scholarly journals Rinderpest Global Eradication Management

2013 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-42
Author(s):  
Vaclav Kouba
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Biological Weapons ◽  
Connected Components ◽  
Eradication Programme ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Practical Reality ◽  
Global Eradication

Abstract The global eradication of rinderpest in 2010 ranked as the second in history after the eradication of smallpox in humans in 1980. Rinderpest (in recent history included also among biological weapons of mass destruction) recurred throughout history causing hundreds of millions of animal deaths. It was recorded in 114 countries of all continents. After the World War II it was still reported from 66 countries in Africa and Asia. After all necessary knowledge about rinderpest virus and its circulation became available, along with excellent vaccine as well as enough experience with anti-rinderpest measures, the global eradication programme was launched in 1986 after a long preparatory period. It was composed of three new regional projects including all national anti-rinderpest programmes. The main method consisted in active search, isolation and stamping out of all outbreaks combined with mass prophylactic vaccinations and followed by years-long risk-based surveillance. The transfer of research results into practical reality required an extraordinary complex of a highly demanding system of managerial measures. It included analyses of rinderpest occurrence, identification of objectives/ deadlines and control methods, planning, ensuring necessary manpower, material and funds, organizing and implementation of coordinating programmes etc. This complex was represented by a managerial pyramid structure of inter-connected components having the basis at rinderpest affected localities and countries and its top at the Animal Health Service, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations as executive agency responsible for technical assistance and global leadership/coordination.

scholarly journals Rinderpest: the veterinary perspective on eradication

2013 ◽  
Vol 368 (1623) ◽  
pp. 20120139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Roeder ◽  
Jeffrey Mariner ◽  
Richard Kock
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Innovative Strategies ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Last Mile ◽  
Nomadic Communities ◽  
Global Eradication ◽  
World Organization

Rinderpest was a devastating disease of livestock responsible for continent-wide famine and poverty. Centuries of veterinary advances culminated in 2011 with the UN Food and Agriculture Organization and the World Organization for Animal Health declaring global eradication of rinderpest; only the second disease to be eradicated and the greatest veterinary achievement of our time. Conventional control measures, principally mass vaccination combined with zoosanitary procedures, led to substantial declines in the incidence of rinderpest. However, during the past decades, innovative strategies were deployed for the last mile to overcome diagnostic and surveillance challenges, unanticipated variations in virus pathogenicity, circulation of disease in wildlife populations and to service remote and nomadic communities in often-unstable states. This review provides an overview of these challenges, describes how they were overcome and identifies key factors for this success.

scholarly journals Strengthening implementation of antimicrobial resistance national action plans

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
M Anderson ◽  
K Schulze ◽  
A Cassini ◽  
D Plauchoras ◽  
E Mossialos
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Policy Design ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Monitoring And Evaluation ◽  
Basic Structure ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Action Plans ◽  
Governance Framework ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization

Abstract Antimicrobial resistance is one of the major challenges of our time. Countries use national action plans as a mechanism to build engagement among stakeholders and coordinate a range of actions across human, animal, and environmental health. However, implementation of recommended policies such as stewardship of antimicrobials, infection prevention and control, and stimulating research and development of novel antimicrobials and alternatives remains inconsistent. Improving the quality of governance within antimicrobial resistance national action plans is an essential step to improving implementation. To date, no systematic approach to governance of national action plans on AMR exists. To address this issue, we aimed to develop the first governance framework to offer guidance for both the development and assessment of national action plans on AMR. We reviewed health system governance framework reviews to inform the basic structure of our framework, international guidance documents from WHO, the Food and Agriculture Organization, the World Organisation for Animal Health, and the European Commission, and sought the input of 25 experts from international organisations, government ministries, policy institutes, and academic institutions to develop and refine our framework. The framework consists of 18 domains with 52 indicators that are contained within three governance areas: policy design, implementation tools, and monitoring and evaluation. Countries must engage with a cyclical process of continuous design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation to achieve these aims.

