scholarly journals Body Temperature Responses and Hair Cortisol Levels in Dairy Holstein Cows Fed High- and Low-Forage Diet and Under Water Deprivation During Thermal-Humidity Exposure

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jalil Ghassemi Nejad ◽  
Bae-Hun Lee ◽  
Ji-Yung Kim ◽  
Befekadu Chemere ◽  
Si-Chul Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Water Deprivation ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
The Body ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Hair Cortisol ◽  
Cortisol Levels ◽  
Temperature Responses

AbstractBody temperature responses and hair cortisol levels in dairy Holstein cows fed high- and low-forage diet and under water deprivation during thermal-humidity exposure (THE) were evaluated. Two experiments (Exps.) were conducted between July and September 2012 and 2013 for 64 d and 74 d, respectively. First, twenty dairy Holstein cows (90±30 DIM; 37.2±1.7 l milk/d, 620±75 kg BW) were used. The practical forage:concentrate (F:C) ratios in the low forage (LF) and high forage (HF) group were 44:56 and 56:44, respectively, while they were designed to be 40:60 and 60:40. Second, thirty dairy cows (53.5±30.4 DIM; 41.7±1.5 l milk/d,650±53 kg BW) were allotted into two groups of free access to water (FAW) and 2 h water deprivation (2hWD) following feeding. The animals were subjected to having the hair cut (1 to 2 g) from their foreheads at the same time (12:00 h) twice at the beginning (prior to the beginning of heat stress) and the end of the experiment when the cows were under THE. Hair cortisol levels (initial hair cut as the baseline and re-grown hair) were measured using ELISA method. Body temperature (BT) was measured twice daily at 7 body points of cows including rectum, vagina, hip, udder, rumen-side (flank), ear, and forehead using non-contact forehead infrared thermometer (infrared gun having two modes: inner and skin) on the 7 d of the beginning and the last 7 d of the experiment at 1000 and 1400 h. Statistical analyses were carried out using the MIXED model of SAS as repeated measurements. The intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients of variations for hair cortisol measurements were 3.15 and 10.05, respectively. Hair cortisol (HC) levels were not different within the two groups in both Exps. (P>0.05); however, HC level was lower (P<0.0001) prior to temperature-humidity exposure (THE). Results of Exp. 1 showed that vagina inner temperature was higher (P=0.041) and rectal temperature tended to be higher (P=0.083) in the HF compared to the LF group. The inner ear temperature was lower and ear skin temperature was higher (P=0.032) in the HF compared to the LF group. Forehead inner temperature was higher (P=0.048) in the LF group than in the HF group while forehead skin temperature was lower in the HF group (P=0.041). No differences were observed in the hip, udder and rumen-side (flank) temperature (both in body and skin) between the HF and LF group (P=0.012). In Exp. 2, no temperature differences were observed at all of the body points, inner and skin, between the two groups (P>0.05). However, the skin temperature in the 2hWD groups tended to be higher than in the FAW group (P=0.093). Conclusions drawn indicate the beneficial use of measuring BT at different body points of the cow in addition to RT under THE.

Body Temperature of the Camel and Its Relation to Water Economy

1956 ◽  
Vol 188 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Knut Schmidt-Nielsen ◽  
Bodil Schmidt-Nielsen ◽  
S. A. Jarnum ◽  
T. R. Houpt
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Diurnal Variations ◽  
The Body ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Heat Gain ◽  
Hot Environment ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
The Given

The rectal temperature of normal healthy camels at rest may vary from about 34°C to more than 40°C. Diurnal variations in the winter are usually in the order of 2°C. In summer the diurnal variations in the camel deprived of drinking water may exceed 6°C, but in animals with free access to water the variations are similar to those found in the winter. The variations in temperature are of great significance in water conservation in two ways. a) The increase in body temperature means that heat is stored in the body instead of being dissipated by evaporation of water. At night the excess heat can be given off without expenditure of water. b) The high body temperature means that heat gain from the hot environment is reduced because the temperature gradient is reduced. The effect of the increased body temperature on heat gain from the environment has been calculated from data on water expenditure. These calculations show that under the given conditions the variations in body temperature effect a considerable economy of water expenditure. The evaporative heat regulation in the camel seems to rest exclusively on evaporation from the skin surface (sweating), and there is no apparent increase in respiratory rate or panting connected with heat regulation. The evaporation from isolated skin areas increases linearly with increased heat load. The critical temperature at which the increase sets in is around 35°C. The fur of the camel is an efficient barrier against heat gain from the environment. Water expenditure is increased in camels that have been shorn.

