scholarly journals Metaphors in Crisis (On COVID-19 in Romanian and US Articles)

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 112-129
Author(s):  
Gabriela Chefneux
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Major Part ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Cognitive Linguistic ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Human Thinking

Abstract The aim of the paper is to identify similarities and differences in terms of the metaphors used to present the COVID-19 crisis in Romanian and US articles. The paper is structured in two parts – a theoretical and a practical one. The theoretical framework presents metaphors from the cognitive linguistic perspective as a way to understand and explain reality, metaphors playing a major part in human thinking. They are approached in the paper as a subjective way of presenting reality, being indicative of cultural differences. The practical part analyses thirteen Romanian and US articles taken from broadsheet newspapers, focusing on three areas – the presentation of the virus, people’s reaction to it, and the vaccine – in order to see the types of metaphors and the source domains used.

Organizing and Reorganizing Markets

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nils Brunsson ◽  
Mats Jutterström
Keyword(s):  
Organization Theory ◽  
Institutional Economics ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Intermediate Result ◽  
Field Of Study ◽  
Mainstream Economics ◽  
Formal Organizations ◽  
Partial Organization ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Market Organization

Organizing and Reorganizing Markets is an edited volume that brings organization theory to the study of markets. The differences between markets and organizations are often exaggerated. Both are organized. Organizing exists in addition to other processes and phenomena that form markets: the mutual adaption among sellers and buyers as described in mainstream economics and the institutions described in institutional economics and economic sociology. Market organization can be analysed with the same type of theories used for analysing organization within formal organizations. Through the use of many empirical examples, the book demonstrates how this can be done. We argue that the way a certain market is organized can be understood as the (intermediate) result of previous organizing processes. We discuss such questions as ‘What drives market organizing and reorganizing processes? What makes various organizations intervene as market organizers? And how are the specific contents of market organization determined?’ The answers to these questions help us to analyse similarities and differences among organizing processes in formal organizations and those in markets. The arguments are illustrated by in-depth studies of many types of markets. The book is intended to open up markets as a field of study for scholars of organization. Although the chapters have different authors, they use and elaborate upon the same general theoretical framework. The book contributes to the issue of organization outside and among organizations where a fundamental concept is that of partial organization.

Different Cultures Different People

2017 ◽  
pp. 183-200
Author(s):  
Kornélia Lazányi ◽  
Peter Holicza ◽  
Kseniia Baimakova
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
21St Century ◽  
National Cultures ◽  
Two Cultures ◽  
The Two Cultures ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Basic Approaches ◽  
Different Cultures ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Tools And Methods

Culture is a scheme of knowledge shared by a relatively large number of people. Hence, it is a collection of explicit as well as implicit patterns of behaviour. It makes the members of the culture feel, think act and react in a certain, predefined way, hence makes their actions predictable. The literature on cultures, especially that of national cultures has focused on cultural differences and on understanding and measuring them for long decades, but in the 21st century the attention has shifted to leveraging benefits of multicultural environments and experiences. Hence, present paper—after providing a short insight into the basic approaches of national cultures—endeavours to analyse Russian and Hungarian culture. We aim to present the similarities and differences of the two cultures, along with tools and methods that are able to lessen these differences and harvest the benefits of them.

Dimensions of Cultural Variation

2019 ◽  
pp. 67-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter B. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Multilevel Modeling ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Measurement Bias ◽  
Cultural Variation ◽  
Close Attention ◽  
The Social ◽  
Do So

To understand cultural differences, we need to find ways to characterize the variations in the social contexts in which people are located. To do so, we must focus on differences between contexts rather than differences between individuals. Most research of this type has examined differences between nations in terms of dimensions. Treating each nation as a unit, contrasts have been identified in terms of values, beliefs, self-descriptions, and social norms. The most influential difference identified concerned the dimension of individualism–collectivism, which has provided the theoretical framework for numerous studies. The validity of this type of investigation rests on close attention to aspects of measurement to ensure that respondents are able to make the necessary judgments and to respond in ways that are not affected by measurement bias. Where many nations are sampled, multilevel modeling can be used to show the ways in which dimensions of culture affect social behaviors.

GlobalMind

2011 ◽  
pp. 205-229
Author(s):  
Hyemin Chung ◽  
Henry Lieberman
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Machine Translation ◽  
Common Sense ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Communication ◽  
Language Resources ◽  
Language Differences ◽  
Cross Cultural Communication ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Common Sense Knowledge

The need for more effective communication between people of different countries has increased as travel and communications bring more of the world’s people together. Communication is often difficult because of both language differences and cultural differences. Attempts to bridge these differences include many attempts to perform machine translation or provide language resources such as dictionaries or phrase books; however, many problems related to cultural and conceptual differences still remain. Automated mechanisms to analyze cultural similarities and differences might be used to improve traditional machine translators and as aids to cross-cultural communication. This article presents an approach to automatically compute cultural differences by comparing databases of common-sense knowledge in different languages and cultures. Global- Mind provides an interface for acquiring databases of common-sense knowledge from users who speak different languages. It implements inference modules to compute the cultural similarities and differences between these databases. In this article, the design of the GlobalMind databases, the implementation of its inference modules, as well as an evaluation of GlobalMind are described.

