Feasibility Study on Application of Natural Coagulants

Creating nations are confronting consumable water gracefully issues because of lacking money-related assets. The expense of water treatment is expanding, and the nature of waterway water isn’t steady because of a suspended and colloidal molecule load brought about via land advancement and high tempest overflow during the stormy season. Because of numerous issues made by utilizing engineered coagulants a popularity to locate an elective characteristic coagulant emerges. In this exertion, an endeavor is made to examine the likelihood of normal coagulants like Cassia Alata, Calotropis Procera, Hyacinth bean, Banana leaves, Carcia Papaya, Acacia Mearnsii, Jatropha Curcas, Cactus, and Tamarind seeds on the reduction of turbidity of water. The clump coagulation test was done to decide the ideal coagulant amount required for the evacuation of turbidity of 100 NTU and to recognize the successful coagulant out of the nine chose normal coagulants. From this study, it may be accomplished that banana leaf can be used as an effectual coagulant for low and medium turbid water, whereas for high turbid water cactus can be used as an effective coagulant. Further examinations were completed utilizing the recognized coagulant to streamline the parameters like coagulant measurements, pH, introductory turbid focus, blending time, blending rate, and settling time. The higher percentage removal of turbidity was observed when pH was maintained at 6.5, initial turbid concentration was 500NTU, rapid mixing time given was 1 minute, slow mixing time with 25 minutes, and settling time of 25 minutes.

First Report of Post-Harvest Gray Mold on Hyacinth bean (Lablab purpureus) Caused by Botrytis cinerea in Korea

Hyacinth bean (Lablab purpureus L.) is a highly proteineous legume under the family Fabaceae. It is native to Africa, cultivated throughout the world, and recently introduced vegetable in Korea. In April 2020, approximately 10 to 15% of the total harvested pods showed gray mold rot symptoms after 3–5 days of storage at 4 °C in Jeonju, Jeonbuk province, Korea. The symptoms observed were irregular, water-soaked spots become brown or gray with white hyphae were appeared on the infected pods. Diseased tissue was excised, and surface sterilized by immersing in 1% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) for 1 min, rinsed three times with sterilized distilled water, placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates, and incubated at 20 ± 2°C for 7 days. A total of five morphologically similar fungal isolates (HBGM001 to HBGM005) were obtained from diseased samples; isolate HBGM002 and HBGM005 were selected for identification. The fungus produced initially white colonies, after 7 days it changes to gray to dark colonies with dark mycelium that sporulated abundantly on PDA at 20ºC. The conidia (n = 50) were single-celled, ellipsoid or ovoid in shape, and 6.11 to 13.9 × 4.8 to 9.4 μm in size for HBGM001 isolate and 5.81 to 14.1× 4.5 to 9.6 μm in size for HBGM005. Conidiophores (n = 15) arose solitary or in groups, straight or flexuous, septate, with an inflated basal cell brown to light brown, and measured 103 to 420× 7 to 25 μm for HBGM001 isolate and 101 to 415 × 5 to 23 μm for HBGM005 isolate. After two weeks, the fungus formed several black sclerotia (n = 20) ranging from 0.5 to 4.2 × 0.5 to 3.4 mm for HBGM001 isolate and 0.4 to 4.4 × 0.3 to 3.3 mm for HBGM005 isolate near the edge of the Petri dish. Morphological characters were consistent with those of Botrytis cinerea Pers.: Fr. (Ellis 1971). As for molecular identification, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and three nuclear protein-coding genes (glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene [G3PDH], heat-shock protein 60 gene [HSP60], and DNA-dependent RNA polymerase subunit gene [RPB2]) were amplified using primer pairs ITS1/ITS4 (White et al. 1990), G3PDH-F/G3PDH-R, HSP60-F/HSP60-R, and RPB2-F/RPB2-R (Staats et al. 2005), respectively. The ITS, G3PDH, HSP60, and RPB2 sequences of HBGM002 and HBGM005 isolates (GenBank accession number MT439648 and MT968495 for ITS; MT439649 and MT968496 for G3PDH; MT439650 and MT968497 for HSP60; MT439651 and MT968498 for RPB2 respectively) were 99% to 100% identical to those of B. cinerea (KY364366, KF015583, KJ018758, and KJ018756, respectively). To determine pathogenicity, five disinfected pods were pinpricked (3 sites per pod) with sterile needles and 50 µl of conidial suspension (1 × 105 conidia/ml) was inoculated by pipetting into the wounds. An analogous five pods, serving as controls, were inoculated with sterile distilled water. All the pods were placed in a growth chamber and maintained a temperature of 20±2ºC and a relative humidity >80%. After 5 days, gray mold symptoms developed on the inoculated pods, whereas no symptoms appeared on control pods. The pathogen was re-isolated from the inoculated pods, fulfilling Koch’s postulates. B. cinerea has been reported causing gray mold in Hyacinth bean in China, Taiwan and India (Farr and Rossman 2021). To our knowledge, this is the first report of B. cinerea causing post-harvest gray mold on hyacinth bean in Korea. The disease could represent a threat for hyacinth bean post-harvest and storage and management strategies should be investigated and applied.

