Impact on Simulated Jurors of Testimony as a Function of Non-Evidential Characteristics of Witness and Defendant

1980 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 343-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor M. Catano
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Factorial Design ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Relevant Research ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
The Impact

The impact on jurors' decision making of the non-evidential characteristics of witnesses' and defendant's attractiveness and the agreement of their testimony was explored in a 2 × 2 × 2 between-subjects factorial design. 48 undergraduates read a summary of a courtroom trial in which an eyewitness, who was either a professional (High Attractive) or laborer (Low Attractive), either agreed or disagreed with the testimony of a defendant whose character had been assessed positively (High Attractive) or negatively (Low Attractive). Dependent variables were subjects' verdicts and confidence in the witnesses' and defendant's testimony. Conflict in testimony between the witness and defendant led to higher ratings of guilt but lowered the subject's confidence in the testimony of both. A significant interaction of witness × defendant × testimony showed that ratings of guilt decreased when a witness testified against a defendant who was dissimilar in attractiveness; an unattractive witness supporting an attractive defendant also reduced assessment of guilt but an attractive witness who testified for an unattractive defendant increased findings of guilt. Results were discussed in the context of relevant research involving simulated jurors.

Effect of Witnesses' Expertness and Manner of Delivery of Testimony on Verdicts of Simulated Jurors

1978 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 955-961 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kurt Ludwig ◽  
Gary Fontaine
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Factorial Design ◽  
Police Officer ◽  
Expert Witness ◽  
Criminal Case ◽  
Criminal Charge ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Second Degree

The impact on jurors' decision making of the type of expert witness and the manner of delivery of testimony was explored in a 3 × 2 between-subjects, factorial design. 68 undergraduate subjects read an edited, 26-page transcript of an actual criminal case in which the crucial testimony concerned the intoxication of the victim. A physician, police officer, or layperson as witness delivered that testimony against the defendant in either an opinionated or non-opinionated manner. Dependent variables were subjects' verdicts and recommended sentences. Results indicated that verdicts and sentences were most severe following testimony against the defendant by a physician and least severe following testimony against the defendant by a police officer. An interaction between the criminal charge and the manner of delivery of testimony showed that opinionated delivery was followed by more severe judgments of guilt on the relatively severe charges of first and second degree murder, whereas non-opinionated delivery was followed by more severe judgments of guilt on the charge of manslaughter. Discussion centered on both the theoretical and practical implications of the findings.

Impact and paybacks of biomedical research findings in Malaysia 2005–2015

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pei Kuan Lai ◽  
S Nalliah ◽  
CL Teng ◽  
NLP Chen
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Health System ◽  
Capacity Building ◽  
Biomedical Research ◽  
Knowledge Production ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Relevant Research ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Health System Policy

Background: Impact in research encompasses health, economic, and cultural benefits beyond adding to the knowledge base. Funders are under immense pressure to be accountable for the paybacks from funded research.Aims and objectives: The aim of this study was to look into the impact of funded biomedical research between the years 2005 and 2015 in Malaysia from the aspects of knowledge production, research targeting and capacity building, as well as health system policy and decision making.Methods: This study employed a convergent parallel mixed-methods research design. Biomedical projects related to breast cancer, coronary heart disease, and dengue, funded by the Ministry of Health (MOH), Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE), and Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovation (MOSTI) between the years 2005 and 2015, were included.Findings: From the questionnaire responses (n=58), on average each funded project managed to produce two outputs and one higher degree student. More than half (61.4%) of the funded projects led to subsequent future research. However, low citations in systematic reviews (10.3%), health policies (6.9%), and clinical practice guidelines (5.2%) were reported. In-depth interviews with the key opinion leaders also saw that most of the local research findings were found to be irrelevant to be adopted into policies by the policymakers.Discussion and conclusions: Paybacks on knowledge production as well as research targeting and capacity building had been achieved, but impact on health system policy and decision making had not been well attained, due to the lack of relevant research findings needed by the policymakers.<br />Key messages<br /><ul><li>Payback on knowledge production was achieved, as there had been a lot of new knowledge generated as captured in academic publications, conference proceedings, policy briefs, technical reports, and research highlights, which is important to advance the frontiers of knowledge.</li><br /><li>Payback on research targeting was achieved, with the current research leading to future study with identification of the knowledge gap and generation of new ideas for new research.</li><br /><li>Payback on capacity building was achieved with the training of researchers, building up research capacity and competencies, production of MSc and PhD graduates, promotion of lecturers, and development of new partnerships and networks.</li><br /><li>Impact on health system policy and decision making was not well attained. There had been a lack of relevant research data and findings being incorporated into policymaking, due to the basic and fundamental nature of most of the funded biomedical research in Malaysia.</li></ul>

scholarly journals Test the impact of elements of strategic intelligence on the effectiveness of decision making: إختبار أثر عناصر الذكاء الإستراتيجي على فاعلية إتخاذ القرارات

