scholarly journals Tunnelling the Peninsula of Trolls: A Case Study of Road Infrastructure Improvement and Demographic Dynamics in Northern Iceland

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 368-387
Author(s):  
Thoroddur Bjarnason
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Population Decline ◽  
Road Tunnel ◽  
Road Infrastructure ◽  
Net Migration ◽  
Demographic Dynamics ◽  
Poor Access ◽  
Rural And Remote Areas ◽  
Infrastructure Improvement ◽  
And Gender

Abstract Geographical isolation is closely associated with rural population decline and policies for regional and rural development frequently emphasize better transportation infrastructure improvements. Although poor access to jobs and services may lead to negative rates of net migration and skewed age and gender distribution in rural and remote areas, research on the association of road infrastructure improvement with rural demographic dynamics remains sparse. The current study adds to the understanding of these issues by examining the effects of a large-scale road tunnel project in Northern Iceland. The results suggest that improved road infrastructure coincides with a break in long-term population decline through parity in net migration and positive changes in the composition of the population of sparsely populated areas.

Large-Scale Demonstration Experiment of Mental Imagery Ability

1993 ◽  
Vol 76 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1089-1090 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Richard Ferraro
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Mental Imagery ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Introductory Psychology Class ◽  
Imagery Ability ◽  
Psychology Class ◽  
Demonstration Experiment ◽  
And Gender

The present article describes a demonstration experiment used in a large introductory psychology class pertaining to mental imagery ability. The experiment is effective in providing a concrete instance of mental imagery as well as an effective discussion regarding individual differences and gender differences in imagery ability.

Navigating gender in elite bargains: Women's movements and the quest for inclusive peace in Colombia

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Alexandra Phelan ◽  
Jacqui True
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Women's Movements ◽  
Power Structures ◽  
Peace Agreement ◽  
Bargaining Process ◽  
Political Bargaining ◽  
Significant Case ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender

Abstract A growing body of scholarship connects the participation of women and the inclusion of gender provisions to the sustainability of peace settlements. But how do women's groups navigate gender power structures and gendered forms of violence within complex and fragile political bargaining processes aimed at ending large-scale conflict? The 2016 Colombian peace agreement, internationally applauded for its inclusion of strong gender provisions and women's participation as negotiators and peace advocates, is a significant case for examining these questions. Drawing on original case material, including interviews of key actors on different sides of the conflict – this article analyses the political bargaining dynamics within and among women's movements, the Santos government and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia, FARC). We argue that the inclusion of women was pivotal in transforming the elite bargaining process and power structures of Colombian society enabling a gender-based approach to the substantive peace agenda addressing transitional gender justice for sexual violence survivors and gender-equal redistribution through land and rural reform programmes. The study suggests that deeply situated political bargaining analysis is essential to navigating gender in elite bargains rather than a one-size-fits-all approach to inclusive peace.

Young People’s Motivational Profiles in Physical Activity: A Cluster Analysis

2001 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.K. John Wang ◽  
Stuart J.H. Biddle
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Young People ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Goal Orientations ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Achievement Goal Orientations ◽  
Athletic Ability ◽  
Self Worth ◽  
And Gender

A great deal has been written about the motivation of young people in physical activity, and the determinants of activity for this age group have been identified as a research priority. Despite this, there are few large-scale studies identifying “types” or “clusters” of young people based on their scores on validated motivation inventories. This study reports the results of a cluster analysis of a large national sample (n = 2,510) of 12- to 15-year-olds using contemporary approaches to physical activity motivation: achievement goal orientations, self-determination theory (including amotivation), the nature of athletic ability beliefs, and perceived competence. Five meaningful clusters were identified reflecting two highly motivated and two less well-motivated clusters, as well as a clearly amotivated cluster. Groupings were validated by investigating differences in physical activity participation and perceptions of physical self-worth. Some clusters reflected age and gender differences. The results provide valuable information for likely strategies to promote physical activity in young people.

DEMOGRAPHIC CRISIS IN UKRAINE: STATE, CONSEQUENCES AND PROSPECTS OF OVERCOMING IT

2021 ◽  
Vol 296 (4) ◽  
pp. 114-120
Author(s):  
IRYNA KRAVETS ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Behavior ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Work Motivation ◽  
Population Aging ◽  
Population Decline ◽  
Child Rearing ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Endogenous Factors ◽  
Natural Movement

The article analyzes the demographic situation in Ukraine, which has acquired signs of a demographic crisis. There has been an unprecedented decline in Ukraine’s population, which has lost a fifth in the years since independence. The current trends of population decline in the regional context have been studied. It is established that the prospects of depopulation are quite disappointing, given the low overall fertility rate, as well as the predominance of mortality over fertility. The natural movement of the population has been studied, the main causes of its high mortality, especially in working age, due to increased morbidity, in particular the high prevalence of risk factors for noncommunicable diseases, which form more than 80% of mortality in Ukraine, under the influence of endogenous, exogenous and quasi-endogenous factors. The causes of low birth rate, as well as modern features and orientations of reproductive behavior of the population are revealed. In Ukraine, there is a tendency of low life expectancy and population aging compared to some European countries. It is concluded that under such conditions large-scale depopulation will be inevitable. The peculiarities of modern migration processes, in particular labor migration, which can give impetus to alternative migration, have been clarified. The interaction of demographic processes and socio-economic development of the country is determined. Ways to overcome the demographic crisis are a set of demographic measures (organization and conduct of the census, which was not conducted for two decades, the formation of population registers, increasing financial assistance to mothers at birth in accordance with modern requirements, etc.) and socio-economic measures to strengthen reproductive behavior, flexible employment for childbirth and child rearing, improving the level and quality of life of citizens, increasing work motivation in Ukraine, social protection of citizens, etc.