Effect of continuous cold exposure on nocturnal body temperatures of man

1959 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. B. Kreider ◽  
P. F. Iampietro ◽  
E. R. Buskirk ◽  
David E. Bass
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Cold Stress ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Control Period ◽  
Cold Period ◽  
Body Temperatures ◽  
Temperature Responses

Effects of continuous cold stress on 24-hour patterns of body temperature were studied in five men. Cold stress consisted in living at 15.6℃ (60℉) for 14 days wearing only shorts. The cold period was preceded and followed by 2 weeks at 26.7℃ (80℉). Activity (minimal) and diet were the same for all periods. One blanket was used at night. Rectal temperature (Tr) and skin temperature (Ts) were measured. Tr during sleep fell more rapidly and to lower values during cold exposure (35.6℃) than during the control period (36.1℃). Ts during sleep was slightly lower in the cold than in the control period; also, Ts did not exhibit the gradual drop characteristic of sleep in the control period. Comparison of Tr and Ts between early and later cold days revealed the following differences: a) nocturnal Tr fell to lower levels on the later cold days; b) nocturnal toe temperatures were 15℃ (27℉) higher on the later cold days. The arch temperatures followed the same pattern as the toes. No significant differences were found in daytime temperatures between early and later cold days. The data suggest that evidence for acclimatization to cold in terms of altered body temperature responses may be fruitfully sought in responses during rewarming and/or sleep. Submitted on September 19, 1958

scholarly journals Preventing ectoparasite infestations reduces glucocorticoid concentrations in the hair of cows – short communication

2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 390-393
Author(s):  
Sreten Nedić ◽  
Danijela Kirovski ◽  
Ivan Vujanac ◽  
Radiša Prodanović ◽  
Ljubomir Jovanović ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Short Communication ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Hair Cortisol ◽  
Hair Samples ◽  
Cortisol Levels

The aim of this study was to compare hair corticosteroid concentrations in ectoparasiticide-treated (n = 10) and non-treated (n = 12) Holstein cows. Animals in the treated group received cyfluthrin three times, on days 0, 28 and 56 of the experiment. Hair samples were collected from all cows on days 0, 21, 42, 63, and 84 of the experiment for the determination of cortisol and corticosterone concentrations using immunoassays. The respective hair cortisol concentrations in the treated group averaged 209.78, 165.10, 260.78, 177.44 and 183.11 ng/g, while in the non-treated group hair cortisol concentrations averaged 172.58, 243.58, 309.73, 199.75 and 207.09 ng/g. These results indicate that the control of ectoparasites reduced hair cortisol levels in dairy cows. The respective hair corticosterone concentrations in the treated group averaged 19.06, 22.95, 21.95, 21.60 and 24.84 ng/g and in the non-treated group the hair corticosterone concentrations averaged 17.28, 21.94, 34.05, 26.27 and 26.91 ng/g. The results suggest that longterm stress can be estimated better by the determination of hair cortisol rather than corticosterone concentrations.

scholarly journals The effect of pleasant touch on nose skin temperature, heart rate and heart rate variability: preliminary results in a male laboratory rhesus monkey

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Clara Grandi ◽  
Eugenio L Heinzl
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Rhesus Monkey ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
The Body ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
Starting Point

