scholarly journals An Irrigation Homogenity Assessment of a Variable Rate Sprinkler Irrigation

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (s1) ◽  
pp. 8-11
Author(s):  
Andrea Szabó ◽  
János Tamás ◽  
Attila Nagy
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Uniform Method ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Variable Rate ◽  
Uniformity Coefficient ◽  
Distribution Uniformity ◽  
Positive Results ◽  
Variable Rate Irrigation

Abstract Nowadays, the development of irrigation is increasingly recognized as a necessary factor in agriculture, primarily because of global warming. Depending on the field conditions, the most commonly used method is sprinkler irrigation. The spray uniformity of sprinklers installed on the field irrigation equipment can be characterized by the Christiansen-uniformity coefficient (CUc%) and the distribution uniformity coefficient (DU%). Our investigations were carried out on the lateral moving irrigation equipment of University of Debrecen, Institutes for Agricultural Research and Educational Farm and Nyírbátor’s company in Hungary in 2019. Variable rate irrigation (VRI) is used in Nyírbátor. In contrast, the VRI has given positive results, making an irrigation equipment with the VRI a safer and more uniform method than a conventional linear irrigation equipment.

scholarly journals Calidad del riego por aspersión subfoliar en cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) en la finca San Vicente, Los Ríos, Ecuador

2018 ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Juan Tandazo Garcés ◽  
Oscar Caicedo Camposano ◽  
Carlos Salas Macías ◽  
Viviana Sánchez Vásquez
Keyword(s):  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Pressure Head ◽  
Uniformity Coefficient ◽  
Coefficient Distribution ◽  
High Uniformity ◽  
Distribution Uniformity ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L

Quality of subfoliar sprinkler irrigation in Theobroma Cacao L. in San Vicente farm, Los Ríos, Ecuador Resumen Se realizó la evaluación del manejo de un sistema de riego por aspersión subfoliar en el cultivo de cacao, en donde el objetivo fue valorar su comportamiento hidráulico. Se estudiaron tres presiones de trabajo de los aspersores en cinco módulos del sistema. Los parámetros evaluados fueron: presiones al inicio y final de los laterales de riego, caudales en esos mismos sitios, coeficiente de uniformidad de Christiansen, uniformidad de distribución y área regada adecuadamente. Los resultados indican que existe una variación de presión y caudal por encima de lo teórico (20% y 10%). Se evidenció que altos coeficientes de uniformidad no representan la mayor área regada adecuadamente. Las presiones de trabajo estudiadas en los aspersores aseguran altos coeficientes de uniformidad del riego, no obstante, si lo que se desea es alcanzar la mayor área adecuadamente regada se debe operar a 275,79 kPa. Palabras claves: caudal; uniformidad; presión de trabajo. Abstract The evaluation of the management of a subfoliar sprinkler irrigation system in the cocoa crop was carried out, where the objective was to evaluate its hydraulic behavior. Three working pressures of the sprinklers were studied in five modules of the system. The parameters evaluated were: pressures at the beginning and end of the irrigation sides flow at those same sites, Christiansen Uniformity Coefficient, Distribution Uniformity and Adequately Irrigated Area. The results indicate that there is a variation of pressure and flow above the theoretical, that is, of 20% and 10%. It was evidenced that high uniformity coefficients do not represent the largest area irrigated adequately. The work pressures studied in the sprinklers ensure high coefficients of uniformity of irrigation, however, if what is desired is to reach the largest area adequately irrigated, it should be operated at 275.79 kPa. Keywords: flow; uniformity; pressure head.

scholarly journals UNIFORMIDADE DE DISTRIBUIÇÃO DE ÁGUA DE IRRIGAÇÃO POR ASPERSORES COMPENSANTES E NÃO COMPENSANTES EM DIFERENTES ALTURAS

Irriga ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 631-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Tomoyoshi Tamagi ◽  
Miguel Angel Uribe Opazo ◽  
Jerry Adriani Johann ◽  
Marcio Antonio Vilas Boas
Keyword(s):  
Control Charts ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Statistical Control ◽  
Uniformity Coefficient ◽  
Irrigation Depth ◽  
Distribution Uniformity ◽  
And Control ◽  
Caixa Postal