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muzmal Ali Mohamed Osman
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Strategic Alliances ◽  
Executive Management ◽  
Strategic Intelligence ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Effective Decision ◽  
Effective Decision Making ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Test Impact ◽  
Development And Evolution

The study aimed to test impact of elements of strategic intelligence on the making effectiveness of decisions – Dammam – Saudi Arabia , and stand over the importance attached by this institution to strategic  intelligence and its elements of where (foresight – strategic vision – motivate employees – strategic alliances – systemic thinking  ) and its impact on effective decision  making  and we have been using descriptive and analytical method and we was design a questionnaire to collect data for the study from top administration and executive management , and it has been distributed (55) questionnaires and it was retrieved (50) questionnaires , it has been using amount of statistical methods in the study like arithmetical average , standard deviation , Cronbach's alpha , coefficient analysis , Pearson's correlation coefficient and regression analysis . The study has been reached to that there is statistically significant correlation between the elements of strategic intelligence (independent variables) and effective decision making (dependent variables),the study also presented some of a recommendations, the most important is  : attention of strategy intelligence because it is effect of decision making , and make strategic intelligence part of establishment culture , in addition to development and evolution elements of strategic intelligence , because it is effects on decision inside and outside of the establishment. 

The Impact of Regulatory Fit on Postdecision Evaluation

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 383-390
Author(s):  
Huaiyong Wang ◽  
Yongfang Liu
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Factorial Design ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Regulatory Focus ◽  
Regulatory Fit ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Design Experiment ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Decision Mode ◽  
Factorial Design Experiment

We investigated the effect of regulatory fit between regulatory focus and decision mode on postdecision evaluation, and the mechanism underlying this effect, in a 2 (regulatory focus: promotion vs. prevention) × 2 (decision mode: intuitive vs. deliberative) between-subjects factorial-design experiment. Participants were 92 undergraduate students who underwent regulatory focus priming before performing a multiattribute decision-making task, and then completed measures concerning postdecision evaluation and feeling right. Results showed that promotion-focused participants in intuitive mode made a more favorable postdecision evaluation than did those in deliberative mode, whereas prevention-focused participants in deliberative mode made a more favorable postdecision evaluation than did those in intuitive mode. The mechanism underlying this impact was the experience of feeling right. Implications for future research are discussed.

scholarly journals Influence of dependent variables on granule formulation using factorial design: microwave irradiation as one of the factor

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (7) ◽  
pp. 115-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prameela Rani Avula ◽  
Hema Veesam
Keyword(s):  
Factorial Design ◽  
Pharmaceutical Journal ◽  
Flow Property ◽  
Dosage Forms ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Granule Formulation ◽  
Traditional Drug ◽  
Contour Plots ◽  
The Impact

As traditional drug delivery poses many disadvantages such as difficulty in consumption, the granules were opted to replace tablet dosage forms available in the market. A 23 full factorial design was employed for the formulation and characterization of the granule dosage form of oxcarbazepine. From regression equations we can assess the impact of each factor on the response further contour plots helped to pre-analyze the desired target factor values, in addition optimization process helped to analyze the values of dependent variables. Thus as of the results achieved a preferred response of flow property and drug release was obtained. In the current study, an attempt has been made to minimize possible number of experiments in the formulation of granule dosage forms. Polyvidone is a hydrophilic binder and primellose is a good disintegrate to obtain higher dissolution rate. A part, microwave assisted drying process plays a major role in achieving desired flow properties of granules.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/icpj.v2i7.15153 International Current Pharmaceutical Journal, June 2013, 2(7): 115-118

Quota Women Are Threatening to Men

2017 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 107-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klea Faniko ◽  
Till Burckhardt ◽  
Oriane Sarrasin ◽  
Fabio Lorenzi-Cioldi ◽  
Siri Øyslebø Sørensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Organizational Performance ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Perceived Threat ◽  
Preferential Treatment ◽  
Public Sector Employees ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Women In Decision Making ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Two studies carried out among Albanian public-sector employees examined the impact of different types of affirmative action policies (AAPs) on (counter)stereotypical perceptions of women in decision-making positions. Study 1 (N = 178) revealed that participants – especially women – perceived women in decision-making positions as more masculine (i.e., agentic) than feminine (i.e., communal). Study 2 (N = 239) showed that different types of AA had different effects on the attribution of gender stereotypes to AAP beneficiaries: Women benefiting from a quota policy were perceived as being more communal than agentic, while those benefiting from weak preferential treatment were perceived as being more agentic than communal. Furthermore, we examined how the belief that AAPs threaten men’s access to decision-making positions influenced the attribution of these traits to AAP beneficiaries. The results showed that men who reported high levels of perceived threat, as compared to men who reported low levels of perceived threat, attributed more communal than agentic traits to the beneficiaries of quotas. These findings suggest that AAPs may have created a backlash against its beneficiaries by emphasizing gender-stereotypical or counterstereotypical traits. Thus, the framing of AAPs, for instance, as a matter of enhancing organizational performance, in the process of policy making and implementation, may be a crucial tool to countering potential backlash.

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