Measuring Nonpathological Compulsiveness

1985 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 559-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dona M. Kagan ◽  
Rose L. Squires
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Construct Validity ◽  
Normal Population ◽  
The Other ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Personality Tests

The purpose of this study was to refine the Leyton Obsessional Inventory for use among a normal population. A subset of 25 items from the Leyton inventory was administered to 563 college students along with several self-report personality tests. A factor analysis of the Leyton items yielded three subscales pertaining to the tendency to be overly concerned that decisions and tasks are completed perfectly according to a rigid procedure. The construct validity of the subscales was evaluated in terms of intercorrelations with scores on the other personality tests.

A Reassessment of the Psychosocial Functions of Sport Scale

1993 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas E. Martin ◽  
Richard A. Dodder
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Construct Validity ◽  
Item Analysis ◽  
Fair Play ◽  
Response Distribution ◽  
Present Sample ◽  
Drug Problems ◽  
People’S Perceptions ◽  
Human Kinetics

© 1993 Human Kinetics Publishers, Inc.In the early 1970s Spreitzer and Snyder developed the Psychosocial Functions of Sport Scale to assess people’s perceptions of the importance of sport, and they administered this instrument to a sample of Toledo, Ohio, residents. This study reassesses the reliability and construct validity of the scale and examines college students’ perceptions of the importance of sport. Factor analysis and Cronbach’s alpha indicate that Spreitzer and Snyder’s scale meets the criteria of reliability and construct validity. An item analysis indicates that most subjects believe sport to be important for individuals and society. Subjects’ responses to 12 of the 15 items are strikingly similar to the response distribution reported by Spreitzer and Snyder; however, there are notable differences on three of the items, suggesting that the present sample did not view sport as an institution that develops good citizens, promotes fair play, or alleviates drug problems in society.

scholarly journals Anxiety Symptoms Questionnaire (ASQ): development and validation

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. e100144
Author(s):  
Amanda Baker ◽  
Naomi Simon ◽  
Aparna Keshaviah ◽  
Amy Farabaugh ◽  
Thilo Deckersbach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Anxiety Symptoms ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Retest Reliability ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Clinical Control ◽  
Test Retest Reliability

BackgroundThe Anxiety Symptoms Questionnaire (ASQ) is a brief self-report questionnaire which measures frequency and intensity of symptoms and was developed to improve assessment of anxiety symptoms in a clinical setting. We examined the reliability and validity of the ASQ in patients with anxiety disorders and/or depression, non-clinical control subjects and college students.Methods240 outpatients with generalised anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder or major depressive disorder were administered the ASQ and additional questionnaires measuring depression and anxiety, as were 111 non-clinical control subjects and 487 college students. Factor analysis, Pearson’s correlation coefficients and logistic regression were used to assess reliability and validity. Test–retest reliability of the ASQ was measured using a subset who were re-administered the ASQ after 4 weeks.ResultsFactor analysis revealed measurement of a single dimension by the ASQ. Internal consistency and test–retest reliability were strong. The ASQ total score also significantly distinguished patients with an anxiety disorder from the clinical controls above and beyond the clinician-rated Hamilton Anxiety Scale.ConclusionsThe ASQ is a valid, reliable and effective self-rated measure of anxiety and may be a useful tool for screening and assessing anxiety symptoms in psychiatric as well as college settings.

Psychometric Properties of the Interpersonal Outcome Expectancies for Thinness (IOET) Scale: Evidence for Validity, Reliability, and Utility in the Study of Eating Disturbances in Females

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-179
Author(s):  
Mingqi Li ◽  
Edward C. Chang ◽  
Olivia D. Chang
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Construct Validity ◽  
Negative Affectivity ◽  
Eating Attitudes ◽  
Outcome Expectancies ◽  
Female College Students ◽  
Eating Disturbances ◽  
Female College

Introduction: Interpersonal context is believed to represent a powerful factor that often fosters and sustains eating disturbances in females. The present study focused on the development of a measure tapping into positive interpersonal expectancies predicated on being thin believed to be positively involved in eating disorders in females, namely, the Interpersonal Outcome Expectancies for Thinness (IOET). Method: In Study 1, a total of 361 U.S. female college students completed the IOET for factor analysis. In Study 2, to assess for construct validity, an independent sample of 184 U.S. female college students completed a test battery including the IOET and measures of eating attitudes and disturbances, positive and negative affectivity, and general optimism. Results: In Study 1, results from an exploratory factor analysis indicated a one-factor solution for the IOET accounting for 76.70% of the total variance. In Study 2, the IOET was found to possess good test-retest reliability (6-week) in a subset sample of U.S. female participants. Moreover, in support for construct validity, we found IOET scores were positively associated with scores on measures of eating disturbances (e.g., bulimic symptoms) and negative affectivity. Additionally, IOET scores were negatively associated with scores on a measure of general optimism. Finally, in support of utility, the IOET was found to add incremental validity to the prediction of eating disturbances, even after accounting for general optimism and affectivity. Discussion: The present findings provide promising evidence for the validity, reliability, and utility of the IOET as a measure of a maladaptive cognitive schema associated with eating disorders in females. Implications for the theory and clinical assessments were discussed.

