scholarly journals On the transcendental deduction in Kant’s Groundwork III

Disputatio ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (30) ◽  
pp. 151-169
Author(s):  
Marilia Espirito Santo
Keyword(s):  
Practical Reason ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Categorical Imperative ◽  
Transcendental Deduction ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Subject

Abstract The purpose of the third section of Kant’s Groundwork is to prove the possibility of the categorical imperative. In the end of the second section, Kant establishes that a proof like this is necessary to show that morality is ‘something’ and ‘not a chimerical idea without any truth’ or a ‘phantom’ (1785: 445). Since the categorical imperative was established as a synthetic a priori practical proposition, in order to prove its possibility it is necessary ‘to go beyond cognition of objects to a critique of the subject, that is, of pure practical reason’ (1785: 440). Kant names this kind of proof a deduction. The present paper intends to (1) show the argument whose purpose is to justify the categorical imperative; (2) show that the argument is a transcendental deduction; (3) present the argument as it is reconstructed by Allison, and (4) show that, although it seems compelling, the position of the commentator could not be accepted by Kant himself.

Über Gewissen und Gewissheit

2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dina Emundts
Keyword(s):  
Immanuel Kant ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Categorical Imperative ◽  
Moral Principles ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Status

AbstractThis paper suggests an understanding of the concept of “Gewissen” (conscience) according to which Gewissen is best understood as a receptivity to moral principles that corresponds to certain moral feelings. In the first part of the paper this suggestion is spelled out and alternatives to it are discussed. As is shown in the second part, this suggestion goes back to the thought of Immanuel Kant, but it can be developed even if one does not follow Kant in his understanding of the categorical imperative as an a priori principle. However, if one does not follow Kant with respect to the status of the categorical imperative, there are some interesting consequences for our understanding of conscience and especially for our understanding of its relation to knowledge and certainty. These consequences are discussed in the third part of this paper.

scholarly journals Aesthetics, ethics, and the role of Teleology in the third Critique

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (34) ◽  
pp. 189
Author(s):  
Nythamar De Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Practical Reason ◽  
A Priori ◽  
The Third ◽  
Unity Of Reason

Kant’s dualism in anthropology and morality is said to be bridged only by means of a teleologywhich seems to betray the historical constitution of its subjectivity. And yet the Kantianarticulation of problems of theoretical and practical reason can be explored only insofar asthey help us understand the correlated problems of the unity of reason, the relation of aestheticsand ethics in the light of the three Critiques, and the teleological conception of history.In this paper, I argue for a teleological reading of the systematic architectonic so as tomake sense of the concept of purposiveness as the a priori principle of judgment in its logical,aesthetic, and teleological reflection and of the unifying, a priori principles of each faculty–namely, conformity to law, final purpose, and conformity to purpose or purposiveness(Gesetzmäßigkeit, Endzweck, Zweckmäßigkeit) – respectively dealt with in the three Critiques.

scholarly journals Aesthetics, ethics, and the role of Teleology in the third Critique

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (34) ◽  
pp. 189
Author(s):  
Nythamar De Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Practical Reason ◽  
A Priori ◽  
The Third ◽  
Unity Of Reason

Kant’s dualism in anthropology and morality is said to be bridged only by means of a teleologywhich seems to betray the historical constitution of its subjectivity. And yet the Kantianarticulation of problems of theoretical and practical reason can be explored only insofar asthey help us understand the correlated problems of the unity of reason, the relation of aestheticsand ethics in the light of the three Critiques, and the teleological conception of history.In this paper, I argue for a teleological reading of the systematic architectonic so as tomake sense of the concept of purposiveness as the a priori principle of judgment in its logical,aesthetic, and teleological reflection and of the unifying, a priori principles of each faculty–namely, conformity to law, final purpose, and conformity to purpose or purposiveness(Gesetzmäßigkeit, Endzweck, Zweckmäßigkeit) – respectively dealt with in the three Critiques.

scholarly journals IV. On the determination of the terms in the disturbing function of the fourth order as regards the eccentricities and inclinations which give rise to secular inequali­ties

1835 ◽  
Vol 125 ◽  
pp. 57-81
Keyword(s):  
Fourth Order ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Disturbing Function ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
The Third ◽  
Hand Column ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Analytical Expressions