International Labor Organization

1956 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 316-318
Keyword(s):  
Community Development ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Community Organization ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Labor Organization ◽  
International Labor Organization ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
International Labor

The seventh session of the International Labor Organization (ILO) Asian Advisory Committee was held in Geneva on November 7 and 8, 1955, under the chairmanship of Mr. Maung Maung (government member, Burma). The session was attended by eight government members, four employers' members, and three workers' members, and by observers from the UN and the Food and Agriculture Organization. The Committee agreed that increased credit facilities for agriculture in Asia would contribute to social and economic progress in the region and might also help to increase the volume of international trade; there was need for wide and repid international action to deal with the problem, and it was suggested that the provision of such credit might be assisted through expended activities on the part of existing international financial agencies. The Committee endorsed a resolution adopted at the fifth session of the Permanent Agricultural Committee concerning the scope and nature of ILO contributies to international programs of action for community organization and development, emphasizing that the ILO should take an active part in conferences, seminars and study groups as well as in technical assistance projects designed to promote community development, and should stress the community development approach within its own program of work. In considering ways of accelerating economic development in Asian countries, the Committee emphasized the need for increased capital investment by countries with capital surpluses, so as to ensure that an increase in the rate of capital formation did not encroach on the level of current consumption.

Food and Agriculture Organization

1952 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 629-632
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Assistance Programme ◽  
Food Shortages ◽  
Locust Control

The Council of the Food and Agriculture Organization held its fifteenth session in Rome from June 9 to 14, 1952 under the chairmanship of Josu6 de Castro (Brazil); Sir Ralph Enfield (United Kingdom) and Dr. G. B. H. Barton (Canada) were elected vice chairmen of the session. Focusing its attention on questions discussed at the Sixth Conference of the Food and Agriculture Organization, the council reviewed progress reports on the reform of agrarian structures, the Expanded Technical Assistance Programme, commodity problems, locust control and plans for increasing food and agricultural production; studied the problem of food shortages and famine; and considered matters of procedure, administration and finance.

International Wheat Council

1961 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 339-340
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
The United States ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Producer Price ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Price Supports ◽  
The Press ◽  
The World

The International Wheat Council held its 31st session in London from November 7 to 19, 1960, for the purpose of reviewing the world wheat situation in accordance with article 21 of the 1959 International Wheat Agreement. The meeting was attended by representatives of 29 member countries and by observers from the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the European Economic Community. According to the press, the results of the second annual review, published on December 12, 1960, revealed that although climatic conditions had created unusually favorable preconditions for an expansion of the world wheat trade during 1960–61, the world surplus at the end of the season was expected to be larger than ever. The press reported that the cause of the wheat surplus problem was government intervention in production, pricing, and trading. Government measures introduced during and shortly after World War II to meet supply deficiencies in a war-disrupted world had been allowed to continue in effect, although the years since the war had seen growing surpluses. According to reports, there had been few changes in national policies affecting producer price supports in 1960; among 25 cases classified by the Council, supports had been reduced in only two instances, while in six instances they had been raised and in seventeen they had remained unchanged. In the four main wheat exporting countries—the United States, Canada, Argentina, and Australia—the end-of-season carry-overs as of July 31 were expected to reach an unprecedented total of 60.4 million metric tons, 37.3 million metric tons over the normal stock surplus. The ultimate solution of wheat surplus problems, concluded the press, depended on a growing adjustment of national wheat policies to international realities.

Food and Agriculture Organization

1953 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 408-410
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Near East ◽  
World Population ◽  
World Food ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Social Council ◽  
The United Nations

The annual report of the Food and Agriculture Organization to the sixteenth session of the United Nations Economic and Social Council included the report of the sixteenth session of the FAO Council, a brief summary of the main features of the FAO program of work and budget for 1954 and 1955, an indication of the contents of The State of Food and Agriculture 1953, and reference to issues on which the United Nations General Assembly and Economic and Social Council passed resolutions during the preceding year. Respecting the world food situation the report stated that a recent assessment of the trend of food requirements had been made by FAO on the basis of population estimates supplied by the Population Division of the United Nations for countries other than the USSR, eastern Europe, and China. FAO found that the annual increase in world population was about 30 millions; that the situation was at least as critical as was reported to ECOSOC last year; and that world food production, aided by favorable weather in a majority of countries in the last two crop years, was increasing in most countries, but in general less rapidly than the growth of population. In the previous twelve months FAO had made intensive preparation for three regional meetings on food and agricultural programs and outlook which, in accordance with the request of the sixth session of the FAO conference, were to be held during mid-1953 in the far east, Latin America, and the near east. These meetings, complementary to the whole of the organization's work in the field of technical assistance, would be similar to those held in Latin America and the near east prior to the sixth FAO conference.

