Entrepreneurial activities of municipalities in the Slovak Republic

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maroš Valach ◽  
Monika Bumbalová
Keyword(s):  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Limited Liability ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Legal Form ◽  
The Status ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activities ◽  
The Town ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Long Term Experience

Local self-governments in Slovakia have on their disposal several ways of performing entrepreneurial activities. In general municipal entrepreneurship leads to the appreciation of municipal assets and generation of additional own budget revenues. The aim of the paper was to identify and analyse commercial enterprises, through which local self-governments conduct entrepreneurial activities. Within the research, we focused on the enterprises with the property share of municipalities, which have the status of the town. The following factors were taken into account when analysing the municipal enterprises: number of enterprises, their distribution in regions, legal form, economic activity and their economic results. Research results point to the fact that Slovak municipalities have long-term experience in performing of entrepreneurial activities using the municipal enterprises. They are mostly enterprises with 100 percent ownership of towns, and in terms of legal form, they are mostly limited liability companies. As for the economic activities, these enterprises are active in the fields corresponding with the municipal competences. An important positive effect of the entrepreneurial activities of the local self-governments is the increase in the value of assets.

scholarly journals Entrepreneurship of Cities through Business Companies in the Slovak Republic

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-9
Author(s):  
Maroš Valach ◽  
Peter Ágh
Keyword(s):  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Limited Liability ◽  
Spatial Layout ◽  
Limited Liability Company ◽  
Asset Ownership ◽  
Legal Form ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Long Term Experience

Abstract Local self-governments in the Slovak Republic have many possibilities to do business to capitalize their assets and generate their own budget revenues. The purpose of the article was to identify and evaluate business companies through which local selfgovernments conduct business from different perspectives. We focused on businesses with asset ownership of municipalities with city status. When analyzing businesses, we have taken into account their size, spatial layout, legal form, subject of activity, and their economy. Slovak cities have a long-term experience with conducting business through business companies. Most of these are companies with 100% ownership of the cities, in terms of the legal form of a limited liability company. The research results confirm that the significant effect of government-run business is the increase in the value of assets.

The Dutch Colonial Business Elite at the Turn of the Century

Itinerario ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maarten Kuitenbrouwer ◽  
Huibert Schijf
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Limited Liability ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Insurance Companies ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Legal Form ◽  
East Indies ◽  
Business Elite ◽  
Indonesian Archipelago ◽  
Netherlands East Indies

In the last quarter of the nineteenth century the Dutch economy experienced a fresh take-off. Up-to-date steamships plied the shipping routes to the Netherlands East Indies; in the Netherlands the network of railways and canals was greatly expanded; modern insurance companies, commercial banks and other financial institutions were founded. The resultant growing need for external capital led to a new legal form of financing, the joint-stock or limited liability company, and the 1870s and 1880s saw the establishment of a relatively large number of newly founded companies of this type. Generally speaking, these companies represented business activities with a long-standing tradition in Dutch economic life: trade, banking and transportation. The economic take-off was also reflected in the growing number of joint-stock companies pursuing economic activities in colonial Indonesia, often with their headquarters in the Indonesian Archipelago itself. According to J. à Campo the number of such newly founded corporations was more than hundred for each year after 1896, reaching its highest level in 1910, when no less than 326 were founded.

scholarly journals CROSS–BORDER MERGERS – THE CONCEPT AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION INTO THE LEGAL ORDER OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC CEZHRANIČNÉ ZLÚČENIE ALEBO SPLYNUTIE

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 54-60
Author(s):  
Jarmila Lazíková ◽  
Lucia Belková ◽  
Zuzana Ilková ◽  
Jana Ďurkovičová
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Limited Liability ◽  
Legal Order ◽  
Central Administration ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Union Law ◽  
Legal Form ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Registered Office

