scholarly journals Structure of Household Expenditures in Slovakia and Relations Between its Categories

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 43-50
Author(s):  
Zuzana Lazíková
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Household Expenditure ◽  
Household Expenditures ◽  
Consumption Expenditures ◽  
Maastricht Criteria ◽  
The Eu

Abstract Household income is one of the basic indicators of the living standard of population in countries or regions. The income indicator is inextricably linked to the household expenditure indicator, whose structure also indicates the living standards of households. The development of income and expenditures of Slovak households has been affected by many events over the last decades (fulfilment of the Maastricht criteria, accession of the Slovak Republic to the EU, adoption of the euro currency, economic crisis). The category of gross cash expenditures, net cash expenditures or consumption expenditures may be used to assess household expenditures. Based on the classification by individual consumption by purpose (COICOP), the expenditures are divided into 12 basic categories. The development of individual categories of expenditures, however, should be analysed separately as there is no long-term balanced relationship between them.

scholarly journals Development of Incomes and Expenditures in Slovak Households

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 37-44
Author(s):  
Zuzana Lazíková
Keyword(s):  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
The Other ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Common Currency ◽  
Savings Rate ◽  
The Common ◽  
Household Incomes ◽  
The Eu

Abstract The household income is one of the basic indicators of the human living standard in the countries or their regions. The indicator of income is very closely connected to the indicator of expenditures, which completes the view of the living standard of households. During the last two decades, there were some important events that have influenced the development of household incomes and expenditures in Slovakia, such as accession of the Slovak Republic into the EU, adoption of the common currency euro or economic crisis as well. In the last years, the net incomes as well as the net expenditures of the Slovak households have increased. According to the results, this trend will continue; however, the net expenditures will increase faster than the net incomes of households. Therefore, we can expect that the savings rate will decrease. On the other hand, the differences of net household income and expenditures among the regions of Slovakia were not eliminated. There is still a high difference of the net household income mainly between the Bratislava region and the Prešov region.

scholarly journals The Influence of Income on the Consumption Expenditures

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-18
Author(s):  
Elena Hošková ◽  
Martin Richter ◽  
Iveta Zentková
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Durable Goods ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Total Consumption ◽  
Household Expenditures ◽  
Consumption Expenditures ◽  
Income Change ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Income Elasticities ◽  
Data Source

AbstractThe contribution aims to identify the influence of income on Slovak household expenditures. Analyses are querying from the household income and expenditures data in the Slovak Republic during the period 2004–2018. The data source is the Statistical Office of The Slovak Republic. Descriptive statistics and regression analysis are used. The analysis of the goods and services expenditures reveals the major share of the expenditures is expended for the non-durable goods. The non-durable goods expenditures of the pensioners are 72% of their total consumption expenditures. Expenditures of employees, self-employees and other households for the non-durable goods present more than a half of their total expenditures. The share of services expenditures is also considerable. It is varying above 30% for all households kinds. The income influence on the household expenditures is analyzed using Engel’s expenditures functions which are used as the basis for the income elasticities of household expenditures. The analysis results are pointing to the fact that the less elastic on the income change is the reaction of the Slovak household expenditures on non-durable goods. A significant reaction on the income change is observed in household durable goods expenditures.

The Problem of Income Inequality

2019 ◽  
pp. 42-44
Author(s):  
Andrew Smithers
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
The Gini Coefficient ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Distribution Of Income

Living standards change in line with GDP per head only if the distribution of incomes is unchanged. If incomes become less equally distributed the living standards of most people will fall even if GDP per head is stable. The Gini Coefficient is the most widely used indicator designed to measure the distribution of income. UK inequality, on this measure, has risen since 1977, stabilized since 1987, and fallen in recent years. In the US there has been a long-term increase in income inequality. Unless this US trend for increased income inequality halts, it is quite likely that even if GDP per head rises in the US, the living standard of the average voter will fall. The recent data suggest that changes in income inequality pose less of a threat to living standards in the UK then they do to those in the US.

scholarly journals Major tendencies in livestock changes after the EU accession

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 422-428
Author(s):  
Levente Komarek
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Animal Production ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Production Structure ◽  
Industry Chain ◽  
The Eu

