Secondary metabolite production of Epicoccum sp. isolated from lignite

Abstract We have extracted secondary metabolites from fossil fungus Epicoccum sp. isolated from lignite and characterized changes in production on various growth media. Chromatographic separation yielded more than 7 fractions that were characterized spectroscopically. One secondary metabolite showed antimicrobial activity. Peaks in the NMR spectra of isolated fractions differ from compounds described in literature that were isolated from recent strains of Epicoccum. The remaining water phase after the extraction was shown to have protein staining properties and could be also used for fluorescent viability stain of yeast cells.

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Urgensi dan Mekanisme Biosintesis Metabolit Sekunder Mikroba Laut

Jurnal Natur Indonesia ◽

10.31258/jnat.10.2.120-125 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 120 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Risa Nofiani

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Secondary Metabolite ◽

Metabolic Pathways ◽

Abiotic Factors ◽

Biologically Active ◽

Secondary Metabolite Production ◽

Marine Microorganism ◽

Metabolite Production ◽

Biotic And Abiotic Factors ◽

Living Materials

Marine microorganism is one of biologically active potential resources of secondary metabolites. Its potency areso promising that the knowledge of how its secondary metabolite occured need to be studied and collected. Thoseknowledges will enable further study is improving secondary metabolite production in the laboratory. In nature,secondary metabolites synthesis occur when there are effect of both biotic and abiotic factors such as sea waterand microbe symbiosis with other living materials. When this is explained in metabolic pathways, secondarymetabolite synthesis affected by available nutrient and regulated by autoinducer molecules through quorum sensingmechanism

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Phylogenetic Distribution of Secondary Metabolites in the Bacillus subtilis Species Complex

mSystems ◽

10.1128/msystems.00057-21 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Kat Steinke ◽

Omkar S. Mohite ◽

Tilmann Weber ◽

Ákos T. Kovács

Keyword(s):

Bacillus Subtilis ◽

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Secondary Metabolite ◽

Species Complex ◽

Gene Clusters ◽

Biosynthetic Gene ◽

Biosynthetic Gene Clusters ◽

Content Type ◽

Frameshift Mutations ◽

Metabolite Production

ABSTRACT Microbes produce a plethora of secondary (or specialized) metabolites that, although not essential for primary metabolism, benefit them to survive in the environment, communicate, and influence cell differentiation. Biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs), responsible for the production of these secondary metabolites, are readily identifiable on bacterial genome sequences. Understanding the phylogeny and distribution of BGCs helps us to predict the natural product synthesis ability of new isolates. Here, we examined 310 genomes from the Bacillus subtilis group, determined the inter- and intraspecies patterns of absence/presence for all BGCs, and assigned them to defined gene cluster families (GCFs). This allowed us to establish patterns in the distribution of both known and unknown products. Further, we analyzed variations in the BGC structures of particular families encoding natural products, such as plipastatin, fengycin, iturin, mycosubtilin, and bacillomycin. Our detailed analysis revealed multiple GCFs that are species or clade specific and a few others that are scattered within or between species, which will guide exploration of the chemodiversity within the B. subtilis group. Surprisingly, we discovered that partial deletion of BGCs and frameshift mutations in selected biosynthetic genes are conserved within phylogenetically related isolates, although isolated from around the globe. Our results highlight the importance of detailed genomic analysis of BGCs and the remarkable phylogenetically conserved erosion of secondary metabolite biosynthetic potential in the B. subtilis group. IMPORTANCE Members of the B. subtilis species complex are commonly recognized producers of secondary metabolites, among those, the production of antifungals, which makes them promising biocontrol strains. While there are studies examining the distribution of well-known secondary metabolites in Bacilli, intraspecies clade-specific distribution has not been systematically reported for the B. subtilis group. Here, we report the complete biosynthetic potential within the B. subtilis group to explore the distribution of the biosynthetic gene clusters and to reveal an exhaustive phylogenetic conservation of secondary metabolite production within Bacillus that supports the chemodiversity within this species complex. We identify that certain gene clusters acquired deletions of genes and particular frameshift mutations, rendering them inactive for secondary metabolite biosynthesis, a conserved genetic trait within phylogenetically conserved clades of certain species. The overview guides the assignment of the secondary metabolite production potential of newly isolated Bacillus strains based on genome sequence and phylogenetic relatedness.