Abstract Cross-border mergers are regulated by the Directive 2005/56/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 October 2005 on crossborder mergers of limited liability companies. This article deals with the issue of cross-border mergers of limited liability companies within the internal market of the European Union, more precisely it analyzes the question of the concept of a cross-border merger under the European Union law and its implementation into the national legal order of the Slovak Republic. The legal definition of a cross-border merger under the European Union law comprises three key conditions that must be met cumulatively: cross-border merger is applicable only for a business company formed in accordance with the law of an EU Member State, having its registered office, central administration or principal place of business within the Community, and at the same time business company must be in an eligible legal form and a cross-border element must be given.

scholarly journals UNDERSTANDING THE STATUS AND CHALLENGES OF MANGROVE CONSERVATION IN CENTRAL VIETNAM: CASE STUDY IN DUY XUYEN DISTRICT, QUANG NAM PROVINCE

2019 ◽  
Vol 128 (3B) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nguyen Thi Hong Mai ◽  
Nguyen Quang Tan ◽  
Nguyen Hoang Khanh Linh
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Mangrove Forests ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Mangrove Species ◽  
Central Vietnam ◽  
The Status ◽  
Mangrove Conservation

Abstract: While mangrove forests support large surrounding populations and diverse economic activities, mangrove areas in Central Vietnam are decreasing. This study, thereforce, aims to understand the current status and threats facing mangrove conservation and development. A survey of 52 respondents was conducted in Duy Xuyen district, the largest area of mangrove forests of Quang Nam province. The results show that 17 mangrove species belong to 11 families, in which 8 significant species and 9 minor species were found in this site. The distribution of species was uneven with dominated by Nipah palms (Nypafruticans Wurmb). Although the mangrove species had several useful functions including protection against wind, wave break and serving tourism development, mangrove areas have been decreasing from 26.39ha to 18.22ha during period of 1999-2018. In which, 67.3% of respondents argued that the conversion of mangroves to aquaculture is one of the main causes of mangrove loss. The study also provided some suggestions related to a long-term development strategy for both government and local community, especially who are directly involving in the mangrove for their livelihoods.Keywords: Central Vietnam, development strategy, mangrove forests, livelihoods

scholarly journals SUPPORT OF BUSINESS INNOVATION IN THE FORM OF TAX BENEFITS FOR R&D OF ENTREPRENEURS IN SLOVAKIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-42
Author(s):  
Lea Jančičková ◽  
◽  
Renáta Pakšiová ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Limited Liability ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Legal Form ◽  
Tax Relief ◽  
Tax Benefits ◽  
Legal Forms

Since 2015, the tax advantage of the R&D of entrepreneurs in Slovakia has been in the form of indirect support of innovation and creativity in companies. It could be a competitive advantage for the entrepreneurs who apply them. They are important on the revenue level, e.g. in the creation of a new product and on the cost level, in streamlining the conduct of business. This article aims to analyze the application of super-deduction in tax due to R&D carried out by entrepreneurs in Slovakia from the first year and focuses on R&D in the Slovak Republic from 2015 to 2018. Theoretical interpretations of R&D in legislative standards at transnational and national levels, different tax policies on innovation and gross domestic spending are defined at the outset. The theoretical background is important from the point of view of understanding the R&D in the conditions of the Slovak Republic, where the following quantitative research is carried out. As the main method of investigation, we used the quantitative analysis and comparison that we use to compare the increasing number of companies that used the R&D cost (expenditure) deduction in the context of legal form in the period considered for the years 2015 to 2018 and the amounts of applied super-deduction for individual types of companies. The performed quantitative analysis shows a weak use of the provided income tax relief in the form of super-deduction of costs in connection with the implementation of R&D by companies in Slovakia, despite the year-on-year growing trend. Due to the relative representation of individual legal forms of entities in Slovakia, according to our research, Limited Liability Companies apply a super-deduction of R&D costs annually in the period under review. The number of these entities is constantly growing, as is the amount of the super-deduction applied. Based on the findings, we can state that the increased percentage deduction rate had a positive effect on the motivation of entrepreneurs to apply incentives.

