Alcohol-Related Aggression: A Further Study of the Importance of Frustration

1985 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 683-697 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland Gustafson
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Placebo Group ◽  
Interactive Effect ◽  
Attentional Processes ◽  
Pure Alcohol ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Alcohol Dose ◽  
Emotional Aggression ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
Placebo Drink

This experiment investigated aggression as an interactive effect of alcohol and frustration in a situation where frustration was defined as strong and arbitrary and aggression as instrumental. 40 male subjects were randomly assigned to either an alcohol or a placebo group, each group further divided into an aggressive-cue group and a no-aggressive-cue group. Subjects either consumed an alcohol dose of 0.8 ml of pure alcohol per kg body weight or a placebo drink. Intensity and duration of shocks administered by subjects to a bogus partner in a supervision “cover task” were measures of relative aggression and absolute aggression was defined as number of shocks given. The aggressive cue manipulation had no effect, and both absolute and relative aggression increased only when intoxicated subjects were frustrated. Aggression was clearly of an instrumental kind with no ingredients of emotional aggression. The different dependent measures were highly intercorrelated and not associated with different types of aggression. The results were discussed as supportive of a model proposing a shift in attentional processes under alcohol to salient external features.

Wine and Male Physical Aggression

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland Gustafson
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Physical Aggression ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Pure Alcohol ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Alcohol Dose

Twenty male undergraduates were randomly assigned either to a wine-drinking group or a control group. The alcohol dose was 0.8 ml. of pure alcohol/kg. body weight. They were tested for physical aggression in a modified version of the Buss' “aggression machine.” All subjects were tested under frustrating and non-frustrating conditions. Alcohol did not increase aggression under any of these conditions although the paradigm produces increased aggression when vodka is used as an intoxicant. The results were discussed in terms of differential expectancies tied to different types of beverages.

Threat as a Determinant of Alcohol-Related Aggression

1986 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 287-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland Gustafson
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Placebo Group ◽  
Psychological Factors ◽  
Aggressive Response ◽  
The Other ◽  
Partner Aggression ◽  
Alcohol Group ◽  
Model Combining ◽  
Pure Alcohol

An experimental study was performed within a modified version of the Buss “aggression-machine” paradigm testing the hypothesis that threat will inhibit aggression in intoxicated subjects given that threat is not unavoidable. 40 males were randomly assigned to either an alcohol group, drinking .08 ml of pure alcohol per kg body weight, or a placebo group, drinking only tonic. Half of the subjects in each group were exposed to a threat and the other half to no threat. At 10 opportunities subjects could choose between a nonaggressive response or an aggressive response in the form of an electric shock given to a bogus partner. Aggression was estimated in terms of number of aggressive responses, the intensity and duration of these responses, and response latency. Results clearly confirmed the hypothesis and were discussed theoretically in a model combining pharmacological and psychological factors.

Effect of Moderate Doses of Alcohol on Simple Auditory Reaction Time in a Vigilance Setting

1986 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 683-690 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland Gustafson
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Time On Task ◽  
Attentional Processes ◽  
Auditory Reaction Time ◽  
Alcohol Dose ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
Practical Implications

An experiment was performed with 11 voluntary male subjects to test the effects of moderate doses of alcohol on simple auditory RT in a vigilance setting. Subjects were tested during a 30-min. session, during which signals were presented with an average intersignal interval of 3.75 sec. Subjects responded by pressing a microswitch held in the preferred hand. Analysis indicated that absolute means increased as a function of alcohol dose. With time-on-task alcohol produced a faster increase in RT and especially affected the longest RTs. Number of extreme long reactions (blockings) and mean duration of these reactions increased under alcohol and were directly related to time on task; alcohol produced a much faster increase in number of blockings with time on task. Results were discussed in terms of attentional processes and habituation theory. Some practical implications of the results were pointed out.

Effect of [Asu,]eel calcitonin on prolactin release in normal subjects and patients with prolactinoma

1985 ◽  
Vol 108 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hidesuke Kaji ◽  
Kazuo Chihara ◽  
Naoto Minamitani ◽  
Hitoshi Kodama ◽  
Tetsuya Kita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Bolus Injection ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Regular Insulin ◽  
Prolactin Release ◽  
Saline Administration ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Plasma Prl ◽  
Male Subjects