Human and animal studies emphasize the importance of affiliative touch among conspecifics, both from the behavioral and physiological perspectives. Among non-human primates, allogrooming, and in particular the pleasant sweeping motion occurring during it, could be considered analogous to human social affiliative touch. Despite the evidences of the effects of affiliative touch in terms of heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV), both in humans and non-human primates, the physiological consequences have never been investigated in respect to the body temperature changes through infrared thermography (IRT). The aim of the present study was to investigate for the first time in a male rhesus monkey, the physiological effects of sweeping the back at different speeds in terms of nose skin temperature changes, and to explore the possible relationship with the HR and HRV. The preliminary results underline that sweeping the back at a speed of 5–10 cm/sec determined an increment of the nose skin temperature and HRV, together with a decrement of the HR. These preliminary data represent the first evidence of the body temperature changes manifesting during affiliative touch at the speed of 5–10 cm/sec in non-human primates and the existence of a possible relationship among the body temperature, HR and HRV. This study represents an important starting point in order to investigate the affiliative pleasant social touch by means of non-invasive techniques (e.g. the IRT), and to deeply examine the correlation between body temperature and cardiac changes, both in humans and non-human primates.

scholarly journals Development of a Wireless Health Monitoring System for Measuring Core Body Temperature from the Back of the Body

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qun Wei ◽  
Hee-Joon Park ◽  
Jyung Hyun Lee
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Core Body Temperature ◽  
The Body ◽  
Wireless Health ◽  
Measuring Device ◽  
Temperature Measuring ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Core Body

In this paper, a user-friendly and low-cost wireless health monitoring system that measures skin temperature from the back of the body for monitoring the core body temperature is proposed. To measure skin temperature accurately, a semiconductor-based microtemperature sensor with a maximum accuracy of ±0.3°C was chosen and controlled by a high-performance/low-power consumption Acorn-Reduced Instruction Set Computing Machine (ARM) architecture microcontroller to build the temperature measuring device. Relying on a 2.4 GHz multichannel Gaussian frequency shift keying (GFSK) RF communication technology, up to 100 proposed temperature measuring devices can transmit the data to one receiver at the same time. The shell of the proposed wireless temperature-measuring device was manufactured via a 3D printer, and the device was assembled to conduct the performance tests and in vivo experiments. The performance test was conducted with a K-type temperature sensor in a temperature chamber to observe temperature measurement performance. The results showed an error value between two devices was less than 0.1°C from 25 to 40°C. For the in vivo experiments, the device was attached on the back of 10 younger male subjects to measure skin temperature to investigate the relationship with ear temperature. According to the experimental results, an algorithm based on the curve-fitting method was implemented in the proposed device to estimate the core body temperature by the measured skin temperature value. The algorithm was established as a linear model and set as a quadratic formula with an interpolant and with each coefficient for the equation set with 95% confidence bounds. For evaluating the goodness of fit, the sum of squares due to error (SSE), R-square, adjusted R-square, and root mean square error (RMSE) values were 33.0874, 0.0212, 0.0117, and 0.3998, respectively. As the experimental results have shown, the mean value for an error between ear temperature and estimated core body temperature is about ±0.19°C, and the mean bias is 0.05 ± 0.14°C when the subjects are in steady status.

scholarly journals 0518 Sleep Facilitation by Artificial Carbonated Bathing in Healthy Elderly; EEG, Core, Proximal, and Distal Temperature Evaluations

SLEEP ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A198-A198
Author(s):  
S I Uemura ◽  
T Kanbayashi ◽  
A Imanishi ◽  
Y Terui ◽  
M Satake ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Elderly Subjects ◽  
Brain Wave ◽  
Healthy Elderly ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Light Sleep