Effect of solvent types on the antioxidant activity and total flavonoids of some Bangladeshi legumes

In this study, an attempt was made to estimate the antioxidant activity of some popular Bangladeshi legumes by employing DPPH radical scavenging assay, total phenolic content (TPC), and ferric reducing antioxidant assay (FRAP). The extraction efficiency and total flavonoid content (TFC) of hyacinth bean (Lablab niger), kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), black gram (Vigna radiate), mung bean (Vigna mungo), and green pea (Pisum sativam) by different solvents were also examined. Extraction was done using 80% acetone, ethanol, and methanol as solvent. The maximum and minimum DPPH scavenging activity was shown by mung bean (27.67±1.53%) and Hyacinth bean (4.33±1.53%), respectively using ethanol as solvent. The highest and lowest FRAP value was recorded 89.60±0.80 μg AAE/mL for green pea and 35.11±1.39 μg AAE/mL for mung bean, respectively with ethanol solvent. For TPC, green pea with ethanol solvent showed the highest value (1045.92±21.30 mg GAE/100 g), and mung bean with ethanol solvent exhibited the lowest value (415.92±1.44 mg GAE/100 g). For TFC, black gram with ethanol solvent exhibited the highest value (342.21±3.05 mg QE/100 g), while mung bean with acetone solvent exhibited the lowest value (77.38±0.80 mg QE/100 g).

An Underexplored Diversity in “Yoksik Peron” [Lablab Purpureus (L.) Sweet] in East Siang, Arunachal Pradesh, India

As a legume and a source of protein, hyacinth bean [Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet] serves as a resilient and efficient source not only of calories but also of proteins and has several therapeutic properties besides, which makes it a truly multifunctional legume. The present study describes the wide morphological diversity in “Yoksik peron” (local name of lablab bean) found in Pasighat (East Siang district, Arunachal Pradesh) represented by14 landraces conserved and cultivated by the indigenous people mainly in their backyards and kitchen gardens. The width of the pod ranged from 1.6cm to 4.1cm and its length, from 4.7 cm to 20.1cm. The pods also differed in colour, seed size, and shape. Many of those landraces are more resistant to several biotic and abiotic sources of stress. Such diversity offers the opportunity to identify and select the genotypes with greater tolerance to stress, thereby contributing to making the ecosystem more resilient. In addition, contemporary studies on hyacinth bean have shown the wide range of health benefits it offers, especially its potent anti-obesity properties. To realize the bean’s full potential, we need an enabling policy environment for furthering research and mainstreaming to other locations.

Unlocking Pharmacological and Therapeutic Potential of Hyacinth Bean (Lablab purpureus L.): Role of OMICS Based Biology, Biotic and Abiotic Elicitors

Hyacinth bean also known as Indian bean is multipurpose legume crops consumed both as food by humans and as forage by animals. Being a rich source of protein, it also produces distinct secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, phenols and tyrosinase which not only help strengthened plant’s own innate immunity against abiotic/biotrophic attackers but also play important therapeutic role in the treatment of various chronic diseases. However, despite its immense therapeutic and nutritional attributes in strengthening food, nutrition and therapeutic security in many developing countries, it is still considered as an “orphan crop” for unravelling its genetic potential and underlying molecular mechanisms for enhancing secondary metabolite production. Several lines of literatures have well documented the use of OMICS based techniques and biotic and abiotic elicitors for stimulating secondary metabolite production particularly in model as well as in few economically important crops. However, only limited reports have described their application for stimulating secondary metabolite production in underutilised crops. Therefore, the present chapter will decipher different dimensions of multi-omics tools and their integration with other conventional techniques (biotic and abiotic elicitors) for unlocking hidden genetic potential of hyacinth bean for elevating the production of secondary metabolites having pharmaceutical and therapeutic application. Additionally, the study will also provide valuable insights about how these advance OMICS tools can be successfully exploited for accelerating functional genomics and breeding research for unravelling their hidden pharmaceutical and therapeutic potential thereby ensuring food and therapeutic security for the betterment of mankind.