Racial Prejudice among Christian and Non-Christian College Students

1987 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Boivin ◽  
Harold W. Darling ◽  
Terry W. Darling
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Psychology Students ◽  
Racial Prejudice ◽  
The Other ◽  
Christian College ◽  
Racial Attitude ◽  
Attitude Inventory ◽  
Christian Conservatism ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between Christianity and racial prejudice was evaluated by means of a questionnaire which included the Shepherd Scale, the Christian Conservatism Scale, and the Multifactor Racial Attitude Inventory. The instrument was administered to two groups of college psychology students, one predominantly Christian and the other predominatly non-Christian (low scorers on the Christian scales). Although the Christian group scored significantly higher on the Shepherd and Christian Conservatism Scales, no significant differences were found between the two groups with respect to racial prejudice. Furthermore, the dimension of Christianity and the dimension of racial prejudice were independent of one another with respect to correlational measures and a principal components factor analysis.

Seventh Graders’ Direct Experience with, and Feelings toward, Amphibians and Some Other Nonhuman Animals

2011 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 225-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iztok Tomažič
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
The Other ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Seventh Graders ◽  
Seventh Grade ◽  
Direct Experience ◽  
Time To Build ◽  
Nonhuman Animals

AbstractThis study investigated how seventh-grade students (11-12 years old) rate their fear of, and disgust toward, amphibians in comparison to some other nonhuman animal species. For the purpose of evaluating these variables, a questionnaire with open-ended and self-report questions was used. The study found that direct experience of animals significantly affects students’ self-reported fear and disgust ratings. Boys generally reported less fear and disgust toward animals than girls. With regard to amphibians, students expressed relatively high disgust, but low fear. There were no differences in disgust ratings between boys and girls. Also, a majority of students reported having no direct experience of amphibians, and their attitudes hovered between negative and neutral. Factor analysis placed amphibians in a category of disgust-relevant animals. The other two categories that emerged were interpreted as fear-relevant animals and companion animals. The study concluded that education should place greater importance on allowing students to experience a variety of different animal species directly in order to foster positive change in their feelings and attitudes toward them, and at the same time to build on their understanding of animals.

Clarifying the Measurement of Death Attitudes: A Factor Analytic Evaluation of Fifteen Self-Report Death Scales

1982 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph A. Durlak ◽  
Richard A. Kass
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Negative Evaluation ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Negative Reaction ◽  
Death Attitudes ◽  
Analytic Evaluation ◽  
Factor Analytic ◽  
Major Implication ◽  
Pain Reaction

A factor analysis of a representative population of fifteen death scales completed by 350 college students uncovered five orthogonal death-attitude factors. These factors were named Negative Evaluation of Death, Reluctance to Interact with the Dying, Negative Reaction to Pain, Reaction to Reminders of Death, and Preoccupation with Thoughts of Dying. These results support thanatological theory that death attitudes are multidimensional, that is, multiple death attitudes do co-exist and co-vary within individuals. The major implication of these findings concerns the need to differentiate and measure these separate death attitudes effectively.

Factor Analysis of Sex-Typed Items from the Bem Sex-Role Inventory: A Replication

1979 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 517-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Collins ◽  
Carrie Wherry Waters ◽  
L. K. Waters
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
The Other ◽  
Female College Students ◽  
Bem Sex Role Inventory ◽  
Female College ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Affective Orientation

Based on the responses of 118 male and 79 female college students, a factor analysis of the 40 sex-typed items from the Bem Sex-role Inventory and sex of respondent yielded four factors which were almost identical to those reported by Waters, Waters, and Pincus (1977). One of the factors essentially represented the gender of the respondent. A second factor representing an expressive, affective orientation was defined by feminine sex-typed items. The other two factors were primarily defined by masculine sex-typed items. One stressed independence, self-sufficiency, and individuality while the other stressed leadership, aggressiveness, and forcefulness. These latter factors were interpreted in terms of an “agentic” orientation (Bakan, 1966) and an “instrumental” orientation (Parsons & Bales, 1955).

scholarly journals Individual differences in avoiding feelings of disgust: Development and construct validity of the disgust avoidance questionnaire

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. e0248219
Author(s):  
Paula von Spreckelsen ◽  
Nienke C. Jonker ◽  
Jorien Vugteveen ◽  
Ineke Wessel ◽  
Klaske A. Glashouwer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Construct Validity ◽  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cognitive Avoidance ◽  
Behavioral Avoidance