UNIFORMIDADE DE DISTRIBUIÇÃO DE ÁGUA DE IRRIGAÇÃO POR ASPERSORES COMPENSANTES E NÃO COMPENSANTES EM DIFERENTES ALTURAS  JORGE TOMOYOSHI TAMAGI1; MIGUEL ANGEL URIBE-OPAZO2; JERRY ADRIANI JOHANN2 E MARCIO ANTONIO VILAS BOAS2 1 Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná - UNIOESTE, Doutorando em Engenharia Agrícola no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Agrícola – PGEAGRI. Rua Universitária, 2069 – Jd. Universitário – Caixa Postal 711 – CEP 85819-110 – Cascavel – PR, e-mail: [email protected] UNIOESTE, campus de Cascavel – PR, professores e pesquisadores do PGEAGRI, e-mails: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected].  1 RESUMO Este trabalho tem como finalidade contribuir para o desenvolvimento de técnicas adequadas para avaliação de sistemas de irrigação por aspersão, considerando que a uniformidade de distribuição da água afeta diretamente a lâmina bruta de irrigação. O experimento foi conduzido na região Norte de Cascavel, Paraná, (24º 55’ 04” latitude Sul, 53º 28’ 31” longitude Oeste e altitude de 785 m). Foram utilizadas duas parcelas de 10 x 10 m, denominadas S1 e S2, modificando-se somente a altura dos aspersores de 1,5 m para 1,0 m, respectivamente. Em cada parcela foram instalados 100 coletores, 4 aspersores super 10 bocal azul, compensante e, após 32 ensaios, foram substituídos por 4 aspersores super 10 bocal azul, não compensante. Foram determinados os seguintes coeficientes: Uniformidade de Christiansen, Uniformidade de Distribuição e Uniformidade Estatístico. Foram realizados estudos de inferência estatística e criadas cartas de controle para a análise do controle estatístico do processo, além dos índices de capacidade de processo (Cp) e desempenho do processo (Cpk). Os resultados mostraram que o aspersor compensante apresentou melhor desempenho à altura de 1,5 m (C-1,5 m) e que, entre as alturas de 1,0 m e 1,5 m, as melhores uniformidades de distribuição de água ocorreram na altura de 1,5 m. Palavras-chave: inferência estatística; cartas de controle; capacidade de processo.  TAMAGI, J. T.; URIBE-OPAZO, M. A.; JOHANN J. A.; VILAS BOAS, M. A. IRRIGATION WATER DISTRIBUTION UNIFORMITY BY COMPENSATING AND NON-COMPENSATING SPRINKLERS AT DIFFERENT HEIGHTS  2 ABSTRACT The uniformity of water application is an important factor to be considered in the assessment of sprinkler irrigation systems, since it directly affects gross irrigation depth, This work is a contribution for the development of appropriate techniques for assessment of results to improve the system. This trial was conducted  in the Northern region of Cascavel-PR (24º 55' 04" S, 53º 28' 31" W). Two 10 x 10 m plots were used and described as S1 and S2, according to the heights’ change of sprinklers, from 1.5 to 1.0 m, respectively. There were 100 collectors in each plot, plus 4 Super 10-blue-nozzle pressure compensating sprinklers, and, after 32 essays, they were replaced by 4 Super 10-blue-nozzle non pressure compensating sprinklers. The following coefficients were determined: Christiansen uniformity coefficient (CUC), coefficient of uniformity of distribution (CUD) and statistical uniformity coefficient (SUC). Statistical inference studies were carried out and control charts were generated to analyze the statistical control of the process, as well as Cp and Cpk indices. The results showed the best performance with the pressure compensating sprinklers irrigation at 1.5 m high (C-1.5 m) and that among the 1.0 m and 1.5 m heights the best water distribution uniformity was with the 1.5 m height. Keywords: Statistical analysis; Control Charts; Process Capacity.

scholarly journals Evaluation of uniformity coefficients for sprinkler irrigation systems under different field conditions in Kurdistan Province (Northwest of Iran)

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 139-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Maroufpoor ◽  
A. Faryabi ◽  
H. Ghamarnia ◽  
G.Y. Moshrefi
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Model ◽  
Field Effect ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Rain Gauge ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Operating Pressure ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Uniformity Coefficient ◽  
Northwest Of Iran ◽  
Coefficient Of Uniformity