Seasonal dynamics of bean aphids and its relationship with the abundance of Lady Bird Beetles

The seasonal dynamics of aphid Aphis craccivora Koch (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on four bean species namely country bean Lablab purpureus, yard long bean Vigna sesquipedalis, hyacinth bean Dolichos lablab and bush bean Phaseolus vulgaris were studied from September to December 2017 in the experimental field of the Department of Entomology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh. The study also investigated the relationship between the abundance of aphid and its predatory insect lady bird beetle. Aphid abundance on the bean species showed increasing trend from the 4th week of September and reached to the peak during the 2nd week of November and then declined. Bush bean and yard long bean, respectively depicted the higher and lower abundances of aphid throughout the study. Relationship between the abundance of aphid and lady bird beetle on the bean species were positively correlated. Aphid showed negatively correlation with temperature and rainfall, and positive correlation with relative humidity, and the correlations were not significant. Multiple regression equation showed that temperature had the highest effect which contributed 16.1 - 19.2% role on the population of aphid. Bangladesh J. Zool. 48(2): 357-363, 2020

Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet soil-plant system towards the recovery of marginal lands

<p>Land represents 29% of the earth surface, and 71% of which  is habitable, but only 50% is suitable for agricultural, which makes agricultural land a valuable  and finite natural resource that has been experiencing increasing pressure to respond to food, feed, industrial and population housing needs. Thus, it is necessary to change the way in which we eat and live. Mismanagement of agricultural inputs together with the improvement of human living standards and urbanization has stimulated the demand and market potential of mining and quarrying market, which has promoted the occurrence of contaminated soils with potentially hazardous elements (PTE). The recovery of marginal lands, such as salt and drought prone lands, or even abandoned mining areas could be a potential strategy to decrease the pressure over the remaining agricultural land, whilst promoting ecosystem biodiversity. The recovery of mining areas, although still controversial, it is not totally dismissible because one has to increase the knowledge of plant species that could aid in the recovery of soil contaminated PTE whilst offering alternative industrial agricultural outputs. There has been increasing efforts to create sustainable ecotechnologies to rehabilitate mining areas and create conditions for agriculture activities while protecting the food-chain. Phytostabilization is an ecotechnology towards rehabilitation, based on pedo-engineering in which Technosols are built from organic/inorganic and mine wastes (e.g. <em>gossan</em>), thus promoting circular economy. The effectiveness of Technosols in improving the physico-chemical characteristics of mining wastes and in the decrease of their leachates has been widely proven, especially when soil-plant systems are taken into account. Our experiment with Technosols and a multifunctional legume hyacinth bean (<em>Lablab purpureus</em> (L.) Sweet) showed just that. Hyacinth bean is one of the 101 orphan crops that recently have been recognized as crops for the future, due to the prospective they hold as food, feed, nutritional content and multiple agricultural outputs. Our Technosols built with organic and inorganic wastes collected from nearby industries, together with <em>gossan </em>material, improved the physico-chemical and biological properties of the <em>gossan</em>, as well as they decreased the bioavailability of PTE (As, Pb, Zn, Cu) in the soil available fraction, making it possible for hyacinth bean to develop. Our Technosols showed increased content in NPK and C<sub>org</sub>, which was concurrent with a significant increase of soil enzymes activity, proving soil quality enhancement aiding hyacinth bean development. Moreover, hyacinth bean grown in Technosols showed an impressive shoot and root development in comparison with hyacinth bean grown in <em>gossan</em>. The PTE translocation (root to shoot) and accumulation (soil to shoot) coefficients values of this legume grown in Technosols indicated low PTE concentrations in the shoot, which are compatible with the potential of hyacinth bean for the rehabilitation of contaminated soils, whilst offering alternative revenues (e.g. feed). Hence, these results show the value that this orphan crop has when allied with a promising ecotechnology that contributes to promote circular economy, towards the new European Green Deal policy framework.</p>

STUDI ORGANOLEPTIK TEMPE DARI PERBANDINGAN KACANG KOMAK (Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet) DENGAN BERBAGAI KONSENTRASI RAGI DAN LAMA FERMENTASI SEBAGAI BAHAN PENYUSUNAN BROSUR

Tempeh is popular with Indonesian people, besides its price is relatively cheap and tastes good, tempeh also has high vegetable protein content. The objectives of this study are: 1) to find out the organoleptic comparison of the Hyacinth Bean (Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet) tempeh at various concentrations of yeast; 2) knowing the organoleptic comparison of tempeh Hyacinth Bean (Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet) on various fermentation periods; and 3) implementing research results as material for preparing brochures for the community. This type of research is pure experimental research. Using Random Group Design (RBD). The yeast concentration consisted of 1.5%, 2%, and 2.5% treatments, while the fermentation time was 24 hours, 30 hours and 36 hours. Organoleptic parameters include color, taste, texture, and aroma. Data collection techniques used in this study were carried out by observation, questionnaires, organoleptic test observations, and brochure validation sheets. Data analysis techniques used Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with a significance level of 5%. The results showed that, variations in yeast concentration and length of fermentation in making tempeh Hyacinth Bean (Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet) significantly influenced the aroma, taste, and texture, while the concentration of yeast and duration of fermentation did not significantly influence the tempe color of Hyacinth Bean (Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet). The results of the brochure assessment qualification analysis show that, the brochure is suitable for use by the public.