Oosterweel – from an underground and even underwater road infrastructure plan to an urban transformation project

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luc Hellemans
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Flow ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Good Reason ◽  
Urban Transformation ◽  
Construction Site ◽  
Successful Completion ◽  
Road Infrastructure ◽  
Living Space ◽  
The City ◽  
Made In

<p>For the coming ten years, the heart of Europe will turn into a gigantic construction site for works on one of the largest hubs of the continent: Antwerp. The Oosterweel Link is the project whereby the motorway ring around Antwerp is undergoing a metamorphosis to reinvigorate traffic flow and add living space to the City. The project had come to a standstill for several years as a result of protests by assertive citizens, but was given a second lease of life following a large-scale participation project.</p><p>To ensure its successful completion, unparalleled efforts are being made in the field and in the area of digitization. It is therefore with good reason that in Belgium the project is referred to as “the construction site of the century”.</p>

scholarly journals Urban Growth and Demographic Dynamics in Southern Europe: Toward a New Statistical Approach to Regional Science

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 2765 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariateresa Ciommi ◽  
Francesco Chelli ◽  
Margherita Carlucci ◽  
Luca Salvati
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Urban Expansion ◽  
Population Decline ◽  
Land Use Patterns ◽  
Urban Forms ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Demographic Dynamics ◽  
Steep Decline ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Linear Regression Modeling

Metropolitan growth in Europe has resulted in drastic changes of urban forms, socio-spatial structures and land-use patterns due to sequential processes of urbanization, suburbanization and re-urbanization. To assess latent shifts from mono-centric models towards more disarticulated and decentralized settlement configurations, the present study evaluates spatio-temporal patterns of growth between the 1920s and the 2010s in three Mediterranean cities with different structure and functions (Barcelona: compact and moderately polycentric; Rome: dispersed, medium-density; Athens: mono-centric, hyper-compact). To identify and characterize long-term urban transformations, an original approach was illustrated in this study, based on a multivariate analysis of 13 indicators resulting from descriptive statistics and linear regression modeling the relationship between population density and distance from inner cities. The empirical results of this study indicate that Barcelona, Rome and Athens have experienced different urbanization cycles, characterized by a (more or less) concentrated distribution of population along urban gradients. Despite similarities in demographic dynamics and planning practices, these processes have determined (i) a mostly centralized growth in Barcelona, (ii) a relatively dispersed and discontinuous spatial structure in Rome, and (iii) a steep decline of population density with the distance from downtown Athens. Compact urban expansion, population decline and urban de-concentration were finally assessed using the analytical approach proposed in this study.

scholarly journals Small-scale fishing income and fuel consumption: Fiji’s artisanal sea cucumber fishery

2018 ◽  
Vol 75 (5) ◽  
pp. 1758-1767 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven W Purcell ◽  
Watisoni Lalavanua ◽  
Brian R Cullis ◽  
Nicole Cocks
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equity ◽  
Sea Cucumber ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Breath Hold ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Fuel Use ◽  
Sea Cucumbers ◽  
Deep Water Species ◽  
And Gender

Abstract Understanding the income and costs of fishing is fundamental to managing fisheries and planning interventions to improve efficiency and gender equity. Few studies offer data on fisher incomes and fuel use in small-scale fisheries (SSFs), and fewer have assessed factors influencing variation among fishers and between genders. We interviewed 235 artisanal fishers among 34 island villages in an artisanal sea cucumber fishery in Fiji. Linear mixed models were used to determine the effect of geographic and socioeconomic variables on incomes and fuel use from fishing sea cucumbers. Net income of sea cucumbers to fishers, averaging FJ$8, 171 year−1 (US$4, 494 year−1) (range: FJ$0–52,008 year−1), varied among villages and was 47% lower for women than men. On an average, 60% of fishers’ gross annual income came from fishing and selling sea cucumbers, although this proportion varied greatly even within villages. Fishers who practised gleaning, fished less often, or possessing numerous livelihood income streams, were less economically dependent on sea cucumbers. Men tended to estimate higher incomes for an average day of fishing than women when compared with their recall of last sale. Fuel use varied greatly among regions in Fiji but, overall, averaged 428 L fisher−1 year−1, and represented 28% of gross income. More economical fishing strategies by women resulted in lower fuel use than men per fishing day. Breath-hold divers used less fuel (compared to fishers using scuba) and fishers targeting deep-water species used more fuel than other fishers. A best approximation of 8000 t CO2 year−1 for the carbon footprint of the whole fishery suggests that some SSFs, such as the one studied here, can be significant contributors to greenhouse gas emissions, even compared to many large-scale fisheries globally. Reforms to the management of SSFs should consider regulations that minimize carbon emissions and reduce economic dependency on vulnerable marine resources.

