. For buildings, this means targeting both facility managers and building users with the aim of identifying potential energy savings and encouraging more energy-responsible behaviors. The Information and Communication Technology (ICT) platform developed in Horizon 2020 FEEdBACk project intends to fulfill these goals by enabling the optimization of energy consumption, generation, and storage and control of flexible devices without compromising comfort levels and indoor air quality parameters. This work aims to demonstrate the real-world implementation and functionality of the ICT platform composed of Load Disaggregation, Net Load Forecast, Occupancy Forecast, Automation Manager, and Behavior Predictor applications. Particularly, the results obtained by individual applications during the test phase are presented alongside the specific metrics used to evaluate their performance.

Regulation of tubulin by triiodothyronine in hypothyroid rat brain

1985 ◽  
Vol 5 (8) ◽  
pp. 643-648 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anjana Mazumder ◽  
Kamal Das ◽  
Pranab K. Sarkar
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Rat Brain ◽  
Brain Maturation ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Neonatal Brain ◽  
Organ Cultures ◽  
Postnatal Brain ◽  
Enhanced Sensitivity ◽  
Brain Exposure ◽  
Developing Rat

The effect of T3 (triiodothyronine) on the induction of tubulin in hypothyroid developing rat brain has been examined using organ cultures of brains from late fetal, neonatal and postnatalrats. The neonatal brain displayed maximum sensitivity to T3. Hypothyroidism resulted in a 26% decline in the level of tubulin in the neonatal brain as opposed to a 5–15% decline in the fetal or postnatal brain. Exposure of the hypothyroi d neonatal brain to T3 for 2 h in culture led to a 61% rise in the level of tubulin in contrast to a 41% increase seen in the case of normal brain. Total protein synthesis was not significantly affected. The preferential decline of tubulin in the neonatal hypothyroid brain, its enhanced sensitivity to T3 compared to normal brain, and the coincidence of the period of sensitivity to that of brain maturation indicate that the regulation of the level of tubulin by T3 in the developing brain is a natural ontogenic phenomenon.

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