Abstract. The effect of [Asu]eel calcitonin (ECT), an equipotent analogue of eel CT, on prolactin (Prl) secretion was examined in 12 healthy male subjects and in 6 patients with prolactinoma. In healthy subjects, ECT (0.5 μg/kg body weight · h) or saline was infused for 2 h and TRH was injected iv as a bolus of 500 μg at 1 h of ECT or saline administration. ECT did not affect basal Prl levels during 1 h of infusion. TRH caused a significant increase of plasma Prl with peak values of 75.2 ± 11.6 ng/ml in ECT-infused subjects, which did not differ from those infused with saline (68.5 ± 8.3 ng/ml). Next, an iv bolus injection of regular insulin (0.1 U/kg body weight) was followed by an infusion of ECT or saline alone. Plasma Prl peaks after hypoglycaemic stress were significantly lower in ECT-infused subjects than those in saline-injected controls (ECT, 16.5 ± 3.1 vs 33.5 ± 9.6 ng/ml, P < 0.05). In patients with prolactinoma, basal levels of plasma Prl ranging from 42.0–4130 ng/ml failed to change during iv infusion of ECT. Moreover, ECT (10−9–10−6m) did not affect Prl release from prolactinoma tissues perifused in vitro. These findings suggest that ECT may not act directly on the pituitary to modify Prl release. Rather, peripherally administered ECT appears to suppress Prl release via the central nervous system.

Group Differences in Alcohol-Creativity Interactions

1994 ◽  
Vol 75 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1635-1638 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoff Lowe
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Placebo Condition ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Social Drinkers ◽  
Alcohol Dose

A repeated-measures, balanced-order design was used to test for the effects of alcohol on creativity as measured by verbal forms of the Torrance Creativity Test. Social drinkers (8 men and 8 women) performed under 2 conditions, alcohol (dose = 0.83 ml ethanol/kg body weight) and a placebo. Significant group differences in the alcohol-creativity interaction were noted in that the performance of higher-scoring (in the placebo condition) subjects was impaired by alcohol whereas that of lower-scoring subjects was enhanced.

scholarly journals An exertion of enhance milk yield of native Pabna cattle through using different types of calcium salt of fatty acid

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Yeasmin ◽  
N Islam ◽  
NR Sarker ◽  
N Huda ◽  
A Habib ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Calcium Salt ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Mustard Oil ◽  
Initial Body Weight ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Concentrate Mixture

Keeping consideration on increasing quality milk production through addition of conventional fat, an experiment accords CRD design was conducted at Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka for a period of 30 days including 5 days of digestibility trial. Twenty lactating Pabna cattle of average 250.1 ± 13.64 kg (Bos indicus) of initial body weight with average milk yield of 2.88 ± 0.38 kg were selected and divided into four groups randomly having five cows in each. The imposed treatments were T0, T1, T2, and T3; in where To= German grass + Concentrate mixture without Ca salt of fatty acid + 2.5 % DCP, T1= German grass + Concentrate mixture + 2.5 % soybean based Ca salt of fatty acid, T2= German grass + Concentrate mixture + 2.5 % mustard based Ca salt of fatty acid and T3= German grass + Concentrate mixture + 2.5% palm-oil based Ca salt of fatty acid. The result showed that, calcium salt of fatty acid influenced to increase of milk yield significantly among (P<0.001) the treatments; in where highest yield gained in T1 (3.53 kg d-1) followed by T2, T0 and T3 (3.33, 2.44 and 2.24, respectively). Besides this, all other parameters analytically examined in this experiment i.e. intake, apparent digestibility, gained body weight and chemical composition of milk showed non-significant difference among the treatments. From the analytical value and discussion, it may be suggested that, calcium salt of fatty acid formulated from soybean oil or mustard oil could be used for enhancing better quality milk yield.SAARC J. Agri., 15(2): 137-146 (2017)

scholarly journals Higher availability of α4β2 nicotinic receptors (nAChRs) in dorsal ACC is linked to more efficient interference control

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Swann Pichon ◽  
Garibotto Valentina ◽  
Wissmeyer Michael ◽  
Seimbille Yann ◽  
Lia Antico ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors ◽  
Attentional Control ◽  
Acetylcholine Receptors ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Interference Control ◽  
Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Behavioral Measures ◽  
Attentional Processes ◽  
Task Irrelevant ◽  
Male Subjects