Hearing Aid Use and Mild Hearing Impairment: Learnings from Big Data

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (08) ◽  
pp. 731-741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbra H. B. Timmer ◽  
Louise Hickson ◽  
Stefan Launer
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Impairment ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Personal Information ◽  
Hearing Aid ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
British Society ◽  
Hearing Aid Use ◽  
Listening Environments ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Right

AbstractPrevious research, mostly reliant on self-reports, has indicated that hearing aid (HA) use is related to the degree of hearing impairment (HI). No large-scale investigation of the relationship between data-logged HA use and HI has been conducted to date.This study aimed to investigate if objective measures of overall daily HA use and HA use in various listening environments are different for adults with mild HI compared to adults with moderate HI.This retrospective study used data extracted from a database of fitting appointments from an international group of HA providers. Only data from the participants’ most recent fitting appointment were included in the final dataset.A total of 8,489 bilateral HA fittings of adults over the age of 18 yr, conducted between January 2013 and June 2014, were included. Participants were subsequently allocated to HI groups, based on British Society of Audiology and American Speech-Language-Hearing Association audiometric descriptors.Fitting data from participating HA providers were regularly transferred to a central server. The data, with all personal information except age and gender removed, contained participants’ four-frequency average (at 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz) as well as information on HA characteristics and usage. Following data cleaning, bivariate and post hoc statistical analyses were conducted.The total sample of adults’ average daily HA use was 8.52 hr (interquartile range [IQR] = 5.49–11.77) in the left ear and 8.51 hr (IQR = 5.49–11.72) in the right ear. With a few exceptions, there were no statistical differences between hours of HA use for participants with mild HI compared to those with moderate impairment. Across all mild and moderate HI groups, the most common overall HA usage was between 8 and 12 hr per day. Other factors such as age, gender, and HA style also showed no relationship to hours of use. HAs were used, on average, for 7 hr (IQR = 4.27–9.96) per day in quiet and 1 hr (IQR = 0.33–1.41) per day in noisy listening situations.Clinical populations with mild HI use HAs as frequently as those with a moderate HI. These findings support the recommendation of HAs for adults with milder degrees of HI.

The story of humanity and the challenge of posthumanity

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoltán Boldizsár Simon
Keyword(s):  
Human Subject ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Historical Narrative ◽  
Historical Narratives ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Historical Understanding ◽  
New Era ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The One ◽  
Better Than

Today’s technological-scientific prospect of posthumanity simultaneously evokes and defies historical understanding. On the one hand, it implies a historical claim of an epochal transformation concerning posthumanity as a new era. On the other, by postulating the birth of a novel, better-than-human subject for this new era, it eliminates the human subject of modern Western historical understanding. In this article, I attempt to understand posthumanity as measured against the story of humanity as the story of history itself. I examine the fate of humanity as the central subject of history in three consecutive steps: first, by exploring how classical philosophies of history achieved the integrity of the greatest historical narrative of history itself through the very invention of humanity as its subject; second, by recounting how this central subject came under heavy criticism by postcolonial and gender studies in the last half-century, targeting the universalism of the story of humanity as the greatest historical narrative of history; and third, by conceptualizing the challenge of posthumanity against both the story of humanity and its criticism. Whereas criticism fragmented history but retained the possibility of smaller-scale narratives, posthumanity does not doubt the feasibility of the story of humanity. Instead, it necessarily invokes humanity, if only in order to be able to claim its supersession by a better-than-human subject. In that, it represents a fundamental challenge to the modern Western historical condition and the very possibility of historical narratives – small-scale or large-scale, fragmented or universal.

scholarly journals Conservation cobenefits from air pollution regulation: Evidence from birds

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (49) ◽  
pp. 30900-30906 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuanning Liang ◽  
Ivan Rudik ◽  
Eric Yongchen Zou ◽  
Alison Johnston ◽  
Amanda D. Rodewald ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Population Decline ◽  
The United States ◽  
Bird Conservation ◽  
Bird Abundance ◽  
Bird Populations ◽  
The Past ◽  
Pollution Regulation ◽  
Air Pollution Regulation

Massive wildlife losses over the past 50 y have brought new urgency to identifying both the drivers of population decline and potential solutions. We provide large-scale evidence that air pollution, specifically ozone, is associated with declines in bird abundance in the United States. We show that an air pollution regulation limiting ozone precursors emissions has delivered substantial benefits to bird conservation. Our estimates imply that air quality improvements over the past 4 decades have stemmed the decline in bird populations, averting the loss of 1.5 billion birds, ∼20% of current totals. Our results highlight that in addition to protecting human health, air pollution regulations have previously unrecognized and unquantified conservation cobenefits.

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