Economic Factors and the Rates of Suicide in Germany between 1881 and 1989

1995 ◽  
Vol 76 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1331-1341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siegfried Weyerer ◽  
Andreas Wiedenmann
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Medical Sociology ◽  
Real Income ◽  
Economic Stress ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Federal Republic Of Germany ◽  
Potential Consequence ◽  
World War ◽  
Social Disintegration

The potential consequence of economic stress most frequently cited in the literature of medical sociology is the increase in the rate of suicide, it probably being the most valid and reliable indicator of collective mental health. To assess the probability of such being the consequence of current economic realignment in the Federal Republic of Germany, we deemed it promising to evaluate the extent to and manner in which economic factors have to date affected the frequency of suicide in Germany. The current study analyzed the effects of four economic variables (growth of the economy, average real income, unemployment and frequency of bankruptcy) on the rates of suicide in Germany from 1881 to 1989. We set the commencement date of the period analyzed as early as possible to include long-term developments as well as the effects of different moderator variables. The annual fluctuations of all four variables, in conformity with our hypothesis, correlated both in the period preceding World War II as well as in the postwar period with those in the rates of suicide. The strongest correlations held for the rate of unemployment and for the frequency of bankruptcy in times of obvious social disintegration coupled with diminished state safeguards against unemployment. Our hypothesis that the effects of economic factors would more strongly influence the rates of suicide by men as opposed to women could not be corroborated.

Intercultural Experience, the Anglo-American Occupation and UNESCO in Germany 1945–1949

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elaine Morley
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Cultural Diplomacy ◽  
Scientific Organization ◽  
World War ◽  
United Nations Educational ◽  
Intercultural Experience ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
Negative Sense

Independent of each other, though contemporaneous, the Anglo-American occupiers of Germany and the newly founded United Nations Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization employed culture to foster greater intercultural and international understanding in 1945. Both enterprises separately saw culture as offering a means of securing the peace in the long term. This article compares the stated intentions and activities of the Anglo-American occupiers and UNESCO vis-à-vis transforming morals and public opinion in Germany for the better after World War II. It reconceptualizes the mobilization of culture to transform Germany through engaging theories of cultural diplomacy and propaganda. It argues that rather than merely engaging in propaganda in the negative sense, elements of these efforts can also be viewed as propaganda in the earlier, morally neutral sense of the term, despite the fact that clear geopolitical aims lay at the heart of the cultural activities of both the occupiers and UNESCO.

An ‘Age of Commerce’ in Southeast Asian History

1990 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Reid
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Economic History ◽  
External Factors ◽  
The Other ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
World War ◽  
The Past ◽  
Increased Sensitivity ◽  
Asian History

Since the end of World War II the study of Southeast Asia has changed unrecognizably. The often bitter end of colonialism caused a sharp break with older scholarly traditions, and their tendency to see Southeast Asia as a receptacle for external influences—first Indian, Persian, Islamic or Chinese, later European. The greatest gain over the past forty years has probably been a much increased sensitivity to the cultural distinctiveness of Southeast Asia both as a whole and in its parts. If there has been a loss, on the other hand, it has been the failure of economic history to advance beyond the work of the generation of Furnivall, van Leur, Schrieke and Boeke. Perhaps because economic factors were difficult to disentangle from external factors they were seen by very few Southeast Asianists as the major challenge.

LONG-TERM TRENDS IN MARITAL STATUS MORTALITY DIFFERENCES IN THE NETHERLANDS 1850–1970

2001 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
FRANS VAN POPPEL ◽  
INEZ JOUNG
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Marital Status ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Relative Increase ◽  
World War ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Married Men ◽  
Long Term Trends

This article describes the long-term trends in marital status mortality differences in the Netherlands using a unique dataset relating to the period 1850–1970. Poisson regression analysis was applied to calculate relative mortality risks by marital status. For two periods, cause-of-death by marital status could be used. Clear differences in mortality by marital status were observed, with strongly increasing advantages for married men and women and a relative increase in the mortality of widowed compared with non-married people. Excess mortality among single and formerly married men and women was visible in many cause-of-death categories, and this became more widespread during the last decades of the nineteenth century. Hypotheses are formulated that might explain why married men and women underwent a stronger decrease in mortality up until the end of World War II.