In the mid 80s Hungarian agriculture belonged to the forefront of the world in many respects, despite the fact that there was a lot to do regarding yields, production costs, production structure, and the fastness of adaptability to markets and establishing accordance between the elements of the food industry chain. The mid 1980s witnessed an energetic improvement despite the unequal pace, and then followed an era of different tensions and imbalances in Hungarian agriculture. At the time of the regime change the agricultural sector, and particularly animal production within that, suffered from the signs of crisis and it was getting into an increasingly difficult position. The vast majority of the agricultural large scale farms ceased to exist, and most of the arable land was privatised. Production fell back, its composition became more heterogeneous, sometimes with an irrational production structure and selling difficulties arouse. Profitability decreased in the field of animal production generally, and some activities even had losses. The domestic consumption fallback, which was caused by the farmers’ lack of capital, the unorganised production, and the decrease in living standards, produced an amount of unsellable goods and it made the otherwise low profitability even worse. The low level of profitability resealed in unjustified production decline and led to the fact that the number of domestic animals in Hungary decreased to a never experienced depth. Today there are positive changes in the field of animal production, which might result in the long-term growth of our livestock. This study was designed to present the major tendencies and spatial characteristics of Hungarian livestock.

scholarly journals INCOME EXPECTATIONS, CREDIT TO HOUSEHOLDS, AND PROPERTY PRICES: EVIDENCE FROM INDONESIA AND BRAZIL

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 33-60
Author(s):  
Huson Ali Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Residential Property ◽  
Credit Policy ◽  
Credit Expansion ◽  
Consumption Expenditures ◽  
Property Prices ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Household Credit ◽  
Income Expectations

We investigate the long-term cointegration relation between residential property prices,household credit expansion, and household income expectations and identify thechannels through which income expectation impacts residential property prices in theshort term for Indonesia and Brazil. We find that improved income expectations raisethe demand for credit, impacting residential property prices. Similar improvementsin income expectations also serve as important indicators for credit policy decisions,making more funding available to the household sector against the backdrop of risingproperty prices. In the short run, property prices respond significantly to one-timeshocks in income expectations in Indonesia, while credit to households respondspositively to property prices and private consumption expenditures in Brazil.

scholarly journals Macroeconomic aspects of the development of Slovak regions in the post-accession period

2008 ◽  
Vol 54 (No. 8) ◽  
pp. 367-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Matejková ◽  
A. Qineti ◽  
R. Serenčéš
Keyword(s):  
Regional Development ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Similar Development ◽  
Real Challenge ◽  
Eu Support ◽  
The Eu

The objective of this paper is the analysis of the macroeconomic aspects of regional development in the Slovak Republic. Regional development is a much frequented topic recently. In the pre-accession period, Slovak regions had the opportunity of benefiting from the pre-accession funds and competing for finances through projects and strategies. The EU support did not stop with the accession, it continues with the increasing intensity and variability at present. The real challenge is how efficiently is this support used and if it goes to the destinations where it is most needed. For the purposes of the identification of regional development tendencies, we have tried to analyze the selected macroeconomic characteristics for Slovak regions at the NUTS III level. We analyze the following indicators: GDP per capita, labor productivity, foreign direct investment, so that we can explore the situation of living standards in the regions and the determinants. We use the cluster analysis approach in order to specify and identify the regions with similar development characteristics. Based on our findings, we make some recommendations on the support and development strategies for Slovak regions.

scholarly journals Problems of low living standards of population in rural areas of Russia

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (4) ◽  
pp. 37-44
Author(s):  
Vladimir Victorovich Kurchenkov ◽  
Daria Aleksandrovna Koneva
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
The State ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Volgograd Region ◽  
The Russian Federation