In the past few decades, several coefficients of uniformity were developed to express the uniformity of water distribution for different sprinkler irrigation systems. Christiansen's uniformity coefficient seems to be the most popular uniformity coefficient used by researchers on the global scale. However, more coefficients have also been proposed by other researchers. Therefore, this study focused on evaluating different uniformity coefficients proposed and on investigating the effects of field conditions on the results obtained by means of those coefficients. In doing so, sprinkler uniformity tests were conducted by using rain-gauge in order to measure the uniformity coefficients of ten fields irrigated by solid set sprinkler irrigation systems in Dehgolan Plain located in the Kurdistan Province, northwest of Iran. All fields selected differed in prevailing conditions such as the wind speed, size and type of nozzle, raiser height, operating pressure and sprinklers spacing. The coefficient of uniformity for each field was computed using the equations proposed by Christiansen (1942), Hawaiian Cane Society Specialists Hart and Reynolds (1965), Wilcox and Swailes (1947), Karmeli (1978), Criddle et al. (1956), Benami and Hore (1964), and Beale (1966). Data analysis was performed using the general linear model procedure of Statistical Analysis System Software. The results indicated that should not the field effect be considered in the statistical model, significant differences (P < 0.05) would be observed between the aforesaid coefficients; however, by considering the field effect in the statistical model, no significant differences (P > 0.05) would be observed. The results of this study conclusively indicated that the application of various coefficients of uniformity depends on the field conditions and as any specific coefficient of uniformity is suitable only for specific field conditions.

The Variable Rate Irrigation Management Challenge

2018 ◽  
pp. 724-738
Author(s):  
James Lowenberg-DeBoer
Keyword(s):  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Variable Rate ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Scarce Water ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Management Challenge ◽  
Variable Rate Irrigation

The potential for variable rate irrigation (VRI) is an approach to making better use of scarce water. Intuitively it makes sense to apply irrigation water when and where it will provide the most benefit, but implementing that simple insight is complicated because water control is costly. Experience with mechanically movable sprinklers suggests that current VRI technology can allocate water accurately in time and space, but knowledge of how to profitably manage such systems is lacking. The variable rate fertilizer experience suggests that farmers, public sector researchers, and the irrigation equipment industry should collaborate in on-farm trials that would determine profitable management with current technology and the improvements needed to make VRI standard practice for irrigators. Simultaneous with the on-farm analysis of VRI profitability on sprinkler irrigation in the industrialized countries, research should start on adapting VRI technology to smallholder farmers in the developing world.

scholarly journals Effect of Pulsating Pressure on Water Distribution and Application Uniformity for Sprinkler Irrigation on Sloping Land

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 913 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Zhang ◽  
Boyang Fu ◽  
Naiwang Ren ◽  
Yu Huang
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Pattern ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Complex Terrain ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Constant Pressure ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Water Application ◽  
Uniformity Coefficient ◽  
Sloping Land ◽  
Distribution Uniformity

Crops are highly susceptible to drought in sloping land. Due to its good adaptability to complex terrain, sprinkler irrigation is one of the commonly used methods for sloping land. To improve water application uniformity for sprinkler irrigation on sloping land, an experiment was conducted on an artificial slope to determine the effects of pulsating versus constant pressure on sprinkler flow rate, radius of throw, water distribution pattern, and water application uniformity. Compared with sprinkler flow rate and water distribution uniformity at constant pressure, sprinkler flow rate was not reduced, but water distribution uniformity for a single sprinkler was improved due to the decreased uphill throw, downhill throw and the ratio of downhill throw to uphill throw at pulsating pressure. The Christiansen Uniformity Coefficient (CU) value of water distribution for a single sprinkler at pulsating pressure was about 10% higher than that of constant pressure. When water distribution of single sprinkler overlapped with rectangular arrangement, CU values for pulsating pressure were on average 4.06% higher than those for constant pressure with different sprinkler spacings. Thus, pulsating pressure is recommended for use in sprinkler irrigation on sloping land to improve water application uniformity.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF THE WATER DISTRIBUTION UNIFORMITY AND IRRIGATION DEPTH ON THE YIELD OF IRRIGATED BEAN CROP

Irriga ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 458-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Everardo C. Mantovani ◽  
Gregório G. Faccioli ◽  
Brauliro Gonçalves Leal ◽  
Antonio Alves Soares ◽  
Luis Claudio Costa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Depth ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Uniformity Coefficient ◽  
Irrigation Depth ◽  
Distribution Uniformity ◽  
Bean Crop