scholarly journals Economic Increase and Concentration of Economics Activities in Secondary Markets in Cotonou: From 2013 to 2016

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. p172
Author(s):  
Hortensia Vicentia ACACHA-ACAKPO
Keyword(s):  
Positive Impact ◽  
Public Infrastructure ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Secondary Markets ◽  
Tax Revenues ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City ◽  
Positive Effect

Accelerating municipal revenues is very important for good decentralization. In Benin, despite the difficulties, the municipality of Cotonou is trying to put in place mechanisms to significantly improve its income. Thus, this research aims to analyze the impact of the concentration of economic activities on the increase in non-revenue taxation in the city of Cotonou specifically on secondary markets from 2013 to 2016. Results from an estimate of an ARDL model show that, in the short term, market rights and revenues from public latrines have a positive impact on non-tax revenues. The effect of place rights on the market is not significant, while revenues from the operation of public latrines have a significant impact on non-tax revenues. In the long term, the study reveals that marketing rights have a positive effect on non-tax revenues, but not in a very significant way. Revenues from the operation of public latrines, on the other hand, still have a positive impact on non-tax revenues. It is therefore urgent to find adequate answers since marketing rights and public infrastructure revenues must be the driving force behind the growth of non-tax revenues and, in turn, total revenues.

Final “Beneficiaries” and Main Creditors of Loss-Making “Entrepreneurial” Activities

2021 ◽  
pp. 119-147
Author(s):  
Maxim A. Sorokin ◽  
◽  
Mariia G. Grigorieva ◽  
Sevilbaa D. Oorzhak ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shadow Economy ◽  
Transfer Pricing ◽  
The State ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Tomsk Oblast ◽  
Bad Faith ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Legal Form ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activities

This article examines loss-making entrepreneurial activity, which is understood as the entrepreneurial activity of companies that have shown unprofitable results of their economic activities for several periods. The reasons for this can be different, such as using the company as cost centers in a group of companies; reflection of incomplete profits through transfer pricing, cost reduction (payment of taxes, fines), falsification of reporting data, etc. The main, final “beneficiaries” and “creditors” of companies’ activities are the state and foreign investors. They deal with the consequences of such activities that range from a decrease in tax revenues to a distortion of official statistics that serve as an important signal for economic policy. Consequently, there is a need to assess the performance of such unprofitable companies. The aim of the article is to develop methodological aspects of measuring the scale of shadow economic activity, identify problems in such a complex and multifaceted process, and propose ways to solve them. The calculation methodology is based on the analysis of the dynamics of the development of companies in Tomsk Oblast in the period from 1991 till 2021. The results of unprofitable “entrepreneurial” activities are assessed based on the analysis of the economic efficiency of 83,549 companies in Tomsk Oblast. The Index of Bad Faith is made to assess the size of the shadow economy as a percentage of GRP. It combines the factors of income from entrepreneurial activities (data on it is distorted), hired workers (unregistered or hidden from the authorities), and envelope wages. The share of the retained number of inactive companies for 10 years is found, minus the rate of natural decline in the number of companies in the total number of retained companies for 10 years from 1991 till 2001 and from 2001 till 2021. The average value obtained for these two periods is the size of the Index of Bad Faith equal to 39% and showing an upward trend. The index retains its structure and is working regardless of the organizational and legal form and industry of the enterprise, which is proved by the example of unitary enterprises and companies in the construction industry. The results of the study show that most of the existing methods are applicable to assess the state as a whole, and, due to the lack of indicators, they cannot be applied in assessing the shadow economy of the region. The proposed Index can be used to assess the shadow digital economy in the regions. Methods for minimizing such “unprofitable activities” were also proposed: creating an information accounting and analytical system, reducing the tax burden, systematizing the processes and accounting for the registration of companies in order to prevent the formation of new ones after admitting the reasons for unfair business conduct of the previous ones in terms of evasion in repaying debts to creditors, etc.

scholarly journals Pengaruh penanaman modal dalam negeri (PMDN), penanaman modal asing (PMA), ekspor dan impor terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi Provinsi Jambi