Food and Agriculture Organization

1956 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 472-476 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
World War ◽  
Technical Developments ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Legal Questions ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Right

The eighth session of the Conference of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) was held in Rome from November 4 through 25, 1955 under the chairmanship of the Right Honorable K. J. Holyoake (New Zealand). The Conference had accepted the proposals submitted by the FAO Council on the organization of the eighth session, and consequently established various commissions to deal with agenda items pertaining to program trends and policy questions in food and agriculture, constitutional and legal questions, and administrative and financial questions. During its discussion of the world food and agricultural situation, the Conference noted that world per capita agricultural production, which had decreased by ten to fifteen percent at the end of World War II, had regained its pre-war level in spite of an increase of nearly 25 percent in population. However, agricultural production had increased more rapidly in advanced countries than in economically under-developed ones, so that per capita production in Asia and Latin America was still below pre-war levels, while surpluses had built up in the more advanced countries. The Conference felt that this situation was due to a failure to expand effective demand for farm products as rapidly as technical developments made it possible to expand production. Although the Conference noted that surplus agricultural commodities had increased more slowly in 1954–1955 than in the two preceding years, it felt that this had been due at least as much to poor crops in some countries as to increased consumption or to a planned reduction of output.

Food and Agriculture Organization

1953 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 558-561
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Director General ◽  
Assistance Program ◽  
Work Program ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Technical Assistance Program ◽  
First Time

The seventeenth session of the Council of the Food and Agriculture Organization, which met in Rome from June 15 to 24, 1953, under the chairmanship of Josue de Castro, was concerned primarily with preparations for the seventh FAO Conference scheduled to convene on November 23. Colombia, the Netherlands, the Philippines and Spain attended the Council for the first time since their election to that body at the sixth FAO Conference. In considering the budget and work program which had been prepared by the Director-General for the seventh Conference, the Council agreed that the program for the next two years would, of necessity, consist principally of continuations of existing projects. The budgets proposed by the Director-General (Dodd) of $6,040,000 and $6,200,000 for 1954 and 1955, respectively, were larger than the approved budget of $5,250,000 for 1953; the Council pointed out, however, that a large part of the increase was necessitated by normal salary increments, allowance costs and similar expenses. In view of the opinions which had been expressed by several FAO members opposing any increase in the organization's budget and tending to favor stable or even smaller budgets for the next two years, the Council asked the Director-General to prepare a report for the Conference showing the program implications of a budget at the 1953 level and also at a level of $5,500,000. Concerning the expanded technical assistance program, the Council noted with some concern that the actual funds expected to be available for FAO's share of the 1954 program were likely to be about half of the $12 million originally budgeted for the program on a suggestion of the Technical Assistance Board.

Food and Agriculture Organization

1950 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 671-672
Keyword(s):  
Technical Assistance ◽  
General Character ◽  
Director General ◽  
Financial Control ◽  
Assistance Program ◽  
Administrative Services ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Technical Assistance Program ◽  
Made In

The Sixth Conference of the Food and Agriculture Organization was to meet in Washington in November. The eleventh session of the Committee on Financial Control met in July 1950 and recommended reduced expenditure in 1951. Factors responsible for the cut in the working budget, which at maximum would have been $5,000,000 but was estimated at $4,500,000, were the $200,000 which constituted the first repayment installment on the four year loan granted the FAO by Italy for the removal of its headquarters to Rome and $100,000 repayment to its Working Capital Fund which had been drawn upon the previous year. The Director-General (Dodd) noted that despite decreased income increased requests had been made by the member governments upon FAO, especially in the agriculture, fisheries and forestry divisions, and that it had been necessary to create new regional offices in Cairo and Bangkok. The aims of FAO continued as they had been stated in the Report of the Fifth Session of FAO Conference; (1) to undertake a limited number of projects of major importance, (2) to increase projects which extended direct aid to enlargement of production and improvement of nutrition, (3) to place greater emphasis on activities aimed at increasing production of food and primary products, and (4) not to alter the general character of the FAO regular program although it was to be somewhat integrated with that of the United Nations technical assistance program. Budgetary reductions were made in administrative services, travel, regional organization, information and translation work, statistical and economic service, and direct technical assistance. The expanded Technical Assistance Program mitigated, however, reductions of FAO in this field.

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