INFLUENCE OF THE WATER DISTRIBUTION UNIFORMITY AND IRRIGATION DEPTH ON THE YIELD OF IRRIGATED BEAN CROP  Everardo C. Mantovani1; Gregório G. Faccioli2; Brauliro Gonçalves Leal3;Antônio Alves Soares1; Luis Cláudio Costa1; Paulo Sérgio L. Freitas4 1Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, MG [email protected]úcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas do Nordeste, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristovão, SE3Intec Consultoria e Assessoria Ltda, Viçosa, MG4Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR  1 ABSCTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the influence of the water distribution uniformity and three irrigation depths on the production variables for the bean crop, using a conventional sprinkler irrigation system, during the winter season. The treatments consisted of three irrigation depths and two uniformity levels of water distribution represented by the Christiansen uniformity coefficient (CUC). In the treatments L1A and L1B a sufficient water depth was applied to raise the soil water content to field capacity. The distribution uniformities (CUCs) were higher and lower than 80%, respectively. In treatments L2A and L3A, and L2B and L3B, the applied water depths corresponded to 50% and 150% of that applied to the LIA treatment. Because of rainfall events until the sampling date, no significant differences at 5% probability were found among treatments, when the variables were: leaf number, leaf area and dry matter. The F test for the contrast among the treatments with high and low uniformity was significant at 5% probability, when using 50% replacement of the water depth required by the crop. Significant differences were observed at 5% probability for pod number per plant among the treatments, when using 150, 100 and 50% replacement of the water depth required by the crop KEYWORDS: irrigation uniformity, sprinkler irrigation, yield.  MANTOVANI, E. C.; FACCIOLI, G. G.; LEAL, B. G.; SOARES,A. A.; COSTA, L. C.; FREITAS, P. S. L. INFLUÊNCIA DA UNIFORMIDADE DE DISTRIBUIÇÃO DE ÁGUA E LÂMINA DE IRRIGAÇÃO NA PRODUTIVIDADE DO FEIJÃO  2 RESUMO O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência da uniformidade de distribuição de água e de três lâminas de irrigação nas variáveis de produção da cultura do feijão, utilizando um sistema de aspersão convencional, no período de inverno. Os tratamentos constaram de três lâminas de irrigação e dois níveis de uniformidade de distribuição de água, representados pelo coeficiente de uniformidade de Christiansen (CUC). Nos tratamentos L1A e L1B foi aplicada uma lâmina de água suficiente para elevar a umidade do solo à capacidade de campo, com uniformidade de distribuição (CUC) maior e menor que 80%, respectivamente. Nos tratamentos L2A e L3A, e L2B e L3B as lâminas aplicadas foram, respectivamente, 50% e 150% da lâmina aplicada no tratamento L1A. Não existiram diferenças significativas, a 5% de probabilidade, nos tratamentos para seguintes variáveis: número de folhas, área foliar e matéria seca, em razão das chuvas ocorridas até a data da amostragem. O teste F para o contraste entre os tratamentos de alta e baixa uniformidade com 50% de reposição da lâmina requerida pela cultura foi significativo a 5% de probabilidade. Observou-se diferenças significativas, a 5% de probabilidade entre os tratamentos com 150, 100 e 50% de reposição da lâmina requerida pela cultura, para o número de vagens por planta. UNITERMOS: Uniformidade de irrigação, irrigação por aspersão, produtividade.

scholarly journals Spatial variability of available water and micro-sprinkler irrigation in cambisol

Revista CERES ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 782-788
Author(s):  
Larissa Luana Nicodemos Ferreira ◽  
Luis César de Aquino Lemos Filho ◽  
Marcílio Macêdo Torres ◽  
Raimundo Fernandes de Oliveira Júnior ◽  
Clara Nívea Costa do Vale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Sprinkler System ◽  
Water Application ◽  
Uniformity Coefficient ◽  
Water Capacity ◽  
Available Water ◽  
Available Water Capacity ◽  
Distribution Uniformity

ABSTRACT The technology of irrigation is vital for agricultural production. Thus, description of spatial patterns of both water application and available water capacity in the soil, as well as their interactions, is essential to maximize efficiency of water use in irrigated areas. The objective of this study was to analyze spatial variability of available water capacity in the soil and water application via irrigation using geostatistics. The experiment was conducted in a commercial mango orchard in Cambisol irrigated by micro sprinkler system, in the municipality of Alto do Rodrigues, RN. Analyses of descriptive statistics and geostatistics were performed using the programs GeoR and GS+. Geostatistics was found suitable for describing the structure of spatial dependence of available water capacity in the soil and the flow rate distributed in the area by sprinklers. Moreover, even with good results for Christiansen Uniformity Coefficient (CU) and Distribution Uniformity Coefficient (DU), the area showed spatial variability of flow rate.

scholarly journals Identifying Advantages and Disadvantages of Variable Rate Irrigation: An Updated Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 837-852 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan A O’Shaughnessy ◽  
Steven R. Evett ◽  
Paul D. Colaizzi ◽  
Manuel A Andrade ◽  
Thomas H. Marek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Conservation ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Nutrient Management ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Variable Rate ◽  
Economic Returns ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Variable Rate Irrigation