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Unlocking Pharmacological and Therapeutic Potential of Hyacinth Bean (Lablab purpureus L.): Role of OMICS Based Biology, Biotic and Abiotic Elicitors

10.5772/intechopen.99345 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Krishna Kumar Rai ◽

Nagendra Rai ◽

Shashi Pandey-Rai

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Secondary Metabolite ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Therapeutic Potential ◽

Secondary Metabolite Production ◽

Metabolite Production ◽

Genetic Potential ◽

Abiotic Elicitors ◽

Hyacinth Bean ◽

Underutilised Crops

Hyacinth bean also known as Indian bean is multipurpose legume crops consumed both as food by humans and as forage by animals. Being a rich source of protein, it also produces distinct secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, phenols and tyrosinase which not only help strengthened plant’s own innate immunity against abiotic/biotrophic attackers but also play important therapeutic role in the treatment of various chronic diseases. However, despite its immense therapeutic and nutritional attributes in strengthening food, nutrition and therapeutic security in many developing countries, it is still considered as an “orphan crop” for unravelling its genetic potential and underlying molecular mechanisms for enhancing secondary metabolite production. Several lines of literatures have well documented the use of OMICS based techniques and biotic and abiotic elicitors for stimulating secondary metabolite production particularly in model as well as in few economically important crops. However, only limited reports have described their application for stimulating secondary metabolite production in underutilised crops. Therefore, the present chapter will decipher different dimensions of multi-omics tools and their integration with other conventional techniques (biotic and abiotic elicitors) for unlocking hidden genetic potential of hyacinth bean for elevating the production of secondary metabolites having pharmaceutical and therapeutic application. Additionally, the study will also provide valuable insights about how these advance OMICS tools can be successfully exploited for accelerating functional genomics and breeding research for unravelling their hidden pharmaceutical and therapeutic potential thereby ensuring food and therapeutic security for the betterment of mankind.

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Cleaning the Cellular Factory–Deletion of McrA in Aspergillus oryzae NSAR1 and the Generation of a Novel Kojic Acid Deficient Strain for Cleaner Heterologous Production of Secondary Metabolites

Frontiers in Fungal Biology ◽

10.3389/ffunb.2021.632542 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 ◽

Author(s):

Trong T. Dao ◽

Kate M. J. de Mattos-Shipley ◽

Ian M. Prosser ◽

Katherine Williams ◽

Marija K. Zacharova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Natural Product ◽

Secondary Metabolite ◽

Aspergillus Oryzae ◽

Kojic Acid ◽

Negative Regulator ◽

Secondary Metabolite Production ◽

Phenotypic Change ◽

Metabolite Production ◽

Host Strains

The use of filamentous fungi as cellular factories, where natural product pathways can be refactored and expressed in a host strain, continues to aid the field of natural product discovery. Much work has been done to develop host strains which are genetically tractable, and for which there are multiple selectable markers and controllable expression systems. To fully exploit these strains, it is beneficial to understand their natural metabolic capabilities, as such knowledge can rule out host metabolites from analysis of transgenic lines and highlight any potential interplay between endogenous and exogenous pathways. Additionally, once identified, the deletion of secondary metabolite pathways from host strains can simplify the detection and purification of heterologous compounds. To this end, secondary metabolite production in Aspergillus oryzae strain NSAR1 has been investigated via the deletion of the newly discovered negative regulator of secondary metabolism, mcrA (multicluster regulator A). In all ascomycetes previously studied mcrA deletion led to an increase in secondary metabolite production. Surprisingly, the only detectable phenotypic change in NSAR1 was a doubling in the yields of kojic acid, with no novel secondary metabolites produced. This supports the previous claim that secondary metabolite production has been repressed in A. oryzae and demonstrates that such repression is not McrA-mediated. Strain NSAR1 was then modified by employing CRISPR-Cas9 technology to disrupt the production of kojic acid, generating the novel strain NSARΔK, which combines the various beneficial traits of NSAR1 with a uniquely clean secondary metabolite background.

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Sekonder Bitki Metabolitlerinin In Vitro Koşullarda Üretimi

Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology ◽

10.24925/turjaf.v7i7.971-980.2447 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (7) ◽

pp. 971

Author(s):

Tuncay Çalışkan ◽

Rüştü Hatipoğlu ◽

Saliha Kırıcı

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Secondary Metabolite ◽

Plant Cell ◽

Abiotic Factors ◽

Food Additives ◽

Plant Secondary Metabolites ◽

Secondary Metabolite Production ◽

Organ Cultures ◽

Metabolite Production

Plant secondary metabolites are a group of organic compounds produced by plants to interact with biotic and abiotic factors and for the establishment of defence mechanism. Secondary metabolites are classified based on their biosynthetic origin and chemical structure. They have been used as pharmaceutical, agrochemical, flavours, fragrances, colours and food additives. Secondary metabolites are traditionally produced from the native grown or field grown plants. However, this conventional approach has some disadvantages such as low yield, instability of secondary metabolite contents of the plants due to geographical, seasonal and environmental variations, need for land and heavy labour to grow plants. Therefore, plant cell and organ cultures have emerged as an alternative to plant growing under field conditions for secondary metabolite production. In this literature review, present state of secondary metabolite production through plant cell and organ cultures, its problems as well as solutions of the problems were discussed.