Hitherto in the theory of the secular inequalities the terms in the disturbing function of the fourth order as regards the inclinations have been neglected. As the magnitude of these terms depends, in great measure, upon certain numerical co­efficients, it is impossible to form any precise notion à priori with respect to their amount, and as to the error which may arise from neglecting them. I have therefore thought it desirable to ascertain their analytical expressions; and the details of this calculation form the subject of this paper. Some of the secular inequalities which result from these terms are far within the limits of accuracy which Laplace appears to have contemplated in the third volume of the Mécanique Céleste. The method which I have here adopted for developing the disturbing function rests upon principles which I have already explained. Very little trouble is requisite to obtain certain analytical expressions for the terms upon which the secular inequalities depend, or for any others, in the development of the disturbing function; but it is not so easy to put these expressions in the simplest form of which they are susceptible; and this is a point to which I think hitherto sufficient attention has not been paid. It will be found that I have obtained, finally, expressions of very remarkable sim­plicity; to accomplish this, however, I have been obliged to go through tedious pro­cesses of reduction, the details of which are here subjoined, in order that my results may be verified or corrected without difficulty. In order to give an additional example of the great facility with which terms in the disturbing function are arrived at by my method, I have calculated one of those given by Professor Airy, and which is required in the determination of his inequality of Venus; and I have arrived at the result which he has given. The same method, with certain modifications, is applicable to the de­velopment of the disturbing function in terms of the true longitudes. The terms in the disturbing function which give rise to the secular inequalities of the elliptic constants, when the terms of the order of the fourth powers of the eccentricities and inclinations are retained, and higher powers of those quantities are neglected, are as follows: and I propose, as they form, in fact, a system apart, to distinguish them by the indices given in the left-hand column.

scholarly journals Deduction of Freedom vs Deduction of Experience in Kant’s Metaphysics

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-80
Author(s):  
Valeriy E. Semyonov
Keyword(s):  
Practical Reason ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Transcendental Deduction ◽  
Transcendental Reduction ◽  
Methodological Basis ◽  
Metaphysics Of Morals ◽  
Intelligible World ◽  
Critical Methods

My aim is to demonstrate the specificities and differences between transcendental deduction of concepts and deduction of the fundamental principles of pure practical reason in Kant’s metaphysics. First of all it is necessary to examine Kant’s attitude to the metaphysics of his time and the problem of its new justification. Kant in his philosophy explicated not only the theoretical world of cognition, but also the practical world of freedom. Accordingly, the fundamental means of proving metaphysics’ claims are the deduction of pure concepts of understanding (deduction of experience) and the deduction of the principles of pure practical reason (deduction of freedom). The underlying premises of the Kantian project of reviving metaphysics, “the Copernican Turn”, the critical methods and basic principles of transcendental (formal) idealism also provide the methodological basis of transcendental deduction, a new method of proving the claims of metaphysics in various spheres of human being. Proceeding from the above, I analyse the essence, structure and the peculiarities as well as the differences between the deduction of experience and the deduction of freedom. I single out the following features of the two types of deduction. First, theoretical use of reason is aimed at objects while practical reason is aimed at noumena, the foundations of will and freedom. Second, the transcendental deduction of space and time, as well as the deduction of categories, is preceded by transcendental reduction, which is absent in the deduction of freedom. Third, Kant orients the methodological movement of deductions in opposite directions. Theoretical deduction proceeds from pure forms of sensible intuition to concepts of understanding and thence to fundamental principles. Practical deduction proceeds from a priori principles to the concepts of the metaphysics of morals and thence to moral feelings. Fourth, deduction in the theoretical sphere forbids speculative reason to go beyond experience. Practical deduction has pointed to the intelligible world and has proved its “legitimacy”.

scholarly journals Physicality as a possible key to understanding human nature

2021 ◽  
pp. 162-172
Author(s):  
Zulfiya Z. Ibragimova
Keyword(s):  
Human Nature ◽  
Human Body ◽  
A Priori ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Existence ◽  
Ontological Status ◽  
Primitive Form ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Human Rationality

The statement about human nature is the subject of numerous discussions, which, however, does not negate the presence of the substrate of its origin, manifestations, specificity, and real dynamics in space and time. In the process of analysis, we find a lot of arguments that confirm this fact, as well as a decent number of counterarguments. In this article, a priori, we proceed from the validity of the existence of the term "human nature", recognizing its ambiguity. Of course, our stated physicality as an aspect of human nature does not exhaust the idea of his nature. The nominal division into soul, spirit, etc. gives us some methodological tools. No more than that. Physicality, in its turn, requires problematization. "Physicality "is a category that denotes what a given human body naturally becomes in the course of its social modifications, so this category can certainly not be considered outside of conjunction with another very important category - "spirituality". These concepts, as well as the phenomena they denote, are interrelated (MORGAN 2006). In our review, there are three main ways to interpret "Physicality". Firstly, it is the only factuality that initially claims the ontological status. Secondly, it is part of a harmonious whole that includes all non-corporeal things. I would like to focus on the third aspect, which includes at least three principles. Thirdly, physicality changes its seemingly simple "fate" dramatically, turning into a problem as a way of human existence. This can be interpreted "as a creative act of overcoming oneself". Only this overcoming of the present self presupposes a reliance on its relevance and reality. This ontologically conditioned event is always self-based. In this sense, the body as a creative phenomenon " never appears just by its own. Yet it is precisely overcoming that is the constitutive feature of human existence. A man is bigger than himself. We can say that the problem is a way of human existence. The problem in the most primitive form can be expressed as "I already want to, but I can't yet". Where does the desire come from if the object of desire (the desired situation) is not yet available? How can you want something that doesn't exist yet and never has? The man himself is a few steps ahead (BUBLIK, 2006). Human rationality is based not only on reflectivity, but also on the ability of a person to operate with ideas that do not have objective visibility (for example, the ultimate category of being). Thus, man proves his metaphysicality: "man's metaphysics expresses not only the presence of the supernatural dimension in man but also his ability to determine himself, to be his own creation". The main methods used in writing the article: the unity of historical and logical, the method of reflection.