Abstract. Variable rate irrigation (VRI) sprinklers on mechanical move irrigation systems (center pivot or lateral move) have been commercially available since 2004. Although the number of VRI, zone or individual sprinkler, systems adopted to date is lower than expected there is a continued interest to harness this technology, especially when climate variability, regulatory nutrient management, water conservation policies, and declining water for agriculture compound the challenges involved for irrigated crop production. This article reviews the potential advantages and potential disadvantages of VRI technology for moving sprinklers, provides updated examples on such aspects, suggests a protocol for designing and implementing VRI technology and reports on the recent advancements. The advantages of VRI technology are demonstrated in the areas of agronomic improvement, greater economic returns, environmental protection and risk management, while the main drawbacks to VRI technology include the complexity to successfully implement the technology and the lack of evidence that it assures better performance in net profit or water savings. Although advances have been made in VRI technologies, its penetration into the market will continue to depend on tangible and perceived benefits by producers. Keywords: Center pivots, Crop water use efficiency, Irrigation, Management zones, Moving sprinkler irrigation systems, Precision irrigation, Sensor based systems.

Variable-Rate Irrigation Uniformity Model for Linear-Move Sprinkler Systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 1295-1302
Author(s):  
Junping Liu ◽  
Umair Gull ◽  
Daniel H. Putnam ◽  
Isaya Kisekka
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Model ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
List Type ◽  
Variable Rate ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Sprinkler Systems ◽  
Irrigation Uniformity ◽  
Variable Rate Irrigation

HighlightsUsing different nozzle sizes on a linear-move sprinkler irrigation system is a simple method for implementing VRI.This study established a variable-rate sprinkler irrigation model for a linear-move system with different nozzles.Uniformity parameters were predicted for different tests, and prediction accuracy ranged from 1.6% to 13.0%.The simulation model can be applied to other sprinkler systems with variable-rate irrigation.Abstract. Variable-rate irrigation (VRI) can vary the application rate by either changing the amount of water flowing through sprinkler nozzles (zone control) or varying the speed of a moving irrigation system across parts of a field, referred to as speed/sector control. The uniformity of sprinkler irrigation in each management zone under VRI directly affects crop growth and yield. The use of different nozzle diameters on a linear-move sprinkler irrigation system is a simple and affordable method for achieving VRI. There are few studies on modeling the uniformity of VRI on linear-move sprinkler irrigation systems. In this study, a cubic spline difference-value model was used to simulate the variable-rate water distribution and uniformity of a linear-move system. Nine tests were designed to evaluate VRI uniformity with different nozzle diameters. A simulation and corresponding field experiments were carried out. The application rate of the simulation model was higher than the experimental values because of wind drift. The uniformity coefficients of the simulation with nozzle diameters of 1.98, 2.97, and 4.17 mm in tests 1, 2, and 3 were 86.56%, 85.24%, and 79.94%, respectively. The uniformity coefficients of the VRI simulations with combinations of nozzle diameters in tests 4 through 9 were 76.89%, 80.70%, 76.67%, 69.58%, 76.64%, and 81.87%, respectively. The smallest error between the simulation and experiment was 1.6%, and the largest error was 13.0%. The simulation model and prediction method can be applied to other sprinkler irrigation systems. Keywords: Linear move, Simulation model, Sprinkler irrigation, Uniformity, VRI.

scholarly journals A Path Model of the Intention to Adopt Variable Rate Irrigation in Northeast Italy

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1879
Author(s):  
Maurizio Canavari ◽  
Marco Medici ◽  
Rungsaran Wongprawmas ◽  
Vilma Xhakollari ◽  
Silvia Russo
Keyword(s):  
Technology Acceptance ◽  
Precision Agriculture ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Perceived Usefulness ◽  
Path Model ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Variable Rate ◽  
Intention To Adopt ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Variable Rate Irrigation

Irrigated agriculture determines large blue water withdrawals, and it is considered a key intervention area to reach sustainable development objectives. Precision agriculture technologies have the potential to mitigate water resource depletion that often characterises conventional agricultural approaches. This study investigates the factors influencing farmers’ intentions to adopt variable rate irrigation (VRI) technology. The Technology Acceptance Model 3 (TAM-3) was employed as a theoretical framework to design a survey to identify the factors influencing farmers’ decision-making process when adopting VRI. Data were gathered through quantitative face-to-face interviews with a sample of 138 fruit and grapevine producers from the Northeast of Italy (Veneto, Emilia-Romagna, Trentino-Alto Adige, Friuli-Venezia Giulia). Data were analysed using partial least squares path modelling (PLS-PM). The results highlight that personal attitudes, such as perceived usefulness and subjective norm, positively influence the intention to adopt VRI. Additionally, the perceived ease of use positively affects intention, but it is moderated by subject experience.

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