The ‘ideal perpetrator’: The French National Railways and the social construction of accountability

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 327-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Federman
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Social Construction ◽  
World War ◽  
The Social ◽  
Mass Atrocity ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Ideal

Mass atrocity requires the participation of numerous individuals and groups, yet only a few find themselves held accountable. How are these few selected? This article offers a framework that is useful for understanding how the condemned often embody attributes that keep them in the spotlight. Because norms used to identify perpetrators can set the context for future violence, long-term security requires interrupting both the actions of perpetrators and the discourses about them. A form of praxis, this study of the contemporary conflict over the French National Railways’ (SNCF) amends-making for its World War II transport of deportees towards death camps considers how certain perpetrators come to stand for the many. The SNCF remains in the spotlight not because of greater culpability or an unwillingness to make amends but because it embodies attributes of an ‘ideal’ perpetrator: it is (1) strong, (2) abstractable, (3) representative of the nature of the crime, and (4) has a champion-opponent who focuses attention on the perpetrator. Understanding the labeling process makes visible who and what we ignore at our own peril.

The Origins of the Cold War

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Edelstein
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Cold War ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
The United States ◽  
World War ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The Cold War

This chapter traces the deterioration of Soviet-American relations at the end of World War II and into the beginning of the cold war. While the United States and the Soviet Union found common cause during World War II in defeating Hitler’s Germany, their relationship began to deteriorate as the eventual defeat of Germany became more certain. The chapter emphasizes that it was growing beliefs about malign Soviet intentions, rather than changes in Soviet capabilities, that fuelled the origins of the cold war. In particular, the chapter details crises in Iran, Turkey, and Germany that contributed to U.S. beliefs about long-term Soviet intentions. As uncertainty evaporated, the enmity of the cold war took hold.

Relocating Reproduction

2019 ◽  
pp. 99-122
Author(s):  
Brianna Theobald
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Health Insurance ◽  
Postnatal Care ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Women Of Childbearing Age ◽  
World War ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Native Women

This chapter considers the experiences of the thousands of Native women of childbearing age who migrated from reservations to cities in the decades following World War II. The federal government’s relocation program promoted the urban migration of Native individuals and families and provided basic assistance to facilitate the process. The chapter argues that the Bureau of Indian Affairs’s desired outcome of relocating women alongside men, as well as women’s own agency in pursuing relocation, forced the BIA to make adjustments to relocation policy to accommodate women’s reproductive needs. In cities, Native women navigated the bureaucracy of health insurance but often found that long-term coverage was out of reach. Native women relied on their own ingenuity and the support of familial and social networks both on and off reservations in their attempt to obtain adequate prenatal, obstetric, and postnatal care, as well as in negotiating urban motherhood.

Global Enterprises

2008 ◽  
pp. 2346-2378
Author(s):  
Yi-chen Lan ◽  
Bhuvan Unhelkar
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War ◽  
Corporate Strategies ◽  
Strategic Vision ◽  
Winston Churchill ◽  
Ideal Image ◽  
Ten Commandments ◽  
Global Organization ◽  
Primary Driver

Successful globalization requires good strategic vision and its implementation. Strategic vision refers to what an enterprise expects to be its ideal image in the long-term future. In the context of globalization, this ideal image is a primary driver for the enterprise’s planning and implementation of GET. The guidelinefor such an envisioning process will be the planning of a strategic vision for the enterprise’s future position. In this regard, it is worth noting what Tregoe and Tobia (1990) have to say: “In the companies we know that are successfully making the transition to a more collaborative organization, the key to success is developing and then living by a common strategic vision. When you agree on an overall direction, you can be flexible about the means to achieve it. …. Really powerful visions are simply told. The Ten Commandments, the Declaration of Independence, a Winston Churchill World War II speech — all present messages that are so simple and direct you can almost touch them. Our corporate strategies should be equally compelling.” It is vital for the success of GET that we develop a strategic vision of a global organization that is as palpable as some of the visions in day-to-day lives.