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Patents on Endophytic Fungi Related to Secondary Metabolites and Biotransformation Applications

Journal of Fungi ◽

10.3390/jof6020058 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 58 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Daniel Torres-Mendoza ◽

Humberto E. Ortega ◽

Luis Cubilla-Rios

Keyword(s):

Biological Activity ◽

Abiotic Stress ◽

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Secondary Metabolite ◽

Endophytic Fungi ◽

Wide Spectrum ◽

Alternative Source ◽

Metabolite Production ◽

Mammalian Herbivores ◽

Important Group

Endophytic fungi are an important group of microorganisms and one of the least studied. They enhance their host’s resistance against abiotic stress, disease, insects, pathogens and mammalian herbivores by producing secondary metabolites with a wide spectrum of biological activity. Therefore, they could be an alternative source of secondary metabolites for applications in medicine, pharmacy and agriculture. In this review, we analyzed patents related to the production of secondary metabolites and biotransformation processes through endophytic fungi and their fields of application. We examined 245 patents (224 related to secondary metabolite production and 21 for biotransformation). The most patented fungi in the development of these applications belong to the Aspergillus, Fusarium, Trichoderma, Penicillium, and Phomopsis genera and cover uses in the biomedicine, agriculture, food, and biotechnology industries.

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Secondary Metabolite Production by the Basidiomycete, Lentinus strigellus, under Different Culture Conditions

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x1200700620 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 7 (6) ◽

pp. 1934578X1200700 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Bartholomeu A. Barros-Filho ◽

Maria C. F. de Oliveira ◽

Jair Mafezoli ◽

Francisco G. Barbosa ◽

Edson Rodrigues-Filho

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Liquid Medium ◽

Secondary Metabolite ◽

Culture Media ◽

Indole Alkaloid ◽

Culture Conditions ◽

Secondary Metabolite Production ◽

Metabolite Production ◽

Czapek Medium

The basidiomycete Lentinus strigellus was cultivated in three different culture media and the secondary metabolites produced under different culture conditions were isolated and identified. When cultivated in a liquid medium with peptone, L. strigellus afforded the benzopyrans, 2,2-dimethyl-6-methoxychroman-4-one, 4-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-6-methoxychromane and (3 R,4 S)-3,4-dihydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-6-methoxychromane. The indole alkaloid echinuline and the anthraquinone fiscione, both unprecedented for the genus Lentinus, were isolated from the mycelium of the fungus. When cultured in Czapek medium enriched with potato broth, the fungus afforded the same benzopyrans except (3 S,4 S)-3,4-dihydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-6-methoxychromane. Panepoxydone and isopanepoxydone were also isolated when the microorganism was grown in Czapek medium.

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Resistance Gene-Directed Genome Mining of 50 Aspergillus Species

mSystems ◽

10.1128/msystems.00085-19 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (4) ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Inge Kjærbølling ◽

Tammi Vesth ◽

Mikael R. Andersen

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Whole Genome Sequencing ◽

Resistance Gene ◽

Secondary Metabolite ◽

Genome Sequencing ◽

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Genome Mining ◽

Whole Genome ◽

Metabolite Production ◽

Genetic Potential

Species belonging to the Aspergillus genus are known to produce a large number of secondary metabolites; some of these compounds are used as pharmaceuticals, such as penicillin, cyclosporine, and statin. With whole-genome sequencing, it became apparent that the genetic potential for secondary metabolite production is much larger than expected. As an increasing number of species are whole-genome sequenced, thousands of secondary metabolite genes are predicted, and the question of how to selectively identify novel bioactive compounds from this information arises. To address this question, we have created a pipeline to predict genes involved in the production of bioactive compounds based on a resistance gene hypothesis approach.