The article gives an assessment of reducing the living standard of the population in rural areas of Russia (a case of the Volgograd region). The analysis of the current state of rural areas was carried out and problems and trends of a decreasing standard of living of the population were identified. The dynamics of the urban and rural population of the Volgograd region has been illustrated in accordance with the data of the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation. The conclusions are drawn about the depopulation in the rural areas, natural loss, migration outflows, and the change in the category of settlements. There have been systematized the factors influencing the living standards of the population in rural areas in modern conditions, such as: legal, socio-economic, political, technological, etc. With the help of the Ishikawa diagram, the potential causes of the declining standard of living of the rural population are ordered and aggregated, and the most important factors are identified. The effectiveness and efficiency of the state policy aimed at the long term development of rural areas is assessed. It has been noted that the volume of financing the state program Comprehensive development of rural areas for 2020–2025 will amount to about 2.3 trillion rubles, which is 12 times more than funding of the previous program. Lack of activities and insignificant amount of funding aimed at the development of social infrastructure of modern villages, the development of education and health care were identified by the authors. A set of measures to improve the existing policy for the long term development of rural areas in Russia has been substantiated. The necessity of including the problems of the development of Russian villages into the system of national projects in the Russian Federation has been emphasized.

scholarly journals Determinants of Czech Disposable Household Income and Related Housing Quality

2017 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 601-610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naďa Birčiaková ◽  
Irena Antošová ◽  
Filip Balák
Keyword(s):  
Data Mining ◽  
Socioeconomic Factors ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Housing Quality ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Data Mining Techniques ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
The Eu

Disposable household income is one of the basic indicators of living standards. This paper deals with what socioeconomic factors affect such income and predetermine how the population is stratified by income level. It goes on to reveal the connections between household income and housing quality parameters. There is a visible difference in living standards between different income groups of the population. Data mining techniques were used to examine data from the EU‑SILC surveys for 2005, 2010 and 2014.

scholarly journals THE IMPACT OF THE LABOUR TAX BURDEN ON THE LIVING STANDARD OF THE INHABITANTS OF LATVIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (12) ◽  
pp. 97
Author(s):  
Anastasija Jersova ◽  
Inta Kotāne
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Basic Needs ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Disposable Income ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

The standard of living of the inhabitants of Latvia, especially in the context of material well-being or disposable income, is a guarantee that the inhabitants will be able to meet their basic needs, which are important for ensuring an adequate standard of living. Inhabitants ensure their material well-being mainly by working and receiving a net salary, which is paid after the calculation and deduction of labour taxes. However, the state is essentially the same inhabitant, which has its own basic needs, the financing of which requires income, which is mainly obtained after the collection of certain taxes, which accordingly reduces material well-being or disposable income of the inhabitants which is an essential component of the standard of living.The goal of the research: to investigate the impact of the labour taxes on the standard of living of the inhabitants of Latvia. The research uses general scientific research methods: the method of monographic or descriptive research, the comparative analysis method, an expert   survey, data grouping, and the graphical method. Authors of the paper believe that employees employed in Latvia should be encouraged to use the possibilities of gross salary relief, thus promoting the growth of their net salary. In order to raise the living standards of the inhabitants in the short and long term, the government of Latvia and local governments must emphasize their attention to the growth of the national economy. The government of Latvia and local governments must implement measures aimed at raising the long-term living standards of the population and gaining material benefits in the future.

scholarly journals The Regional Airports’ Problems in the Slovak Republic: The Case Study of Žilina Airport

2018 ◽  
Vol 236 ◽  
pp. 02001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alena Novák Sedláčková ◽  
Denisa Švecová
Keyword(s):  
Slovak Republic ◽  
State Aid ◽  
Efficiency Improvement ◽  
Funding System ◽  
Operational Costs ◽  
Commission Regulation ◽  
Regional Airports ◽  
The Eu

This paper solves the regional airports in the Slovak Republic and the problems they have been facing while focusing on the specific, i.e. ˈsmall regionalˈ airports category (up to 200,000 passengers transported per year). Moreover, the issue of Slovak regional airportsˈ problems is connected mainly to their funding system, which has shown to be insufficient, and the extent of their utilization in relation to their untapped potential. It was proven that small regional airports with an annual throughput under 200,000 passengers are unable to break even and to cover their operational costs as well and thus must be subsidized. Funding of ˈsmallˈ regional airports can be considered as not only the Slovakian problem, actually it is a broad long-term EU problem and there were several approaches established by the EU related to adjustment of those issues. The current legislation is represented by new Commission Regulation (EU) 2017/1084 thanks to which the state aid at the EU level has been greatly simplified. The paper focuses on the case study of chosen Slovakian small regional airport near Žilina, in Dolný Hričov, which the possibilities of several measures for its revitalization and efficiency improvement are depended on the operational-technical characteristics and position within the region.

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