Global Enterprises- Visions and Structures

2005 ◽  
pp. 27-60
Author(s):  
Yi-chen Lan ◽  
Bhuvan Unhelkar
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War ◽  
Corporate Strategies ◽  
Strategic Vision ◽  
Winston Churchill ◽  
Ideal Image ◽  
Ten Commandments ◽  
Global Organization ◽  
Primary Driver

Successful globalization requires good strategic vision and its implementation. Strategic vision refers to what an enterprise expects to be its ideal image in the long-term future. In the context of globalization, this ideal image is a primary driver for the enterprise’s planning and implementation of GET. The guidelinefor such an envisioning process will be the planning of a strategic vision for the enterprise’s future position. In this regard, it is worth noting what Tregoe and Tobia (1990) have to say: “In the companies we know that are successfully making the transition to a more collaborative organization, the key to success is developing and then living by a common strategic vision. When you agree on an overall direction, you can be flexible about the means to achieve it. …. Really powerful visions are simply told. The Ten Commandments, the Declaration of Independence, a Winston Churchill World War II speech — all present messages that are so simple and direct you can almost touch them. Our corporate strategies should be equally compelling.” It is vital for the success of GET that we develop a strategic vision of a global organization that is as palpable as some of the visions in day-to-day lives.

The two lives of neurologist Helmut J. Bauer (1914–2008)

Neurology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 109-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathias Schmidt ◽  
Jens Westemeier ◽  
Dominik Gross
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Federal Republic Of Germany ◽  
World War ◽  
University Professor ◽  
Medical Career ◽  
The Third Reich ◽  
Nazi Past ◽  
Second World

In 2008, the internationally renowned neurologist and university professor Helmut Johannes Bauer died at the age of 93 years. In the numerous obituaries and tributes to him, the years between 1933 and 1945 are either omitted or simplified; the Nazi past of Helmut Bauer has hardly been explored. Based on original documents dating from the Third Reich and the early Federal Republic of Germany as well as relevant secondary writings, Bauer's life before 1945 was traced to gain knowledge of his exact activities and tasks during the Second World War. Bauer was actively involved in Nazi crimes. He was a member of the so-called Künsberg special command of the SS and also worked in a prominent position at the Institute for Microbiology as well as for the Foreign Department of the Reich Physicians' Chamber. After World War II, Bauer underwent denazification and, like many others, was able to pursue his further medical career undisturbed, building on the contacts he had already made during the Nazi period.

scholarly journals An Introduction to Probabilistic Record Linkage with a Focus on Linkage Processing for WTC Registries

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (18) ◽  
pp. 6937
Author(s):  
Jana Asher ◽  
Dean Resnick ◽  
Jennifer Brite ◽  
Robert Brackbill ◽  
James Cone
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Record Linkage ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
World War ◽  
Privacy Concerns ◽  
Data Standardization ◽  
Probabilistic Record Linkage ◽  
Academic Fields ◽  
Different Types

Since its post-World War II inception, the science of record linkage has grown exponentially and is used across industrial, governmental, and academic agencies. The academic fields that rely on record linkage are diverse, ranging from history to public health to demography. In this paper, we introduce the different types of data linkage and give a historical context to their development. We then introduce the three types of underlying models for probabilistic record linkage: Fellegi-Sunter-based methods, machine learning methods, and Bayesian methods. Practical considerations, such as data standardization and privacy concerns, are then discussed. Finally, recommendations are given for organizations developing or maintaining record linkage programs, with an emphasis on organizations measuring long-term complications of disasters, such as 9/11.

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