An Exploratory Study of the Design Preferences of U.S. and Chinese Virtual Communities

2009 ◽  
pp. 1630-1652
Author(s):  
Felix B. Tan ◽  
Helen J. Lin ◽  
Cathy Urquhart
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Virtual Communities ◽  
Virtual Community ◽  
Web Design ◽  
Cultural Groups ◽  
Web Site Design ◽  
Building Relationships ◽  
Site Design ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Design Preferences

With the increasing popularity of electronic commerce, businesses are starting to recognise that developing a good virtual community can help to generate more profits. Virtual communities can be an instrument for building relationships with customers, and retaining customers’ loyalty. Of interest are the similarities and differences in the design preferences of virtual communities across cultural groups. This paper, therefore, examined the design preferences of virtual communities in two cultural groups. The design preferences studied are Web design, tools used, and types of virtual communities preferred. Content analysis was employed to study 20 of the most popular Chinese and U.S. virtual communities. The study found that there are differences in the preference for the type of virtual communities and the tools used by Chinese and U.S. communities. The findings challenge aspects of Web site design across these cultural groups thought to be dissimilar based on prior research, indicating that designers of virtual communities must treat cultural differences with caution. Implications for research and practice are also discussed.

scholarly journals Riemannian Structures on Z 2 n -Manifolds

Mathematics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1469
Author(s):  
Andrew James Bruce ◽  
Janusz Grabowski
Keyword(s):  
Riemannian Geometry ◽  
Fundamental Theorem ◽  
Scalar Product ◽  
Riemannian Metric ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Similarities And Differences

Very loosely, Z2n-manifolds are ‘manifolds’ with Z2n-graded coordinates and their sign rule is determined by the scalar product of their Z2n-degrees. A little more carefully, such objects can be understood within a sheaf-theoretical framework, just as supermanifolds can, but with subtle differences. In this paper, we examine the notion of a Riemannian Z2n-manifold, i.e., a Z2n-manifold equipped with a Riemannian metric that may carry non-zero Z2n-degree. We show that the basic notions and tenets of Riemannian geometry directly generalize to the setting of Z2n-geometry. For example, the Fundamental Theorem holds in this higher graded setting. We point out the similarities and differences with Riemannian supergeometry.

A comparative multimodal analysis of restaurant reviews from two geographical contexts

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Chik ◽  
Camilla Vásquez
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Multimodal Analysis ◽  
Community Norms ◽  
The Us ◽  
Semiotic Resources ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Restaurant Reviews ◽  
Formal Properties

In this article, the authors offer a comparative approach to the analysis of a popular internet genre – user-generated restaurant reviews – sampled from two different websites ( OpenRice and Yelp), which have emerged from two different geographic contexts (Hong Kong and the US). Their investigation reveals both similarities and differences of in terms of review format, content discussed and the use of several semiotic resources, such as the posting of photographs, the use of emoticons and emoji, and the expressive use of orthography and punctuation. The authors demonstrate that, while many of the formal properties of the genre are quite similar, some variations in review content may reflect underlying cultural differences. Furthermore, they show not only how the website’s architecture can either constrain or encourage the use (or non-use) of particular semiotic resources, but also suggest that other variables (i.e. orthographic systems, review community norms) may interact with medium factors.

Development and use of English evaluative expressions in narratives of Chinese–English bilinguals

2010 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 570-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
LIANG CHEN ◽  
RUIXIA YAN
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Picture Book ◽  
The Other ◽  
Bilingual Children ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
The One

This study compares the development and use of evaluative expressions in the English narratives elicited from 80 Chinese–English bilinguals and 80 American monolingual peers at four ages – five, eight, ten, and young adults – using the wordless picture book Frog, where are you? (Mayer, 1969). Results revealed both similarities and differences between monolingual and bilingual groups. On the one hand, regardless of bilingual status, there is a clear age-related growth in the development and use of evaluative expressions. On the other hand, bilingual children in our study differed from monolingual children in the quantity and quality of evaluative clauses used. The results are discussed with respect to linguistic and cultural differences between English and Chinese.

scholarly journals KOTOWAZA DALAM KAJIAN LINGUISTIK KOGNITIF: PENERAPAN GAYA BAHASA SINEKDOK

IZUMI ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Adisthi Martha Yohani
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Lexical Meaning ◽  
Figurative Meaning ◽  
Cognitive Linguistic

[Kotowaza in Cognitive Linguistic Analysis: The Use of Synecdoche]. This paper analyzes kotowaza using synecdoc through the study of cognitive linguistic. The background of this research is the difficulty of understanding relationships between the meanings of the kotowaza on foreign learners because of cultural differences and lack of dictionaries that support the process of understanding kotowaza deeply. The purpose of this research is to understand kotowaza deeply, determine the connection of these lexical-figurative meaning of Japanese proverbs using synecdoche based on the study of cognitive linguistics. The method used is a qualitative method in approach of cognitive linguistics. At the end of the study, it is concluded that synecdochecan be used to analyze the correlation between the lexical meaning and figurative meaning of kotowaza that contains a word or two which represents wider or smaller meaning such as kotowaza which related to the characteristics of an area or kotowaza that associated with number.

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