Dispersive Mixing in Internal Mixers—A Theoretical Model Based on Agglomerate Rupture

1982 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 1250-1285 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Manas-Zloczower ◽  
A. Nir ◽  
Z. Tadmor
Keyword(s):  
Solid Phase ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Machine Design ◽  
Mixing Process ◽  
Polymer Additive ◽  
The Third ◽  
Ultimate Properties ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Dispersive Mixing

Abstract The mixing of solid additives into a matrix of rubber or plastics is an energy intensive process. Such a mixing operation generally involves rupture of agglomerates formed by the solid phase, separation of closely packed particles after rupture, and distribution of the separated particles throughout the polymeric matrix. Dispersive or intensive mixing refers primarily to the first two steps, whereas, the third step is by and large an extensive mixing process. Depending upon the polymer-additive system and mixer machine design, each of these steps may be rate determining. The most important and most investigated system is the carbon black-elastomer system. Mixing of such a system is generally carried out in batch Banbury type internal mixers (Figure 1). The dispersive mixing process in internal mixers is quite complex with many subtle features. A detailed review of the subject is outside the scope of this paper. However, careful reading of reviews and publications in the field, indicate that a great deal is known about the mixing process in internal mixers, the scale-up procedures using various criteria, the effect of the mixing process and mixer geometry on processability and ultimate properties, and the flow patterns and fluid dynamics in the various regions of mixers. However, there seems to be no published attempt to a priori predict the mixing process from fundamental considerations.

UPAYA MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR IPA MELALUI PENGGUNAAN VIDEO PEMBELAJARAN BAGI SISWA KELAS IV DI SDN 187/IV KOTA JAMBI

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 93
Author(s):  
Juniar Siregar
Keyword(s):  
Action Research ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Research Report ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Classroom Action Research

This study presents a research report on improving students’ Learning results on IPA through Video. The objective was to find out whether students’ learning result improved when they are taught by using Video. It was conducted using classroom action research method. The subject of the study was the Grade IV students of SDN 187/IV Kota Jambi which is located on Jln. Adi Sucipto RT 05 Kecamatan Jambi Selatan, and the number of the students were 21 persons. The instruments used were test. In analyzing the data, the mean of the students’ score for the on fisrt sycle was 65,4 (42,85%) and the mean on cycle two was 68,5 (37,15%) and the mean of the third cycle was 81,4 (100%). Then it can be concluded that the use of video on learning IPA can improve the students’ learning result. It is suggested that teachers should use video as one of the media to improve students’ learning result on IPA.Keywords : IPA, students’ learning result, video

Enhaching Primary Students’ Science Learning Outcome Utilizing Visual Multimedia

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 109
Author(s):  
Nurmi Nurmi ◽  
Hadi Putra ◽  
Penti Nursida ◽  
Khoiro Mahbubah ◽  
Neni Hermita
Keyword(s):  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Science Learning ◽  
Learning Outcome ◽  
Visual Media ◽  
Primary Students ◽  
Average Score ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Grade Students ◽  
The Subject ◽  
3Rd Grade

This study aims to improve 3rd grade students’ science learning outcomes bylearning to use visual multimedia. This research method uses classroom actionresearch. The subject of this research was the third grade students of secondsemester of elementary school which conducted 30 students. Based on theresults of research by using visual media, it have been found that theimprovement learning outcome, seen from the initial average score before theaction of 3rd grade class students from 65.5 to 83.83. The results of this studyindicate that with the use of visual media can improve student learningoutcomes.

Biographical Studies of G.I. Gurdjieff

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-35
Author(s):  
Joseph Azize
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Research ◽  
Source Material ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Subject

The various published biographies and biographical notices of G.I. Gurdjieff (c.1865-1949) are of diverse style, quantity and content. While some have made considerable contributions to the subject, most attempts have reacted for or against Gurdjieff’s status as what might call an ‘Enlightened Master’. Little biographical writing on Gurdjieff has questioned the scope, reliability and prejudices of the sources. Further, possible resources have been neglected. The development in Gurdjieff’s ideas is often overlooked, his life is not sufficiently related to that development, and the lack of comparative research has failed to highlight Gurdjieff’s unique contributions. This article is structured in four parts. The first is an introduction, followed by an overview of existing biographical studies of Gurdjieff. The third part addresses bias in these studies, and this is followed by suggestions for future studies. It is concluded that fieldwork regarding the biography of Gurdjieff has been hampered by imperfect methodology. However, with better use of the source material, some of which has only recently been discovered, and a rigorous use of sources, a more balanced and nuanced picture of Gurdjieff’s life, and the development of his ideas and methods, should emerge.

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