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-276
Author(s):  
Dian Setia Ningsih ◽  
Haryadi Haryadi ◽  
Siti Hodijah
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Distributed Lag ◽  
Autoregressive Distributed Lag ◽  
Poverty And Inequality ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Government ◽  
Positive Effect

This study aims to analyze the development of PMDN, PMA, Exports, Imports, and Economic Growth in Jambi province and to analyze the influence of PMDN, PMA, Exports, and Imports on economic growth in Jambi province. The analysis model used is the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL). The results showed that in the short term PMDN had a significant negative effect on economic growth. PMA has a positive and significant effect on economic growth. Exports have a significant positive effect on economic growth. In the long term, PMDN has a positive and significant effect on economic growth. PMA has a negative and significant effect on economic growth. The export variable has a positive and significant effect on economic growth. And imports have a positive but insignificant effect on economic growth. It is hoped that economic growth will continue to increase from year to year, so the government must play an important role in increasing economic activities that have existing potentials so that the people's income is high which also reduces poverty and inequality that occurs.

scholarly journals Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in Russia: Empirical Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 36-61 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Foreign Investment ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Panel Data Analysis ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Russian Economy ◽  
Financial Investments ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Positive Effect

In the present paper the determinants of the inward FDI stock in the Russian economy have been estimated via panel data analysis. The results of the study have confirmed the relevance of basic gravity determinants: the GDP of Russia and the investing countries, and the distances between them. The level of per capita income in the investing country, as well as the mutual trade, has a robust positive effect on the inward FDI stock. This allows one to assert that an increase in trade in goods with countries with growing levels of wealth leads to an increase in stocks of foreign investment in the Russian economy. Changes in the exchange rate, relations with offshore financial centers, restrictions and sanctions imposed on Russia since 2014, and bilateral investment treaties do not have a significant impact on FDI accumulated in the country. The provision that trade in goods has a positive effect on the FDI stock can contribute to further study of FDI round-tripping and Russia’s involvement. The steady dependence revealed at the macroeconomic level shows that, despite the high estimates of the scale of intermediary financial investments, the FDI accumulated in the Russian economy retains the link with real economic activities. At the microeconomic level, it is provided by activities of TNCs and their long-term interest in the economy of invested enterprises, in the growth of their efficiency and competitiveness.

scholarly journals The Slovak Spa Industry and Spa Companies: Financial and Economic Situation

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (20) ◽  
pp. 28-43
Author(s):  
Róbert Štefko ◽  
Sylvia Jenčová ◽  
Petra Vašaničová
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Limited Liability ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Medical Institute ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Legal Form ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Financial Position ◽  
The Impact

Slovak spa companies significantly contribute to tourism support and to health tourism development. The paper aims to evaluate the financial situation and financial position of 21 Slovak spa companies, and the Slovak spa industry within NACE 86 - Human Health Activities and NACE 869 - Other Human Health Activities. In terms of legal form, the research sample consists of 16 joint-stock companies (Inc. (a.s.)), 3 limited liability companies (Ltd. (s.r.o.)), and 2 state-owned companies (s.o.). Data of given spa companies are obtained from their Financial Statements in Register of Financial Statements of the Ministry of Finance of the Slovak Republic. Data on mean values of the financial indicators for NACE 86 and NACE 869 were obtained from the company CRIF - Slovak Credit Bureau. We cover the period 2007-2018. Our results include an evaluation of the criterion of economic efficiency of the industry NACE 86, the sub-industry NACE 869, and individual spa companies using methods of quantifying the impact of determining factors. At the same time, we present the factors that influence development most. We determine the position of spa companies by using multidimensional scaling (MDS). Results show that the total assets turnover ratio and return on sales are contributing factors to the change of ROE to the greatest extent. MDS quantifies that Spa Bojice, a.s., has the best financial position in space, on the other hand, Specialized Medical Institute Marína, s.o., has the worst position.

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