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Response of Secondary Metabolism of Hypogean Actinobacterial Genera to Chemical and Biological Stimuli

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.01125-18 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 84 (19) ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Brett C. Covington ◽

Jeffrey M. Spraggins ◽

Audrey E. Ynigez-Gutierrez ◽

Zachary B. Hylton ◽

Brian O. Bachmann

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Small Molecules ◽

Mixed Culture ◽

Secondary Metabolite ◽

Biologically Active ◽

Secondary Metabolite Production ◽

Microbial Culture ◽

Content Type ◽

Metabolite Production ◽

Comparative Metabolomics

ABSTRACT Microorganisms within microbial communities respond to environmental challenges by producing biologically active secondary metabolites, yet the majority of these small molecules remain unidentified. We have previously demonstrated that secondary metabolite biosynthesis in actinomycetes can be activated by model environmental chemical and biological stimuli, and metabolites can be identified by comparative metabolomics analyses under different stimulus conditions. Here, we surveyed the secondary metabolite productivity of a group of 20 phylogenetically diverse actinobacteria isolated from hypogean (cave) environments by applying a battery of stimuli consisting of exposure to antibiotics, metals, and mixed microbial culture. Comparative metabolomics was used to reveal secondary metabolite responses from stimuli. These analyses revealed substantial changes in global metabolomic dynamics, with over 30% of metabolomic features increasing more than 10-fold under at least one stimulus condition. Selected features were isolated and identified via nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), revealing several known secondary metabolite families, including the tetarimycins, aloesaponarins, hypogeamicins, actinomycins, and propeptins. One prioritized metabolite was identified to be a previously unreported aminopolyol polyketide, funisamine, produced by a cave isolate of Streptosporangium when exposed to mixed culture. The production of funisamine was most significantly increased in mixed culture with Bacillus species. The biosynthetic gene cluster responsible for the production of funisamine was identified via genomic sequencing of the producing strain, Streptosporangium sp. strain KDCAGE35, which facilitated a deduction of its biosynthesis. Together, these data demonstrate that comparative metabolomics can reveal the stimulus-induced production of natural products from diverse microbial phylogenies. IMPORTANCE Microbial secondary metabolites are an important source of biologically active and therapeutically relevant small molecules. However, much of this active molecular diversity is challenging to access due to low production levels or difficulty in discerning secondary metabolites within complex microbial extracts prior to isolation. Here, we demonstrate that ecological stimuli increase secondary metabolite production in phylogenetically diverse actinobacteria isolated from understudied hypogean environments. Additionally, we show that comparative metabolomics linking stimuli to metabolite response data can effectively reveal secondary metabolites within complex biological extracts. This approach highlighted secondary metabolites in almost all observed natural product classes, including low-abundance analogs of biologically relevant metabolites, as well as a new linear aminopolyol polyketide, funisamine. This study demonstrates the generality of activating stimuli to potentiate secondary metabolite production across diverse actinobacterial genera.

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In vitro organogenesis secondary metabolite production and heavy metal analysis in Swertia chirayita

Open Life Sciences ◽

10.2478/s11535-014-0300-7 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 9 (7) ◽

pp. 686-698 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Vijay Kumar ◽

Shailesh Singh ◽

Rajib Bandopadhyay ◽

Madan Sharma ◽

Sheela Chandra

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metal ◽

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Secondary Metabolite ◽

Leaf Explants ◽

Secondary Metabolite Production ◽

Direct Organogenesis ◽

Metabolite Production ◽

Swertia Chirayita

AbstractAn efficient protocol of plant regeneration through direct and indirect organogenesis in Swertia chirayita was developed. Explants cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 2,4-D (0.5 mg L−1) with combination of Kinetin (0.5 mg L−1) showed the highest frequency (84%) of callusing and 1.0mg L−1 6-benzyladenine (BA) in combination with (100 mg L−1) Adenine sulphate (Ads) + (0.1 mg L−1) Indole acetic acid (IAA) was excellent for maximum adventitious shoot (12.69 ± 1.30) formation in four week of culture. A maximum number of (7.14 ± 0.99) shoots were developed per leaf explants through direct organogenesis. The highest frequency of rooting (11.46 ± 1.56) was observed on MS medium augmented with IAA (1.0 mg L−1). Well-rooted shoots transferred to plastic pots containing a soilrite: sand mix and then moved to the greenhouse for further growth and development. Four major secondary metabolites were analyzed and quantified using high performance liquid chromatography. Amount of secondary metabolites was found significantly higher, in in vitro plantlets compared to in vivo plantlets and callus raised from S. chirayita. Higher heavy metal accumulation in in vitro as compared to in vivo plantlets correlates higher secondary metabolite production supporting that they play regulatory role in influencing the plant secondary metabolism.

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