Abstract Introduction Bathing, especially with hot spring with various mineral compositions, is known to facilitate / improve sleep by warming the body. Artificial carbonated bathing (ACB) is known to keep the body warm too. Previous our study examined that ACB before sleep more specifically affected body temperature and sleep on healthy young subjects. In this study, we evaluated the effects of usual (plain hot water; PH) and artificial carbonated bathing, on sleep using clinical thermometers and EEG in healthy elderly subjects. Methods Nine healthy elderly women (average age 71.3 years old) were divided into 2 groups ACB (858 ppm, Awacomachi, Danrei Co.) and PH with a week interval. Subjects soaked in the bath (38 C degree) deep enough their chests touched the water for 10 min. From the time they finished bathing to the next morning, we measured their distal skin temperature (top side of the foot), proximal skin temperature (lower part of the clavicle) and EEG using a single channel portable device (Brain wave sensor, Proassist Co.). Subjects were told to sleep from 23:00-6:00. As the same time, subjects were examined with visual analog scale (VAS) and clinical flicker fusion test (CFF). Results There was no significant difference in body temperature (proximal, distal, distal-proximal temperature gradient: DPG) before and during sleep between ACB and PH. The condition of the ACB tended to have less light sleep compared to PH (150min vs 201min, p=0.08), but there was no significant difference in the SWS (44.1min vs 39.1min, ns), EEG delta power analysis, VAS and CFF. In the previous study, bathing was performed for 15 min at a water temperature of 40 C degree, but this condition was considered to be a high risk for the elderly. The reason why there was no significant difference in body temperature. The effects of ACB were not fully demonstrated due to changes in hot water temperature and bathing time. Conclusion The effect of ACB on the body temperature of healthy elderly people could not be confirmed. However, a tendency to reduce light sleep was observed. Support This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP19K11294

scholarly journals Circadian variability of body temperature responses to methamphetamine

2018 ◽  
Vol 314 (1) ◽  
pp. R43-R48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abolhassan Behrouzvaziri ◽  
Maria V. Zaretskaia ◽  
Daniel E. Rusyniak ◽  
Dmitry V. Zaretsky ◽  
Yaroslav I. Molkov
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Dose Dependence ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Baseline Activity ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Excitatory Component ◽  
Hyperthermic Response ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Temperature Responses

Vital parameters of living organisms exhibit circadian rhythmicity. Although rats are nocturnal animals, most of the studies involving rats are performed during the day. The objective of this study was to examine the circadian variability of the body temperature responses to methamphetamine. Body temperature was recorded in male Sprague-Dawley rats that received intraperitoneal injections of methamphetamine (Meth, 1 or 5 mg/kg) or saline at 10 AM or at 10 PM. The baseline body temperature at night was 0.8°C higher than during the day. Both during the day and at night, 1 mg/kg of Meth induced monophasic hyperthermia. However, the maximal temperature increase at night was 50% smaller than during the daytime. Injection of 5 mg/kg of Meth during the daytime caused a delayed hyperthermic response. In contrast, the same dose at night produced responses with a tendency toward a decrease of body temperature. Using mathematical modeling, we previously showed that the complex dose dependence of the daytime temperature responses to Meth results from an interplay between inhibitory and excitatory drives. In this study, using our model, we explain the suppression of the hyperthermia in response to Meth at night. First, we found that the baseline activity of the excitatory drive is greater at night. It appears partially saturated and thus is additionally activated by Meth to a lesser extent. Therefore, the excitatory component causes less hyperthermia or becomes overpowered by the inhibitory drive in response to the higher dose. Second, at night the injection of Meth results in reduction of the equilibrium body temperature, leading to gradual cooling counteracting hyperthermia.

Effect of and Interaction Between Tranquilizers, Serotonin and Lysergic Acid Diethylamide on the Body Temperature of Pigeons

1958 ◽  
Vol 195 (3) ◽  
pp. 751-754 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger A. Hoffman
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Lysergic Acid ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide ◽  
Induced Hypothermia ◽  
Mutual Antagonism ◽  
Therapeutic Value ◽  
Temperature Responses

The temperature responses of the pigeon to serotonin, reserpine, chlorpromazine and LSD-25 were investigated. It was demonstrated that a rapid hypothermia and depre sioa follow the administration of all compounds except chlorpromazine. Serotonin, reserpine and chlorpromazine were shown to have certain prophylactic and therapeutic value on the LSD-25-induced hypothermia. The data indicate that a mutual antagonism exists in the interaction of these compounds. It is suggested that the mechanism of action of these drugs is quite complex, leading to mixed reactions, depending perhaps on what measurement is being considered.

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