We developed and examined the construct validity of the Disgust Avoidance Questionnaire (DAQ) as a measure of people’s inclination to prevent experiencing disgust (disgust prevention) and to escape from the experience of disgust (disgust escape). In a stepwise item-reduction (Study 1; N = 417) using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) based on a 4-subscale distinction (behavioral prevention, cognitive prevention, behavioral escape, cognitive escape), we selected 17 items from a pool of potential items. In order to incorporate the conceptual overlap between dimensions of disgust avoidance, focus (prevention vs. escape), and strategy (behavioral avoidance vs. cognitive avoidance), we specified an adapted model. In this model, we allowed each item to load on one type of dimension and one type of strategy, resulting in four overlapping factors (prevention, escape, behavioral avoidance, cognitive avoidance). Evaluation of this overlapping 4-factor model (Study 2; N = 513) using Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling (ESEM) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) showed promising model fit indices, factor loadings, factor correlations, and reliability estimates for three of the four factors (prevention, behavioral avoidance, cognitive avoidance). Those three subscales also showed good convergent validity. In contrast, the results related to the escape factor may call the suitability of self-report to assess disgust escape into question. In light of the exploratory nature of the project, future examinations of the DAQ’s validity and applicability to more diverse samples are essential. A critical next step for future research would be to examine the DAQ’s criterion validity and the distinctive roles of the DAQ subscales in (clinical) psychological constructs and processes.

scholarly journals Situational factors influencing social anxiety in treatment-seeking adults who stutter: An exploratory factor analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomosumi Haitani ◽  
Naomi Sakai ◽  
Koichi Mori ◽  
Tomohito Houjou
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽  
Anxiety Scale ◽  
Situational Factors ◽  
The Other ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Adults Who Stutter ◽  
General Populations

Purpose: Adults who stutter (AWS) often show high levels of social anxiety. Stuttering is a speech disorder, making the latent factors influencing social anxiety potentially different from those in individuals with a social anxiety disorder (SAD) or general populations. This study aims to examine the situational factors influencing social anxiety in AWS.Methods: We analyzed data of 351 AWS using the fear/anxiety scale in the Japanese self-report version of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS). We conducted exploratory factor analysis and investigated subscale scores.Results: We extracted five factors: (i) eating, drinking, and party, (ii) telephone, (iii) observation or non-speech, (iv) interaction with strangers, and (v) public speaking. The factor for telephone was newly extracted, and anxiety in telephone situations was poorly explained by the total score of fear/anxiety of the LSAS. On the other hand, the other four factors are similar to those previously extracted in individuals with SAD and general populations, and more than 60% of the variance of the subscale constructs was explained by the total score. Preliminary comparisons revealed that AWS had saliently higher anxiety in telephone situations and lower anxiety in observation or non-speech situations than individuals with anxiety disorders and Japanese university students.Conclusions: The factor for telephone was uniquely extracted in AWS, and the severity of anxiety in telephone situations was not explained well by the overall severity of social anxiety as a whole. Telephone situations have specific impacts on social anxiety in AWS.

Evaluating the Construct Validity of Objective Personality Tests Using a Multitrait-Multimethod-Multioccasion-(MTMM-MO)-Approach

2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 208-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias Koch ◽  
T. M. Ortner ◽  
M. Eid ◽  
J. Caspers ◽  
M. Schmitt
Keyword(s):  
Construct Validity ◽  
Psychological Assessment ◽  
Discriminant Validity ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Personality Tests ◽  
Convergent And Discriminant Validity ◽  
Lst Model ◽  
Different Sources

Although Objective Personality Tests (OPTs) have a long history in psychology and the field of psychological assessment, their validity, and reliability have not yet been sufficiently studied. In this study, we examined the convergent and discriminant validity of objective (personality) tests, Implicit Association Tests (IATs), and self-report measures for the assessment of conscientiousness and intelligence. Moreover, the convergent and discriminant validity of these measures was assessed on the trait (stable) and occasion specific (momentary) level by using the multimethod latent state-trait (MM-LST) model proposed by Courvoisier, Nussbeck, Eid, and Cole (2008) which allows for the decomposition of different sources of variance. Data from 367 students assessed on three different measurement occasions was incorporated. Results indicate generally low convergence of OPTs with data gained by other approaches. Additional analyses revealed that the OPTs used assess stable rather than momentary components of the constructs. Reliabilities of different tests ranged from .54 to .95. Furthermore, a substantial amount of trait method specificity revealed that different methods assess trait components that are not shared between OPTs and other measures. Data on the criterion validity of the objective conscientiousness test revealed that it is related to the punctuality of test takers in the laboratory.

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