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are widely distributed in the human brain and play an important role in the neuromodulation of brain networks implicated in attentional processes. Previous work in humans showed that heteromeric α4β2 nAChRs are abundant in the cingulo-insular network underlying attentional control. It has been proposed that cholinergic neuromodulation by α4β2 nAChRs is involved in attentional control during demanding tasks, when additional resources are needed to minimize interference from task-irrelevant stimuli and focus on task-relevant stimuli. Here we investigate the link between the availability of α4β2 nAChRs in the cingulo-insular network and behavioral measures of interference control using two versions of the Stroop paradigm, a task known to recruit cingulo-insular areas. We used a previously published PET dataset acquired 24 non-smoking male subjects in the context of a larger study which investigated the brain distribution of nAChRs in two clinical groups using 2-[(18)F]F-A-85380 PET. We found that higher availability of α4β2 nAChRs in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) predicted better interference control independently of group and age. In line with animal models, our results support the view that the availability of α4β2 nAChRs in the dorsal ACC is linked with more efficient attentional control.

scholarly journals Zinc supplementation improves body weight management, inflammatory biomarkers and insulin resistance in individuals with obesity: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hoda Khorsandi ◽  
Omid Nikpayam ◽  
Reyhaneh Yousefi ◽  
Maryam Parandoosh ◽  
Nima Hosseinzadeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Placebo Group ◽  
Zinc Supplementation ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Anthropometric Measurements ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Calorie Diet

Abstract Background The present study was designed to determine whether zinc supplementation would increase the effects of restricted calorie diet (RCD) on obesity. Methods and materials A randomized, double-blind clinical trial was performed on 40 obese subjects who were randomly assigned to receive zinc supplements (30 mg/day) or placebo for a period of 15-weeks. Both groups were under a restricted calorie diet (~ 300 kcal lower than the estimated energy requirement). Anthropometric measurements, biochemical markers, appetite, and dietary intakes were determined during the study period. Results The reductions of body weight, body mass index, waist circumference, and hip circumference were significantly higher in the zinc group compared to the placebo group (P = 0.032, 0.025, 0.003, and 0.0001, respectively). Lower levels of high sensitivity C-reactive protein, apelin, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and appetite score were observed in the zinc group in comparison with the placebo group (P = 0.0001, 0.001, 0.031 and 0.001 respectively). Conclusion This study indicates that Zn supplementation with a restricted calorie diet has favorable effects in reducing anthropometric measurements, inflammatory markers, insulin resistance and appetite in individuals with obesity, and may play an effective role in the treatment of obesity. Trial registration This clinical trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NCT02516475).

scholarly journals Ethynilestradiol 20 mcg plus Levonorgestrel 100 mcg: Clinical Pharmacology

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Lello ◽  
Andrea Cavani
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Clinical Pharmacology ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Placebo Group ◽  
Venous Thromboembolism ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Clinical Effects

Estroprogestins (EPs) are combinations of estrogen and progestin with several actions on women’s health. The different pharmacological composition of EPs is responsible for different clinical effects. One of the most used low-dose EP associations is ethinylestradiol 20 mcg plus levonorgestrel 100 mcg in monophasic regimen (EE20/LNG100). This review summarizes clinical pharmacology, cycle control, and effects on lipid and glucose metabolism, coagulation, body weight/body composition, acne, and sexuality of EE20/LNG100. Overall, EE20/LNG100 combination is safe and well tolerated, and in several studies the incidence of adverse events in the treated group was comparable to that of the placebo group. Cycle control was effective and body weight/body composition did not vary among treated and untreated groups in most studies. The EE20/LNG100 combination shows mild or no effect on lipid and glucose metabolism. Lastly, EE20/LNG100 is associated with a low risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). In conclusion, in the process of decision making for the individualization of EPs choice, EE20/LNG100 should be considered for its favorable clinical profile.

Alcohol and Speed-Accuracy Tradeoff

1979 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 433-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. H. RUNDELL ◽  
HAROLD L. WILLIAMS
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Discrimination Task ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pitch Discrimination ◽  
Alcohol Dose ◽  
Independent Effects ◽  
Speed Accuracy ◽  
Accuracy Tradeoff ◽  
And Task

Performance on two auditory choice reaction time (RT) tasks was studied in a group of 12 subjects under the influence of graded doses of ethyl alcohol ranging from placebo to 1 g/kg body weight. Deadline procedures were employed in a side discrimination and a pitch discrimination task to permit the calculation of speed-accuracy tradeoff functions (accuracy versus RT). Accuracy declined as a function of dose, but alcohol did not significantly influence RT. Conversely, accuracy was not affected by task; but the pitch discrimination task required an average of 88 ms more time than the side task. Alcohol dose and task produced independent effects on the speed-accuracy tradeoff function. As dose increased, the slope of the tradeoff function declined; but slopes were equivalent for the two tasks. On the other hand, the x-intercept (where accuracy equals chance levels) was 90 ms greater for the pitch task than for the side task.

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